scholarly journals Iron Status of Infants in the First Year of Life in Northern Taiwan

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiao-Ming Chen ◽  
Shu-Ci Mu ◽  
Chun-Kuang Shih ◽  
Yi-Ling Chen ◽  
Li-Yi Tsai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Iron Status ◽  
Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Anthropometric Measurement ◽  
First Year ◽  
Iron Intake ◽  
Breastfed Infants ◽  
First Year Of Life ◽  
Northern Taiwan

Iron deficiency (ID) and iron deficiency anemia (IDA) typically occur in developing countries. Notably, ID and IDA can affect an infant’s emotion, cognition, and development. Breast milk is considered the best food for infants. However, recent studies have indicated that breastfeeding for more than six months increases the risk of ID. This study investigated the prevalence of ID and IDA, as well as the association between feeding type and iron nutritional status in northern Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted on infants who returned to the well-baby clinic for routine examination from October 2012 to January 2014. Overall, 509 infants aged 1–12 months completed the iron nutritional status analysis, anthropometric measurement, and dietary intake assessment, including milk and complementary foods. The results revealed that 49 (10%) and 21 (4%) infants in their first year of life had ID and IDA, respectively, based on the World Health Organization criteria. Breastfed infants had a higher prevalence rate of ID and IDA than mixed-fed and formula-fed infants (p < 0.001). Regarding biomarkers of iron status, plasma hemoglobin (Hb), ferritin, and transferrin saturation (%) levels were significantly lower in ID and IDA groups. The prevalence of ID and IDA were 3.7% and 2.7%, respectively, in infants under six months of age, but increased to 20.4% and 6.6%, respectively, in infants above six months of age. The healthy group had a higher total iron intake than ID and IDA groups, mainly derived from infant formula. The total dietary iron intake was positively correlated with infants’ Hb levels. Compared with formula-fed infants, the logistic regression revealed that the odds ratio for ID was 2.157 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.369–3.399) and that for IDA was 4.196 (95% CI: 1.780–9.887) among breastfed infants (p < 0.001) after adjusted for all confounding factors (including gestational week, birthweight, sex, body weight percentile, body length percentile, age of infants, mothers’ BMI, gestational weight gain, education level, and hemoglobin level before delivery). In conclusion, our results determined that breastfeeding was associated with an increased the prevalence of ID and/or IDA, especially in infants above six months. This suggests that mothers who prolonged breastfeed after six months could provide high-quality iron-rich foods to reduce the prevalence of ID and IDA.

scholarly journals Infants’ Vitamin D Nutritional Status in the First Year of Life in Northern Taiwan

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 404
Author(s):  
Chiao-Ming Chen ◽  
Shu-Ci Mu ◽  
Yi-Ling Chen ◽  
Li-Yi Tsai ◽  
Yung-Ting Kuo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Dietary Vitamin ◽  
Anthropometric Measurement ◽  
First Year ◽  
Breastfed Infants ◽  
Vitamin D Intake ◽  
First Year Of Life ◽  
Dietary Vitamin D ◽  
Northern Taiwan

Vitamin D deficiency (VDD) and insufficiency (VDI) are common among exclusively breastfeeding infants. However, epidemiological evidence for the prevalence of VDD in infants during their first year of life in Taiwan has never been found. This trial determined the prevalence of VDD and VDI and the association between dietary vitamin D and vitamin D nutritional status in Northern Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted on infants who returned to well-baby examinations from October 2012 to January 2014 in three hospitals: Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei Medical University Hospital, and Shuang Ho Hospital. The specific vitamin D cut-off concentrations for VDD, VDI, and VDS are 25(OH)D3 levels ≤20, 21–29, and ≥30 (ng/mL). Overall, 481 infants’ parents completed a questionnaire comprising questions related to vitamin D nutritional status, including weekly time outdoors, breastfeeding status, anthropometric measurement, and assessment of dietary intake, including milk and complementary food. The results revealed that 197 (41%) and 212 (44%) of infants in their first year of life had VDI and VDD, respectively, by the Endocrine Society guidelines. Breastfed infants had a higher prevalence of VDI (86.1%) than did mixed-fed (51.9%) and formula-fed (38.5%) infants (p < 0.001). The prevalence of VDD was 55.4% in infants aged under six months but increased to 61.6% in infants aged over six months. Infants in the VDI and VDD groups had the same anthropometrics as those in the vitamin D sufficiency (VDS) group. Our results revealed that 25(OH)D3 had a negative correlation with the intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) when the serum 25(OH)D3 level ≤20 ng/mL (r = −0.21, p = 0.001). The VDS group had a higher total vitamin D intake than did the VDI and VDD groups, which was mainly obtained from infant formula. Our data revealed that dietary vitamin D intake and birth season were major indicators in predicting VDD. Lower dietary vitamin D intake and born in winter and spring significantly increased the odds ratio (OR) for VDI by 1.15 (95% CI 1.09–1.20) and 2.02 (95% CI 1.10–3.70), respectively, and that for VDD by 1.23 (95% CI 1.16–1.31) and 2.37 (95% CI 1.35–4.17) without covariates adjustment, respectively. Furthermore, ORs for VDI and VDD significantly differed after adjustment for covariates. In conclusion, the prevalence of VDI and VDD were high in infants during the first year of life. Breastfeeding infants had difficulty in obtaining sufficient vitamin D from diet. In cases where the amount of sun exposure that is safe and sufficient to improve vitamin D status is unclear, breastfed infants aged below one year old are recommended to be supplemented with vitamin D.

Iron intake and iron status in breastfed infants during the first year of life

2010 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 773-778 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katharina Dube ◽  
Jana Schwartz ◽  
Manfred J. Mueller ◽  
Hermann Kalhoff ◽  
Mathilde Kersting
Keyword(s):  
Iron Status ◽  
First Year ◽  
Iron Intake ◽  
Breastfed Infants ◽  
First Year Of Life

scholarly journals Ferroportin-Hepcidin Axis in Prepubertal Obese Children with Sufficient Daily Iron Intake

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (10) ◽  
pp. 2156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna Gajewska ◽  
Jadwiga Ambroszkiewicz ◽  
Witold Klemarczyk ◽  
Ewa Głąb-Jabłońska ◽  
Halina Weker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Iron Status ◽  
Hematological Parameters ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Dietary Iron ◽  
Iron Intake ◽  
Obese Children ◽  
Iron Concentrations

Iron metabolism may be disrupted in obesity, therefore, the present study assessed the iron status, especially ferroportin and hepcidin concentrations, as well as associations between the ferroportin-hepcidin axis and other iron markers in prepubertal obese children. The following were determined: serum ferroportin, hepcidin, ferritin, soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR), iron concentrations and values of hematological parameters as well as the daily dietary intake in 40 obese and 40 normal-weight children. The ferroportin/hepcidin and ferritin/hepcidin ratios were almost two-fold lower in obese children (p = 0.001; p = 0.026, respectively). Similar iron concentrations (13.2 vs. 15.2 µmol/L, p = 0.324), the sTfR/ferritin index (0.033 vs. 0.041, p = 0.384) and values of hematological parameters were found in obese and control groups, respectively. Iron daily intake in the obese children examined was consistent with recommendations. In this group, the ferroportin/hepcidin ratio positively correlated with energy intake (p = 0.012), dietary iron (p = 0.003) and vitamin B12 (p = 0.024). In the multivariate regression model an association between the ferroportin/hepcidin ratio and the sTfR/ferritin index in obese children (β = 0.399, p = 0.017) was found. These associations did not exist in the controls. The results obtained suggest that in obese children with sufficient iron intake, the altered ferroportin-hepcidin axis may occur without signs of iron deficiency or iron deficiency anemia. The role of other micronutrients, besides dietary iron, may also be considered in the iron status of these children.

Impact of the WIC Program on the Iron Status of Infants

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 100-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Virginia Miller ◽  
Sheldon Swaney ◽  
Amos Deinard
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Iron Status ◽  
Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Wic Program ◽  
Lactating Women ◽  
Supplemental Food ◽  
Women And Children

The WIC Program (Special Supplemental Food Program for Women, Infants and Children) was initiated in the early 1970s to improve the nutritional status of pregnant women, lactating women, and children from birth to 5 years of age who were at risk for nutritionally related health problems. Better hematologic status of a group of preschool-aged infants who were enrolled in the WIC Program from birth, as compared with another group of similar age and socioeconomic status from the pre-WIC Program era, suggests that participation in the WIC Program will help limit the development of iron depletion or iron deficiency anemia in young children, an important consideration in view of the deleterious hematologic and nonhematologic effects that have been attributed to those conditions.

Does Obesity Increase Risk for Iron Deficiency? A Review of the Literature and the Potential Mechanisms

2010 ◽  
Vol 80 (45) ◽  
pp. 263-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana C. Cepeda-Lopez ◽  
Isabelle Aeberli ◽  
Michael B. Zimmermann
Keyword(s):  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Iron Absorption ◽  
Iron Status ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Subclinical Inflammation ◽  
Iron Intake ◽  
Under Nutrition ◽  
Increase Risk

Increasing obesity is a major global health concern while at the same time iron-deficiency anemia remains common worldwide. Although these two conditions represent opposite ends of the spectrum of over- and under-nutrition, they appear to be linked: overweight individuals are at higher risk of iron deficiency than normal-weight individuals. Potential explanations for this association include dilutional hypoferremia, poor dietary iron intake, increased iron requirements, and/or impaired iron absorption in obese individuals. Recent evidence suggests obesity-related inflammation may play a central role through its regulation of hepcidin. Hepcidin levels are higher in obese individuals and are linked to subclinical inflammation; this may reduce iron absorption and blunt the effects of iron fortification. Thus, low iron status in overweight individuals may result from a combination of nutritional (reduced absorption) and functional (increased sequestration) iron deficiency. In this review, we focus on subclinical inflammation in obesity, and its effect on hepcidin levels, as the most plausible explanation for the link between iron deficiency and obesity.

scholarly journals The effect of early weaning on iron status among exclusively breastfed infants

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 591-598
Author(s):  
Kayfi Aziz ◽  
Dlair Chalabi
Keyword(s):  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Iron Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Exclusive Breastfeeding ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Iron Status ◽  
Hematological Parameters ◽  
Study Groups ◽  
Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Early Weaning ◽  
Breastfed Infants

Background and objective: Exclusive breastfeeding is recommended for all newborns to gain optimal physical and neurodevelopmental growth. Despite all its advantages, prolonged breastfeeding alone without weaning places the child at risk of iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia, which is the commonest micronutrient deficiency worldwide among infants. We investigated the effect of early weaning on the iron status of infants. Methods: We selected 100 infants; all of them were six months old. Fifty of them were exclusively breastfed for four months and started weaning between four to six months while continued to breastfeed till the age of six months (early-weaning group). Another 50 infants were exclusively breastfed for six months without starting weaning (no-weaning group). Then we investigated both groups at the age of six months for both iron and hematological studies. Results: In the present study, both study groups shared some similarities. In both groups, females accounted for more than half of the cases, the majority of the infants were residing in the urban areas, and most of the infants were delivered by cesarean section. The final result of the iron study and hematological parameters in the no-weaning group was significantly lower as compared to the early-weaning group. Both serum ferritin and serum iron were 7.42 ng/ml and 25.66 µg/dl, respectively, in the no-weaning group and were 23.94 ng/ml and 46.98 µg/dl respectively in the early-weaning group. Hemoglobin level was 10.84 gm/dl in the no-weaning group compared to 11.54 gm/dl in the early-weaning group. Conclusion: We concluded that early weaning had a great role in the prevention of both iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia in exclusively breastfed infants. Keywords: Exclusive breastfeeding; Early weaning; Iron status.

scholarly journals Estimation of the Burden of Iron Deficiency Anemia in France from Iron Intake: Methodological Approach

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 2045 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mota ◽  
Tounian ◽  
Guillou ◽  
Pierre ◽  
Membré
Keyword(s):  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Iron Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Iron Status ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Nutritional Deficiency ◽  
Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Adult Women ◽  
Iron Intake ◽  
Life Years

: Dietary iron deficiency (ID) is the first nutritional deficiency in the world, in terms of disability adjusted life years (DALY). This nutritional deficiency may lead to anemia, especially among children, adolescents, and adult women. The aim of this study was to build an original probabilistic model to quantitatively assess the ID, the iron deficiency anemia (IDA) and the subsequent health burden in France expressed in DALY, per age class and gender. The model considered the distribution of absorbed iron intake, the iron requirement distribution established by the European Food Safety Authority and the iron status in France. Uncertainty due to lack of data and variability due to biological diversity were taken into account and separated using a second-order Monte Carlo procedure. A total of 1290 (95% CI = 1230–1350) IDA cases corresponding to 16 (95% CI = 11–20) DALY were estimated per 100,000 individuals per year. The major contributors to IDA burden were menstruating females aged from 25 to 44 years old. Then, a consumption scenario was built with ground beef as intake, an increase in red meat consumption to 100 g/d would not eliminate entirely the IDA burden. The quantitative methodology applied here for France could be reused for other populations.

scholarly journals Complementary Feeding and Iron Status: “The Unbearable Lightness of Being” Infants

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 4201
Author(s):  
Vito Leonardo Miniello ◽  
Maria Carmen Verga ◽  
Andrea Miniello ◽  
Cristina Di Mauro ◽  
Lucia Diaferio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Complementary Feeding ◽  
Time Window ◽  
Iron Status ◽  
Healthcare Providers ◽  
Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Iron Intake ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Nutritional Interventions ◽  
Consensus Document

The complementary feeding (CF) period that takes place between 6 and 24 months of age is of key importance for nutritional and developmental reasons during the transition from exclusively feeding on milk to family meals. In 2021, a multidisciplinary panel of experts from four Italian scientific pediatric societies elaborated a consensus document on CF, focusing in particular on healthy term infants. The aim was to provide healthcare providers with useful guidelines for clinical practice. Complementary feeding is also the time window when iron deficiency (ID) and iron deficiency anemia (IDA) are most prevalent. Thus, it is appropriate to address the problem of iron deficiency through nutritional interventions. Adequate iron intake during the first two years is critical since rapid growth in that period increases iron requirements per kilogram more than at any other developmental stage. Complementary foods should be introduced at around six months of age, taking into account infant iron status.

Whole Cow Milk Feeding Between 6 and 12 Months of Age? Go Back to 1976

1990 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 187-189
Author(s):  
Frank A. Oski
Keyword(s):  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Iron Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
Deficiency Anemia ◽  
First Year ◽  
American Academy Of Pediatrics ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
First Year Of Life ◽  
Breast Fed ◽  
Milk Feeding

In 1976, the Committee on Nutrition of the American Academy of Pediatrics recommended that the non-breast-fed infant receive an iron-fortified proprietary formula during the entire first year of life.1 In 1983, the Committee on Nutrition reversed the previous recommendation and concluded, "If breast-feeding has been completely discontinued and infants are consuming one third of their calories as supplemental foods consisting of a balanced mixture of cereal, vegetables, fruits, and other foods, whole cow milk may be introduced."2 The Committee, in their report, acknowledged the fact that "there are many unanswered questions concerning the use of whole cow milk in the second half year of life." I believe that we now have answers to some of these questions and that we should return to the original recommendation discouraging the use of whole cow milk (WCM) until infants have reached their first birthday. Studies performed since the 1983 report have demonstrated that the introduction of WCM prior to the first birthday is associated with an increased risk of occult gastrointestinal bleeding3 and an increased incidence of iron deficiency anemia.4,5 In addition, iron deficiency anemia in infants less than 1 year of age has been shown to be associated with cognitive and psychomotor impairment6-8; such impairment may not be correctable with iron therapy.7-9

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