scholarly journals Microbiome, Autoimmune Diseases and HIV Infection: Friends or Foes?

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 2629
Author(s):  
Chiara Pellicano ◽  
Giorgia Leodori ◽  
Giuseppe Pietro Innocenti ◽  
Antonietta Gigante ◽  
Edoardo Rosato
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Autoimmune Diseases ◽  
Clinical Studies ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Current Understanding ◽  
Human Organism ◽  
Pathological State ◽  
Hiv Patients

Several studies highlighted the importance of the interaction between microbiota and the immune system in the development and maintenance of the homeostasis of the human organism. Dysbiosis is associated with proinflammatory and pathological state-like metabolic diseases, autoimmune diseases and HIV infection. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of the possible role of dysbiosis in triggering and/or exacerbating symptoms of autoimmune diseases and HIV infection. There are no data about the influence of the microbiome on the development of autoimmune diseases during HIV infection. We can hypothesize that untreated patients may be more susceptible to the development of autoimmune diseases, due to the presence of dysbiosis. Eubiosis, re-established by probiotic administration, can be used to reduce triggers for autoimmune diseases in untreated HIV patients, although clinical studies are needed to evaluate the role of the microbiome in autoimmune diseases in HIV patients.

scholarly journals ON THE QUESTION OF THE PATHOGENESIS OF HIV-INFECTION: THE ROLE OF IMMUNE ACTIVATION IN PROGRESSION OF DISEASE

2012 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 47-52
Author(s):  
G. R. Khasanova ◽  
I. G. Mustafin ◽  
V. A. Anokhin
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Immune Activation ◽  
Opportunistic Pathogens ◽  
Rate Of Progression ◽  
Progression Of Disease ◽  
Modern Knowledge

Hyperactivaion of immme system is considered by most investigators as importantfactor, contributing to progression of HIV-infection and development ofAIDS. In the review modern knowledge about mechanisms and results of activation of immune system during HIV-infection are presented. HIV itself, opportunistic pathogens and components of gut microbiota, first of all, endotoxins ofgram-negative bacteria are considered as probable "activators" of immune system. High levels of endotoxin and markers of immune activation are associated with an even greater rate of progression of HIV-infection.

scholarly journals Stem Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine in Autoimmune Diseases

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bhuvaneshwari Sampath ◽  
Priyadarshan Kathirvelu ◽  
Kavitha Sankaranarayanan
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cell ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Regenerative Medicine ◽  
Autoimmune Diseases ◽  
Lupus Erythematosus ◽  
Systemic Lupus ◽  
Autoimmune Condition ◽  
Recent Trends

The role of immune system in our body is to defense against the foreign bodies. However, if the immune system fails to recognize self and non-self-cells in our body leads to autoimmune diseases. Widespread autoimmune diseases are rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis, type 1 diabetes, and more yet to be added to the list. This chapter discusses about how stem cell-based therapies and advancement of regenerative medicine endow with novel treatment for autoimmune diseases. Furthermore, in detail, specific types of stem cells and their therapeutic approach for each autoimmune condition along with their efficiency to obtain desired results are discussed. Ultimately, this chapter describes the recent trends in treating autoimmune diseases effectively using advanced stem cell research.

scholarly journals Use of Anti-IL-17 Monoclonal Antibodies in HIV Patients with Erythrodermic Psoriasis

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 132-137
Author(s):  
Mary Catherine G. Pangilinan ◽  
Peerada Sermswan ◽  
Pravit Asawanonda
Keyword(s):  
Monoclonal Antibodies ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Opportunistic Infection ◽  
Treatment Option ◽  
Skin Disease ◽  
Hiv Patients ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
Erythrodermic Psoriasis ◽  
Promising Treatment

Psoriasis is an immune-mediated skin disease with various presentations. HIV infection affects the immune system and aggravates psoriasis lesions. Therefore, psoriasis management in HIV patients poses a great challenge for dermatologists. In this report, 2 HIV patients with erythrodermic psoriasis received anti-IL-17 and experienced significant clearance of lesions. No recurrence or opportunistic infection was noted. In conclusion, anti-IL-17 monoclonal antibodies are an effective and promising treatment option for HIV-infected patients with psoriasis.

scholarly journals The role of hypoxia-inducible factors in the development of chronic pathology

2021 ◽  
Vol 93 (4) ◽  
pp. 18-25
Author(s):  
N. S. Shevchenko ◽  
◽  
N. V. Krutenko ◽  
T. V. Zimnytska ◽  
K. V. Voloshyn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Chronic Diseases ◽  
Inflammatory Process ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Current Understanding ◽  
Human Organism ◽  
Hypoxia Inducible Factors ◽  
Significant Relationships ◽  
Genes Expression

This review highlights the current understanding of hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) role as regulators of oxygen-dependent reactions and inducers of genes expression in human organism. The focus is on the most significant relationships between the activation or inhibition of the HIFs intracellular system and development of the inflammatory process in various organs, chronic diseases of gastrointestinal tract, osteoarticular system, kidneys as well as hematological, endocrine and metabolic disorders.

scholarly journals IL-7 in SARS-CoV-2 Infection and as a Potential Vaccine Adjuvant

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yonas Bekele ◽  
Yongjun Sui ◽  
Jay A. Berzofsky
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Clinical Studies ◽  
Vaccine Adjuvant ◽  
Critical Function ◽  
Potential Vaccine ◽  
New Vaccines

IL-7/IL-7R signaling is critical for development, maturation, maintenance and survival of many lymphocytes in the thymus and periphery. IL-7 has been used as immunotherapy in pre-clinical and clinical studies to treat cancer, HIV infection and sepsis. Here, we discuss the critical function of IL-7 in diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of COVID-19 patients. We also summarize a promising role of IL-7 as a vaccine adjuvant. It could potentially enhance the immune responses to vaccines especially against SARS-CoV-2 or other new vaccines.

scholarly journals Neutrophils—From Bone Marrow to First-Line Defense of the Innate Immune System

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Felix Kraus ◽  
Michael Andreas Gruber
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Immune Defense ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Human Organism ◽  
Polymorphonuclear Cells ◽  
Target Tissue ◽  
First Line

Neutrophils (polymorphonuclear cells; PMNs) form a first line of defense against pathogens and are therefore an important component of the innate immune response. As a result of poorly controlled activation, however, PMNs can also mediate tissue damage in numerous diseases, often by increasing tissue inflammation and injury. According to current knowledge, PMNs are not only part of the pathogenesis of infectious and autoimmune diseases but also of conditions with disturbed tissue homeostasis such as trauma and shock. Scientific advances in the past two decades have changed the role of neutrophils from that of solely immune defense cells to cells that are responsible for the general integrity of the body, even in the absence of pathogens. To better understand PMN function in the human organism, our review outlines the role of PMNs within the innate immune system. This review provides an overview of the migration of PMNs from the vascular compartment to the target tissue as well as their chemotactic processes and illuminates crucial neutrophil immune properties at the site of the lesion. The review is focused on the formation of chemotactic gradients in interaction with the extracellular matrix (ECM) and the influence of the ECM on PMN function. In addition, our review summarizes current knowledge about the phenomenon of bidirectional and reverse PMN migration, neutrophil microtubules, and the microtubule organizing center in PMN migration. As a conclusive feature, we review and discuss new findings about neutrophil behavior in cancer environment and tumor tissue.

scholarly journals Dietary Habits Bursting into the Complex Pathogenesis of Autoimmune Diseases: The Emerging Role of Salt from Experimental and Clinical Studies

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 1013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rossana Scrivo ◽  
Carlo Perricone ◽  
Alessio Altobelli ◽  
Chiara Castellani ◽  
Lorenzo Tinti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Autoimmune Diseases ◽  
Lupus Erythematosus ◽  
Clinical Studies ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Fine Tuning ◽  
Current Evidence

The incidence and prevalence of autoimmune diseases have increased in Western countries over the last years. The pathogenesis of these disorders is multifactorial, with a combination of genetic and environmental factors involved. Since the epidemiological changes cannot be related to genetic background, which did not change significantly in that time, the role of environmental factors has been reconsidered. Among these, dietary habits, and especially an excessive salt, typical of processed foods, has been implicated in the development of autoimmune diseases. In this review, we summarize current evidence, deriving both from experimental models and clinical studies, on the capability of excessive salt intake to exacerbate proinflammatory responses affecting the pathogenesis of immune-mediated diseases. Data on several diseases are presented, including rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis, and Crohn’s disease, with many of them supporting a proinflammatory effect of salt. Likewise, a hypertonic microenvironment showed similar effects in experimental models both in vivo and in vitro. However, murine models of spontaneous autoimmune polyneuropathy exposed to high salt diet suggest opposite outcomes. These results dictate the need to further analyse the role of cooking salt in the treatment and prevention of autoimmune diseases, trying to shape a fine tuning between the possible advantages of a restricted salt intake and the changes in circulating metabolites, mediators, and hormones which come along salt consumption and could in turn influence autoimmunity.

The curious case of miR-155 in SLE

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. A. Ibrahim ◽  
A. Y. Afify ◽  
I. O. Fawzy ◽  
N. El-Ekiaby ◽  
A. I. Abdelaziz
Keyword(s):  
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Targeted Therapy ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Autoimmune Diseases ◽  
Lupus Erythematosus ◽  
Systemic Lupus ◽  
Recent Attention ◽  
Made In

Abstract Epigenetic modifications have been well documented in autoimmune diseases. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), in particular, have long intrigued scientists in the field of autoimmunity. Owing to its central role in the development of the immune system, microRNA-155 (miR-155) is deeply involved in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Despite the advancements made in treating SLE, the disease still remains incurable. Therefore, recent attention has been drawn to the manipulation of epigenetics in the development of curative treatments. In fact, it is a widely held view that miRNA-targeted therapy is a new glimmer of hope in the treatment of autoimmune diseases. However, the duplicity of miRNAs should not be overlooked. A single miRNA can target several mRNAs, and some mRNAs may possess opposing functions. In this review, we highlight the role of miR-155 as a biomarker and review its functions in SLE patients and animal models while discussing possible reasons behind inconsistencies across studies.

scholarly journals Mathematical Modeling of Autoimmune Diseases

Symmetry ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 1457
Author(s):  
Mikhail Kolev
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Autoimmune Diseases ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Nonequilibrium Statistical Mechanics ◽  
Good Health ◽  
The Body ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Human Organism ◽  
Viral Particles ◽  
Harmful Effects

The human organism is a very complex system. To be in good health, its components must function properly. One of the most important systems of an organism is the immune system. It protects the body from the harmful effects of various external and internal agents. Sometimes, however, the immune system starts attacking its own healthy cells, tissues and organs. Then autoimmune diseases arise. They are widespread in recent decades. There is evidence that often autoimmune responses occur due to viral infections. In this paper, a new mathematical model of a general autoimmune disease is proposed. It describes the interactions between viral particles and host cells. The model is formulated by using integro-differential equations of Boltzmann type. This approach is typical for the nonequilibrium statistical mechanics. A preliminary qualitative and quantitative analysis of the model is presented.

scholarly journals NAD+ metabolism, stemness, the immune response, and cancer

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lola E. Navas ◽  
Amancio Carnero
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Cancer Metabolism ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Acid Oxidation ◽  
Yeast Fermentation ◽  
Enzymatic Reactions ◽  
Ongoing Research ◽  
Nad Metabolism

AbstractNAD+ was discovered during yeast fermentation, and since its discovery, its important roles in redox metabolism, aging, and longevity, the immune system and DNA repair have been highlighted. A deregulation of the NAD+ levels has been associated with metabolic diseases and aging-related diseases, including neurodegeneration, defective immune responses, and cancer. NAD+ acts as a cofactor through its interplay with NADH, playing an essential role in many enzymatic reactions of energy metabolism, such as glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, fatty acid oxidation, and the TCA cycle. NAD+ also plays a role in deacetylation by sirtuins and ADP ribosylation during DNA damage/repair by PARP proteins. Finally, different NAD hydrolase proteins also consume NAD+ while converting it into ADP-ribose or its cyclic counterpart. Some of these proteins, such as CD38, seem to be extensively involved in the immune response. Since NAD cannot be taken directly from food, NAD metabolism is essential, and NAMPT is the key enzyme recovering NAD from nicotinamide and generating most of the NAD cellular pools. Because of the complex network of pathways in which NAD+ is essential, the important role of NAD+ and its key generating enzyme, NAMPT, in cancer is understandable. In the present work, we review the role of NAD+ and NAMPT in the ways that they may influence cancer metabolism, the immune system, stemness, aging, and cancer. Finally, we review some ongoing research on therapeutic approaches.

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