scholarly journals Defining a Healthy Diet: Evidence for the Role of Contemporary Dietary Patterns in Health and Disease

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 334 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hellas Cena ◽  
Philip C. Calder
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Patterns ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Eating Habits ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Healthy Diet ◽  
Total Evidence ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Definition Of

The definition of what constitutes a healthy diet is continually shifting to reflect the evolving understanding of the roles that different foods, essential nutrients, and other food components play in health and disease. A large and growing body of evidence supports that intake of certain types of nutrients, specific food groups, or overarching dietary patterns positively influences health and promotes the prevention of common non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Greater consumption of health-promoting foods and limited intake of unhealthier options are intrinsic to the eating habits of certain regional diets such as the Mediterranean diet or have been constructed as part of dietary patterns designed to reduce disease risk, such as the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) or Mediterranean-DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay (MIND) diets. In comparison with a more traditional Western diet, these healthier alternatives are higher in plant-based foods, including fresh fruits and vegetables, whole grains, legumes, seeds, and nuts and lower in animal-based foods, particularly fatty and processed meats. To better understand the current concept of a “healthy diet,” this review describes the features and supporting clinical and epidemiologic data for diets that have been shown to prevent disease and/or positively influence health. In total, evidence from epidemiological studies and clinical trials indicates that these types of dietary patterns reduce risks of NCDs including cardiovascular disease and cancer.

scholarly journals Relationship between Dietary Patterns and Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Korean Older Adults

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (7) ◽  
pp. 3703
Author(s):  
Ae-Rim Seo ◽  
Tae-Yoon Hwang
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Nutrition Education ◽  
Dietary Patterns ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease Risk ◽  
Blood Pressure Level ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Healthy Diet ◽  
Systolic Blood Pressure Level

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between dietary patterns and the 10-year risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in the elderly population in Korea. Methods: Cluster analysis was conducted on the data of 1687 elderly participants (797 men and 890 women) aged ≥65 years from the 2014–2016 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES), using a 24-h dietary recall survey to assess dietary patterns. Dietary patterns were classified into clusters 1 (typical Korean diet), 2 (high carbohydrate diet), and 3 (healthy diet). The 10-year risk of CVD was calculated based on age, total and HDL-cholesterol levels, systolic blood pressure level, antihypertensive medication use, smoking status, and presence of diabetes. A complex sample general linear model was applied to determine the association between dietary patterns and the 10-year risk of CVD. Results: In total, 275 (33.7%), 141 (17.9%), and 381 (48.3%) men, and 207 (22.6%), 276 (30.9%), and 407(46.6%) women were included in clusters 1, 2, and 3, respectively. The 10-year risk of CVD was lower in men in cluster 3 (healthy diet) than in those in cluster 1 (typical Korean diet) (t = 2.092, p = 0.037). Additionally, the 10-year risk of CVD was lower in men who performed strength training than in those who did not (t = 3.575, p < 0.001). There were no significant differences in women. Conclusions: After adjusting for sociodemographic variables, men who consumed a healthy diet had a lower 10-year risk of CVD than those who consumed a typical Korean diet. When organizing nutrition education programs to improve dietary habits in the elderly, content on diets that consist of various food groups to prevent CVD is required. In particular, it is necessary to develop content that emphasizes the importance of healthy eating habits in men.

scholarly journals Is principal components analysis necessary to characterise dietary behaviour in studies of diet and disease?

2001 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 903-908 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan E McCann ◽  
John Weiner ◽  
Saxon Graham ◽  
Jo L Freudenheim
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Principal Components Analysis ◽  
Principal Components ◽  
Dietary Patterns ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Disease Status ◽  
Dietary Behaviour ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Processed Meats ◽  
Components Analysis

AbstractObjective:To assess the relative ability of principal components analysis (PCA)-derived dietary patterns to correctly identify cases and controls compared with other methods of characterising food intake.Subjects:Participants in this study were 232 endometrial cancer cases and 639 controls from the Western New York Diet Study, 1986–1991, frequency-matched to cases on age and county of residence.Design:Usual intake in the year preceding interview of 190 foods and beverages was collected during a personal interview using a detailed food-frequency questionnaire. Principal components analysis identified two major dietary patterns which we labelled ‘healthy’ and ‘high fat’. Classification on disease status was assessed with separate discriminant analyses (DAs) for four different characterisation schemes: stepwise DA of 168 food items to identify the subset of foods that best discriminated between cases and controls; foods associated with each PCA-derived dietary pattern; fruits and vegetables (47 items); and stepwise DA of USDA-defined food groups (fresh fruit, canned/frozen fruit, raw vegetables, cooked vegetables, red meat, poultry, fish and seafood, processed meats, snacks and sweets, grain products, dairy, and fats).Results:In general, classification of disease status was somewhat better among cases (54.7% to 67.7%) than controls (54.0% to 63.1%). Correct classification was highest for fruits and vegetables (67.7% and 62.9%, respectively) but comparable to that of the other schemes (49.5% to 66.8%).Conclusions:Our results suggest that the use of principal components analysis to characterise dietary behaviour may not provide substantial advantages over more commonly used, less sophisticated methods of characterising diet.

Nutrition For The Healthy Child

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meera Boghani ◽  
Mollie Studley
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Diseases ◽  
Eating Habits ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Failure To Thrive ◽  
Dietary Guidelines ◽  
Healthy Diet ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Energy Needs ◽  
Physical Findings

Preschool and school-age children are children ages 3 to 6 and 7 to 12 years, respectively. This life stage is characterized by a period of slower growth velocity compared with infancy, which precedes it, and adolescence, which follows it. During the early school years, children continue to develop and refine feeding skills, expand their food choices, and learn to eat a variety of flavors and textures. Parents and other caregivers control the type of foods and the environment in which the foods are presented, often influencing eating habits and behaviors later in life. A healthy diet is needed not only to maximize the child’s growth but also to prevent chronic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and obesity. When assessing a child’s nutrition, emphasis should be placed on not just weight and body mass index but also assessing intake of macro- and micronutrients from foods. A healthy diet should include a variety of food groups, with emphasis on whole foods over processed foods. Recently developed tools such as MyPlate and the Dietary Guidelines help American families move toward a healthful diet to help minimize the risk of chronic diseases. This review contains 3 figures, 7 tables and 78 references Key words: childhood obesity, developmental disability, energy needs of children, evaluation of growth charts, failure to thrive, food allergy, nutrition-focused physical findings, nutritional status, SoFAS

scholarly journals Defining Diet Quality: A Review of Diet Metrics as Applied to the Double Burden of Malnutrition (OR17-01-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Victoria Miller ◽  
Patrick Webb ◽  
Renata Micha ◽  
Dariush Mozaffarian
Keyword(s):  
Healthy Eating ◽  
Diet Quality ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Healthy Eating Index ◽  
Dietary Guidelines ◽  
Healthy Diet ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Policy Action ◽  
Double Burden ◽  
Meta Analyses

Abstract Objectives Meeting most of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SGDs) will require a strong focus on tackling all forms of malnutrition─ addressing maternal and child health (MCH) as well as diet-related non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Yet, the optimal metrics to define a healthy diet remain unclear. Our aim was to comprehensively review diet metrics and assess the evidence on each metric's association with MCH and NCDs. Methods Using comprehensive searches and expert discussions, we identified metrics that i) are used in ≥3 countries to link diet to health, ii) quantify the number of foods/food groups consumed and/or iii) quantify recommended nutrient intakes. We reviewed and summarized each metric's development, components and scoring. For each identified metric, we systematically searched PubMed to identify meta-analyses or narrative reviews evaluating these metrics with nutrient adequacy and health outcomes. We assessed validity by grading the number of studies included and the consistency of the diet metric-disease relationship. Results We identified 6 MCH, 13 NCD and 0 MCH/NCD metrics. Most were developed for describing adherence to dietary guidelines or patterns, and others were developed for predicting micronutrient adequacy. On average, the metrics included 14 food groups/nutrients (range 4–45), with 10 food-group only metrics and 0 nutrient-only metrics. The most frequent metric components were grains/roots/tubers, fruits and vegetables. We identified 16 meta-analyses and 14 narrative reviews representing 102 metric-disease relationships (98 metric-NCD and 4 metric-MCH relationships, respectively). We found 5 metrics that have been consistently validated in meta-analyses and narrative reviews for NCDs, 1 metric with limited evidence for MCH, but 0 metrics for both. Of the metrics, the Alternative Healthy Eating Index (aHEI), Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH), Healthy Eating Index (HEI), and Mediterranean Diet Score (MED) were most commonly validated, especially for all-cause mortality and cardiovascular disease (Figure 1). Conclusions Few diet metrics have been used in multiple countries to define a healthy diet. This suggests a serious gap in global analyses of diet quality relating to malnutrition in all its forms, which hinders effective policy action. Funding Sources Gates Foundation. Supporting Tables, Images and/or Graphs

scholarly journals Dietary Patterns Trend in Mexican Adolescent Population from 2006 to 2018, by Area of Residence

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 566-566
Author(s):  
Teresa Shamah-Levy ◽  
Sonia Rodríguez-Ramírez ◽  
Elsa Gaona-Pineda ◽  
Edith Kim-Herrera ◽  
Andrys Valdez-Sánchez
Keyword(s):  
Urban Area ◽  
Dietary Patterns ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Red Meat ◽  
Leafy Vegetables ◽  
Categorical Variables ◽  
Processed Foods ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Animal Products ◽  
Adolescent Population

Abstract Objectives To analyze the dietary patterns trend in Mexican adolescent population from 2006 to 2018 by area of residence. Methods We analyzed information from four National Health and Nutrition Surveys in Mexico from 2006 to 2018. Dietary information was collected using a validated seven-day, semi-quantitative Food frequency questionnaire. We analyzed the consumption of different food groups: 1) Fruits and vegetables (g), 2) Red meat (consumption yes or not), 3) animal products (kcal), 4) sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) (kcal), and ultra-processed foods (kcal), according to NOVA classification. We estimated the Dietary Diversity Score (DDS), which was constructed based on 10 food groups consumed: 1) grains, roots, and tubers; 2) pulses; 3) nuts and seeds; 4) dairy; 5) meat, poultry and fish; 6) eggs; 7) dark green leafy vegetables; 8) other vitamin A-rich fruits and vegetables; 9) other vegetables; 10) other fruits. Food groups were assigned to 1 if any food item within the group was consumed, otherwise 0. We estimated the proportion of population with consumption of ≥ 400 g of fruits and vegetables/d, with ≥ 5 food groups (Minimum DDS) and percentage of consumers of red meat, and the contribution to the total energy of SSB, ultra-processed food and animal products (energy percentage). Demographic and socio-economic characteristics of sampled individuals such as sex, age, area and socio-economic status (SES) were obtained. The country was divided into urban and rural areas (≥2500 or &lt; 2500 inhabitants, respectively). We used linear and logistic regression models to continuous and categorical variables, respectively. We analyzed difference by area. Results The percentage of population of Minimum DDS was lower in rural when compared with urban area by every year of survey (P &lt; 0.05). The contribution of energy percentage from ultra-processed foods and animal products was lower in rural area than urban area (P &lt; 0.05). The SSB contribution was similar in both areas. Conclusions Current findings show that the area of residence was associated with variations in the consumption of fruits, vegetables and red meat in Mexican adolescents. Consequently, interventions should focus on increasing healthy eating habits in this population, taking into account when designing preventive strategies the area of residence. Funding Sources Mexican Ministry of Health.

scholarly journals Investigating differences in dietary patterns among a small cross-sectional study of young and old Pacific peoples in NZ using exploratory factor analysis: a feasibility study

BMJ Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. e023126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ridvan Tupai-Firestone ◽  
Soo Cheng ◽  
Joseph Kaholokula ◽  
Barry Borman ◽  
Lis Ellison-Loschmann
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Dietary Patterns ◽  
Generational Differences ◽  
Dietary Diversity ◽  
Limited Range ◽  
Healthy Diet ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Food Items ◽  
The Relationship

ObjectivesObesity among Pasifika people living in New Zealand is a serious health problem with prevalence rates more than twice those of the general population (67% vs 33%, respectively). Due to the high risk of developing obesity for this population, we investigated diet quality of Pacific youth and their parents and grandparents. Therefore, we examined the dietary diversity of 30 youth and their parents and grandparents (n=34) to identify whether there are generational differences in dietary patterns and investigate the relationship between acculturation and dietary patterns.MethodsThe study design of the overarching study was cross-sectional. Face-to-face interviews were conducted with Pasifika youth, parents and grandparents to investigate dietary diversity, that included both nutritious and discretionary food items and food groups over a 7 day period. Study setting was located in 2 large urban cities, New Zealand. Exploratory factor analyses were used to calculate food scores (means) from individual food items based on proportions consumed over the week, and weights were applied to calculate a standardised food score. The relationship between the level of acculturation and deprivation with dietary patterns was also assessed.ResultsThree distinctive dietary patterns across all participants were identified from our analyses. Healthy diet, processed diet and mixed diet. Mean food scores indicated statistically significant differences between the dietary patterns for older and younger generations. Older generations showed greater diversity in food items consumed, as well as eating primarily a ‘healthy diet’. The younger generation was more likely to consume a ‘processed diet’. There was significant association between acculturation and deprivation with the distinctive dietary patterns.ConclusionOur investigation highlighted generational differences in consuming a limited range of food items. Identified dietary components may, in part, be explained by specific acculturation modes (assimilation and marginalised) and high socioeconomic deprivation among this particular study population.

scholarly journals Patterns of food consumption among vegetarians and non-vegetarians

2014 ◽  
Vol 112 (10) ◽  
pp. 1644-1653 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Orlich ◽  
Karen Jaceldo-Siegl ◽  
Joan Sabaté ◽  
Jing Fan ◽  
Pramil N. Singh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Food Consumption ◽  
Dietary Patterns ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Food Group ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Consumption Patterns ◽  
Health Study ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Vegetarian Diets

Vegetarian dietary patterns have been reported to be associated with a number of favourable health outcomes in epidemiological studies, including the Adventist Health Study 2 (AHS-2). Such dietary patterns may vary and need further characterisation regarding foods consumed. The aims of the present study were to characterise and compare the food consumption patterns of several vegetarian and non-vegetarian diets. Dietary intake was measured using an FFQ among more than 89 000 members of the AHS-2 cohort. Vegetarian dietary patterns were defined a priori, based on the absence of certain animal foods in the diet. Foods were categorised into fifty-eight minor food groups comprising seventeen major food groups. The adjusted mean consumption of each food group for the vegetarian dietary patterns was compared with that for the non-vegetarian dietary pattern. Mean consumption was found to differ significantly across the dietary patterns for all food groups. Increased consumption of many plant foods including fruits, vegetables, avocados, non-fried potatoes, whole grains, legumes, soya foods, nuts and seeds was observed among vegetarians. Conversely, reduced consumption of meats, dairy products, eggs, refined grains, added fats, sweets, snack foods and non-water beverages was observed among vegetarians. Thus, although vegetarian dietary patterns in the AHS-2 have been defined based on the absence of animal foods in the diet, they differ greatly with respect to the consumption of many other food groups. These differences in food consumption patterns may be important in helping to explain the association of vegetarian diets with several important health outcomes.

scholarly journals Dietary guidelines to nourish humanity and the planet in the twenty-first century. A blueprint from Brazil

2015 ◽  
Vol 18 (13) ◽  
pp. 2311-2322 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Augusto Monteiro ◽  
Geoffrey Cannon ◽  
Jean-Claude Moubarac ◽  
Ana Paula Bortoletto Martins ◽  
Carla Adriano Martins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Patterns ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Dietary Guidelines ◽  
First Century ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Brazilian Government ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Twenty First Century ◽  
Food And Drink

AbstractObjectiveTo present and discuss the dietary guidelines issued by the Brazilian government in 2014.DesignThe present paper describes the aims of the guidelines, their shaping principles and the approach used in the development of recommendations. The main recommendations are outlined, their significance for the cultural, socio-economic and environmental aspects of sustainability is discussed, and their application to other countries is considered.SettingBrazil in the twenty-first century.SubjectsAll people in Brazil, now and in future.ResultsThe food- and meal-based Brazilian Dietary Guidelines address dietary patterns as a whole and so are different from nutrient-based guidelines, even those with some recommendations on specific foods or food groups. The guidelines are based on explicit principles. They take mental and emotional well-being into account, as well as physical health and disease prevention. They identify diet as having cultural, socio-economic and environmental as well as biological and behavioural dimensions. They emphasize the benefits of dietary patterns based on a variety of natural or minimally processed foods, mostly plants, and freshly prepared meals eaten in company, for health, well-being and all relevant aspects of sustainability, as well as the multiple negative effects of ready-to-consume ultra-processed food and drink products.ConclusionsThe guidelines’ recommendations are designed to be sustainable personally, culturally, socially, economically and environmentally, and thus fit to face this century. They are for foods, meals and dietary patterns of types that are already established in Brazil, which can be adapted to suit the climate, terrain and customs of all countries.

scholarly journals Associations of dietary patterns and abdominal obesity in the adult population. Results of the Russian epidemiological ESSE-RF study

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 4363
Author(s):  
N. S. Karamnova ◽  
S. A. Shalnova ◽  
A. I. Rytova ◽  
O. B. Shvabskaya ◽  
Yu. K. Makarova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Abdominal Obesity ◽  
Dietary Patterns ◽  
Eating Habits ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Red Meat ◽  
Cottage Cheese ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Female Population ◽  
Sour Cream

Abdominal obesity (AO) is an alimentary-dependent risk factor, the development and prognosis of which is directly specified by eating habits.Aim. To study the associations of dietary patterns and AO among the adult Russian population.Material and methods. The analysis was carried out using representative samples of male and female population aged 25-64 years (n=19297; men, 7342; women, 11,955) from 13 Russian regions. The response was about 80%. Nutrition was assessed based on the prevalence of consumption of the main food groups forming the daily diet. Results are presented as odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals.Results. Men with AO, compared with men without AO, more often consume red meat and vegetables/fruits daily by 12% and 13%, respectively, as well as less often eat cereals and pasta, confectionery, sour cream, and cottage cheese by 17%, 24%, 14%, and 19%, respectively. In women with AO, compared to women without AO, there are more differences in the diet, as they more often daily consume red meat by 28%, fish and seafood by 26%, poultry by 23%, meat and sausages and fruits/vegetables by 14%, milk, kefir, yogurt by 11%, as well as less often — cereals and pasta, sweets, and sour cream by 11%, 14%, and 8%, respectively. In women with AO, the prevalence and amount of drinking beer and dry wines is lower, but they consume spirits more frequently (p=0,0001), but without significant differences in amount. Men with AO have a higher prevalence and amount of drinking dry and fortified wines, as well as strong alcoholic drinks. Men with AO drinks higher amount of beer. In addition, men with AO showed a positive association with alcohol consumption (χ=53,64, p<0,0001), while women with AO had a negative association (χ=28,64, p<0,0001). Cardioprotective eating habits are more often (17%) present among people with AO without sex differences.Conclusion. The study revealed significant differences in dietary patterns of persons with AO compared with those without AO, most pronounced in women. 

Dietary patterns and oesophageal cancer: a multi-country latent class analysis

2020 ◽  
pp. jech-2020-214882
Author(s):  
Michela Dalmartello ◽  
Jeroen Vermunt ◽  
Diego Serraino ◽  
Werner Garavello ◽  
Eva Negri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Patterns ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Latent Class ◽  
Food Preferences ◽  
Classification Error ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Specific Population ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Diet And Cancer ◽  
Control Study

BackgroundThe considerable differences in food consumption across countries pose major challenges to the research on diet and cancer, due to the difficulty to generalise and reproduce the dietary patterns identified in a specific population.MethodsWe analysed data from a multicentric case-control study on oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) carried out between 1992 and 2009 in three Italian areas and in the Canton of Vaud, Switzerland, which included 505 cases and 1259 hospital controls. Dietary patterns were derived applying LCA on 24 food groups, controlling for country membership, and non-alcoholic energy intake. A multiple logistic regression model was used to derive odds ratio (ORs) and corresponding 95% CIs for ESCC according to the dietary patterns identified, correcting for classification error.Results and ConclusionWe identified three dietary patterns. The ‘Prudent’ pattern was distinguished by a diet rich in fruits and vegetables. The ‘Western’ pattern was characterised by low consumption of these food groups and higher intakes of sugar. The ‘Lower consumers-combination pattern’ exhibited a diet poor in most of the nutrients, preferences for fish, potatoes, meat and a few specific types of vegetables. Differences between Italy and Switzerland emerged for pattern sizes and for specific single food preferences. Compared to the ‘Prudent’ pattern, the ‘Western’ and the ‘Lower consumers-combination’ patterns were associated with an increased risk of ESCC (OR=3.04, 95% CI=2.12–4.38 and OR=2.81, 95% CI=1.65–4.76).

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