scholarly journals Oxidative Stress in Cardiovascular Diseases: Still a Therapeutic Target?

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 2090 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Senoner ◽  
Wolfgang Dichtl
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Apoptotic Cell ◽  
Calcium Handling ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Cellular Functions ◽  
Atherosclerotic Plaque Formation ◽  
Basal Concentration ◽  
Pathophysiologic Mechanisms

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are complex entities with heterogenous pathophysiologic mechanisms and increased oxidative stress has been viewed as one of the potential common etiologies. A fine balance between the presence of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidants is essential for the proper normal functioning of the cell. A basal concentration of ROS is indispensable for the manifestation of cellular functions, whereas excessive levels of ROS cause damage to cellular macromolecules such as DNA, lipids and proteins, eventually leading to necrosis and apoptotic cell death. CVD is the main cause of death worldwide with several conditions being affected by oxidative stress. Increased ROS lead to decreased nitric oxide availability and vasoconstriction, promoting arterial hypertension. ROS also negatively influence myocardial calcium handling, causing arrhythmia, and augment cardiac remodeling by inducing hypertrophic signaling and apoptosis. Finally, ROS have also been shown to promote atherosclerotic plaque formation. This review aims at giving an introduction into oxidative stress in CVD, with special focus on endothelial dysfunction, and then examining in detail the role of oxidative stress in the most prevalent of these diseases. Finally, potential nutraceuticals and diets that might be beneficial in diminishing the burden of oxidative stress in CVD are presented.

scholarly journals Regulation of miRNAs by Natural Antioxidants in Cardiovascular Diseases: Focus on SIRT1 and eNOS

Antioxidants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 377
Author(s):  
Yunna Lee ◽  
Eunok Im
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Endothelial Dysfunction ◽  
Natural Antioxidants ◽  
Sirtuin 1 ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Oxide Synthase ◽  
Endothelial Nitric Oxide

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the most common cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The potential benefits of natural antioxidants derived from supplemental nutrients against CVDs are well known. Remarkably, natural antioxidants exert cardioprotective effects by reducing oxidative stress, increasing vasodilation, and normalizing endothelial dysfunction. Recently, considerable evidence has highlighted an important role played by the synergistic interaction between endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) in the maintenance of endothelial function. To provide a new perspective on the role of natural antioxidants against CVDs, we focused on microRNAs (miRNAs), which are important posttranscriptional modulators in human diseases. Several miRNAs are regulated via the consumption of natural antioxidants and are related to the regulation of oxidative stress by targeting eNOS and/or SIRT1. In this review, we have discussed the specific molecular regulation of eNOS/SIRT1-related endothelial dysfunction and its contribution to CVD pathologies; furthermore, we selected nine different miRNAs that target the expression of eNOS and SIRT1 in CVDs. Additionally, we have summarized the alteration of miRNA expression and regulation of activities of miRNA through natural antioxidant consumption.

scholarly journals Potential Role of Epigenetic Mechanism in Manganese Induced Neurotoxicity

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prashant Tarale ◽  
Tapan Chakrabarti ◽  
Saravanadevi Sivanesan ◽  
Pravin Naoghare ◽  
Amit Bafana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Dna Methyltransferase ◽  
Apoptotic Cell ◽  
Genetic Difference ◽  
Epigenetic Mechanism ◽  
Dna Hypomethylation ◽  
Manganese Neurotoxicity

Manganese is a vital nutrient and is maintained at an optimal level (2.5–5 mg/day) in human body. Chronic exposure to manganese is associated with neurotoxicity and correlated with the development of various neurological disorders such as Parkinson’s disease. Oxidative stress mediated apoptotic cell death has been well established mechanism in manganese induced toxicity. Oxidative stress has a potential to alter the epigenetic mechanism of gene regulation. Epigenetic insight of manganese neurotoxicity in context of its correlation with the development of parkinsonism is poorly understood. Parkinson’s disease is characterized by theα-synuclein aggregation in the form of Lewy bodies in neuronal cells. Recent findings illustrate that manganese can cause overexpression ofα-synuclein.α-Synuclein acts epigenetically via interaction with histone proteins in regulating apoptosis.α-Synuclein also causes global DNA hypomethylation through sequestration of DNA methyltransferase in cytoplasm. An individual genetic difference may also have an influence on epigenetic susceptibility to manganese neurotoxicity and the development of Parkinson’s disease. This review presents the current state of findings in relation to role of epigenetic mechanism in manganese induced neurotoxicity, with a special emphasis on the development of Parkinson’s disease.

scholarly journals The effect of cigarette smoking on endothelial damage and atherosclerosis development – modeled and analyzed using Petri nets

2017 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 211-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaja Chmielewska ◽  
Dorota Formanowicz ◽  
Piotr Formanowicz
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Petri Nets ◽  
Tobacco Smoke ◽  
Endothelial Damage ◽  
Dual Function ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Atherosclerotic Plaque Formation ◽  
Atherosclerosis Development ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Atherosclerosis as one of the crucial causes of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) is the leading reason of death worldwide. One of the contributing factors to this phenomenon is endothelial dysfunction, which is associated with the impact of various agents and their interactions. Tobacco smoke is one of the well known factors here. For better understanding of its significance a model of its impact on atherosclerotic plaque formation has been proposed. The model contains selected aspects of the influence of tobacco smoke, dual function of nitric oxide (NO) (influence of various mechanisms on NO bioavailability), oxidative stress which promotes low density lipoproteins oxidation, macrophages significance and other mechanisms leading to an aggravation of the endothelial disturbances. The model has been built using Petri nets theory and the analysis has been based on t-invariants. This approach allowed to confirm the important role of inflammation and oxidative stress in atherosclerosis development and moreover it has shown the considerable influence of the cigarette smoke.

scholarly journals Circulating Leukocytes and Oxidative Stress in Cardiovascular Diseases: A State of the Art

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Speranza Rubattu ◽  
Maurizio Forte ◽  
Salvatore Raffa
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Stress Level ◽  
Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Pathological Condition ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Oxidative Stress Level ◽  
The Impact

Increased oxidative stress from both mitochondrial and cytosolic sources contributes to the development and the progression of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), and it is a target of therapeutic interventions. The numerous efforts made over the last decades in order to develop tools able to monitor the oxidative stress level in patients affected by CVDs rely on the need to gain information on the disease state. However, this goal has not been satisfactorily accomplished until now. Among others, the isolation of circulating leukocytes to measure their oxidant level offers a valid, noninvasive challenge that has been tested in few pathological contexts, including hypertension, atherosclerosis and its clinical manifestations, and heart failure. Since leukocytes circulate in the blood stream, it is expected that they might reflect quite closely both systemic and cardiovascular oxidative stress and provide useful information on the pathological condition. The results of the studies discussed in the present review article are promising. They highlight the importance of measuring oxidative stress level in circulating mononuclear cells in different CVDs with a consistent correlation between degree of oxidative stress and severity of CVD and of its complications. Importantly, they also point to a double role of leukocytes, both as a marker of disease condition and as a direct contributor to disease progression. Finally, they show that the oxidative stress level of leukocytes reflects the impact of therapeutic interventions. It is likely that the isolation of leukocytes and the measurement of oxidative stress, once adequately developed, may represent an eligible tool for both research and clinical purposes to monitor the role of oxidative stress on the promotion and progression of CVDs, as well as the impact of therapies.

scholarly journals Efficacy of Composite Extract from Leaves and Fruits of Medicinal Plants Used in Traditional Diabetic Therapy against Oxidative Stress in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brahm Kumar Tiwari ◽  
Dileep Kumar ◽  
A. B. Abidi ◽  
Syed Ibrahim Rizvi
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Diabetic Complications ◽  
Small Dose ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Wistar Strain ◽  
Glucose Plasma

Oxidative stress plays a vital role in diabetic complications. To suppress the oxidative stress mediated damage in diabetic pathophysiology, a special focus has been given on composite extract (CE) and making small dose of naturally occurring antidiabetic plants leaf and fruits. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the beneficial role of CE against alloxan- (ALX-) induced diabetes of Wistar strain rats. A dose-dependent study for CE (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg body weight) was carried out to find the effective dose of the composite compound in ALX-induced diabetic rats. ALX exposure elevated the blood glucose, plasma advanced oxidation product (AOPP), sialic acid demonstrating disturbed antioxidant status.CE at a dose of 100 mg/kg body weight restored/minimised these alterations towards normal values. In conclusion, small dose of CE possesses the capability of ameliorating the oxidative stress in ALX-induced diabetes and thus could be a promising approach in lessening diabetic complications.

scholarly journals Seaweeds as Preventive Agents for Cardiovascular Diseases: From Nutrients to Functional Foods

Marine Drugs ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 6838-6865 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susana Cardoso ◽  
Olívia Pereira ◽  
Ana Seca ◽  
Diana Pinto ◽  
Artur Silva
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Functional Foods ◽  
Cardiovascular Health ◽  
Vascular Inflammation ◽  
Dietary Fibers ◽  
Health Promoting ◽  
Reported Data ◽  
Cardiovascular Health Promotion

Being naturally enriched in key nutrients and in various health-promoting compounds, seaweeds represent promising candidates for the design of functional foods. Soluble dietary fibers, peptides, phlorotannins, lipids and minerals are macroalgae’s major compounds that can hold potential in high-value food products derived from macroalgae, including those directed to the cardiovascular-health promotion. This manuscript revises available reported data focusing the role of diet supplementation of macroalgae, or extracts enriched in bioactive compounds from macroalgae origin, in targeting modifiable markers of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), like dyslipidemia, oxidative stress, vascular inflammation, hypertension, hypercoagulability and activation of the sympathetic and renin-angiotensin systems, among others. At last, the review also describes several products that have been formulated with the use of whole macroalgae or extracts, along with their claimed cardiovascular-associated benefits.

scholarly journals The Role of Glycocalyx and Caveolae in Vascular Homeostasis and Diseases

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simone Regina Potje ◽  
Tiago Dal-Cin Paula ◽  
Michele Paulo ◽  
Lusiane Maria Bendhack
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Reactive Oxygen Species ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Endothelial Glycocalyx ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Vascular Homeostasis ◽  
Structure Synthesis ◽  
And Function

This review highlights recent findings about the role that endothelial glycocalyx and caveolae play in vascular homeostasis. We describe the structure, synthesis, and function of glycocalyx and caveolae in vascular cells under physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Special focus will be given in glycocalyx and caveolae that are associated with impaired production of nitric oxide (NO) and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Such alterations could contribute to the development of cardiovascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis, and hypertension.

THE ROLE OF OXIDATIVE STRESS IN SEX-DEPENDENT DIFFERENCES IN CELL CALCIUM HANDLING IN VSMC ISOLATED FROM SHR

2004 ◽  
Vol 22 (Suppl. 2) ◽  
pp. S187
Author(s):  
J. Loukotová ◽  
J. Tichá ◽  
J. Kunes ◽  
J. Zicha
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Calcium Handling ◽  
Cell Calcium

scholarly journals Squalene: More than a Step toward Sterols

Antioxidants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 688 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Micera ◽  
Alfonso Botto ◽  
Federica Geddo ◽  
Susanna Antoniotti ◽  
Cinzia Margherita Bertea ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Free Radicals ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Metabolic Intermediate ◽  
Cellular Models

Squalene (SQ) is a natural triterpene widely distributed in nature. It is a metabolic intermediate of the sterol biosynthetic pathway and represents a possible target in different metabolic and oxidative stress-related disorders. Growing interest has been focused on SQ’s antioxidant properties, derived from its chemical structure. Strong evidence provided by ex vivo models underline its scavenging activity towards free radicals, whereas only a few studies have highlighted its effect in cellular models of oxidative stress. Given the role of unbalanced free radicals in both the onset and progression of several cardiovascular diseases, an in depth evaluation of SQ’s contribution to antioxidant defense mechanisms could represent a strategic approach in dealing with these pathological conditions. At present experimental results overall show a double-edged sword role of squalene in cardiovascular diseases and its function has to be better elucidated in order to establish intervention lines focused on its features. This review aims to summarize current knowledge about endogenous and exogenous sources of SQ and to point out the controversial role of SQ in cardiovascular physiology.

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