scholarly journals Functional Nutrients for Epilepsy

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1309 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ji-Eun Kim ◽  
Kyung-Ok Cho
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Clinical Evidence ◽  
Nutritional Supplements ◽  
Ketogenic Diets ◽  
Core Symptom ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Epileptic Patients ◽  
Patients With Epilepsy ◽  
Clinical Potential ◽  
Selection Of

Epilepsy is a common neurological disorder of which seizures are a core symptom. Approximately one third of epileptic patients are resistant to antiepileptic drugs and therefore require alternative therapeutic options. Dietary and nutritional supplements can in some cases replace drugs, but with the exception of ketogenic diets, there are no officially recommended dietary considerations for patients with epilepsy. In this review we summarize a selection of nutritional suggestions that have proved beneficial in treating different types of epilepsy. We describe the types of seizures and epilepsy and follow this with an introduction to basic molecular mechanisms. We then examine several functional nutrients for which there is clinical evidence of therapeutic efficacy in reducing seizures or epilepsy-associated sudden death. We also discuss experimental results that demonstrate possible molecular mechanisms elicited by the administration of various nutrients. The availability of multiple dietary and nutritional candidates that show favorable outcomes in animals implies that assessing the clinical potential of these substances will improve translational medicine, ultimately benefitting epilepsy patients.

scholarly journals The Antiepileptic Drugs Therapy Practice in Epileptic Patients: What Does Evidence Show?

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ranjana Banstola ◽  
Gulam Muhammad Khan
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Outcomes ◽  
Patient Specific ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Epileptic Syndromes ◽  
Epileptic Patients ◽  
Medication Side ◽  
Patients With Epilepsy ◽  
Antiepileptic Drug Therapy ◽  
Selection Of

Introduction: Though studies regarding epilepsy have been conducted in different parts of the world, there is a scarcity of established studies regarding treatment outcomes among patients with epilepsy. Therefore, the aim of this review is to assess antiepileptic drug therapy among patients with epilepsy. This will help in exploring the existing AEDs therapy practice including the outcomes. Methods: Using different search engines like EndNote (Pubmed), Google, Google Scholar and Hinari, literatures were searched for review. Different literatures like, research reports, articles, documents, books and internet findings relevant to this study were reviewed. Findings and discussion: Outcome of AEDs therapy is affected by several factors including patient-related factors, disease related factors and drug related factors. The selection of the most appropriate AEDs for a patient with seizures depends upon the accurate classification of the seizures, the type of epilepsy or epileptic syndromes, and drug such as availability and accessibility of drugs, their efficacy, side effect and comfort use as well as patient factors. So, the selection of AED therapy at present is an empirical process, based on seizure and patient-specific variables and a working knowledge of available AEDs, including AED mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, drug-drug interactions, and medication side effects and ultimately the treatment outcomes. Conclusion: It is recommended that researchers need to focus on further longitudinal and interventional studies in providing adequate evidence about the cause-effect relationship between the AEDs therapy practice and seizure control.

scholarly journals Frequency of EEG Changes In Different Types of Clinically Diagnosed Epileptic Patients

2016 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 63-67
Author(s):  
Dhali Sa ◽  
Barman KK ◽  
M Shahidullah ◽  
Dey Sk ◽  
MR Islam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical History ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Epilepsy Syndrome ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Epileptic Discharge ◽  
Standard Data ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Epileptic Patients ◽  
Collection Form ◽  
Patients With Epilepsy

Background: Diagnosis of epilepsy is based mainly on clinical history and examination. EEG constitutes the single most valuable laboratory test in the evaluation of patients with epilepsy. Objective: The objective of the present study was to find out the frequency of EEG abnormality among different types of clinically diagnosed epileptic patients. Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out in the Department of Neurology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka. A total of 152 epileptic patients attended in the Epilepsy Clinic, General OPD and EEG room of the Department of Neurology were enrolled for this study. Information on socio-demographic and seizure characteristics was obtained. The records from patients were obtained using the standard data collection form. Result: Out of 152 epileptic patients male were 62.5% and female were 37.5%, mean age was 20.69 ± 11.83 years. Abnormal EEG was found in 81 (53.3%) patients. Most of the patients 64 (79.0%) had generalized epileptic discharge and 17 (21.0%) had focal epileptic discharge. Out of 81 patients with abnormal EEG wave, 31 (38.3%) patients had spike and wave, 26 (32.1%) patients had sharp wave and 24 (29.6%) patients had multiple types of EEG wave. Conclusion: The EEG is an important tool for diagnosing an epilepsy syndrome, knowledge of which aids in planning treatment and determining prognosis. Bangladesh Journal of Neuroscience 2016; Vol. 32 (2): 63-67

scholarly journals The use of ketogenic diets in cancer patients: a systematic review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maximilian Römer ◽  
Jennifer Dörfler ◽  
Jutta Huebner
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Clinical Evidence ◽  
Complementary Therapy ◽  
Conclusive Evidence ◽  
Significant Weight Loss ◽  
Potential Harm ◽  
Ketogenic Diets ◽  
Different Types

AbstractKetogenic diets are a widely known, yet controversial treatment for cancer patients. In this review, we summarize the clinical evidence for anti-tumor effects, as well as the effects on anthropometry, quality of life, adverse events and adherence in cancer patients. In April 2019, a systematic search was conducted searching five electronic databases (EMBASE, Cochrane, PsychInfo, CINAHL and Medline) to find studies analyzing the use, effectiveness and potential harm of a ketogenic diet in cancer patients of any age as sole or complementary therapy. From all 19.211 search results, 46 publications concerning 39 studies with 770 patients were included in this systematic review. The therapy concepts included all forms of diets with reduced carbohydrate intake, that aimed to achieve ketosis for patients with different types of cancer. Most studies had a low quality, high risk of bias and were highly heterogeneous. There was no conclusive evidence for anti-tumor effects or improved OS. The majority of patients had significant weight loss and mild to moderate side effects. Adherence to the diet was rather low in most studies. Due to the very heterogeneous results and methodological limitations of the included studies, clinical evidence for the effectiveness of ketogenic diets in cancer patients is still lacking.

scholarly journals Targeting mTOR in Glioblastoma: Rationale and Preclinical/Clinical Evidence

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmen Mecca ◽  
Ileana Giambanco ◽  
Rosario Donato ◽  
Cataldo Arcuri
Keyword(s):  
Therapeutic Strategy ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Clinical Evidence ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Phosphatidylinositol 3 Kinase ◽  
Phosphatase And Tensin Homolog ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Mechanistic Target Of Rapamycin ◽  
Tensin Homolog ◽  
Different Types

The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) drives several physiologic and pathologic cellular processes and is frequently deregulated in different types of tumors, including glioblastoma (GBM). Despite recent advancements in understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in GBM biology, the survival rates of this tumor are still disappointing, primarily due to the lack of efficacious treatments. The phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN)/phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT)/mTOR pathway has emerged as a crucial player in GBM development and progression. However, to date, all the attempts to target this pathway with PI3K, AKT, or mTORC1 inhibitors failed to improve the outcome of patients with GBM. Despite these discouraging results, recent evidence pointed out that the blockade of mTORC2 might provide a useful therapeutic strategy for GBM, with the potential to overcome the limitations that mTORC1 inhibitors have shown so far. In this review, we analyzed the rationale of targeting mTOR in GBM and the available preclinical and clinical evidence supporting the choice of this therapeutic approach, highlighting the different roles of mTORC1 and mTORC2 in GBM biology.

Classic and Novel Signaling Pathways Involved in Cancer: Targeting the NF-κB and Syk Signaling Pathways

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 219-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cong Tang ◽  
Guodong Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Therapy ◽  
Tyrosine Kinase ◽  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Cell Receptor ◽  
Transmembrane Receptors ◽  
Biological Responses ◽  
Different Types

The nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) consists of a family of transcription factors involved in the regulation of a wide variety of biological responses. Growing evidence support that NF-κB plays a major role in oncogenesis as well as its well-known function in the regulation of immune responses and inflammation. Therefore, we made a review of the diverse molecular mechanisms by which the NF-κB pathway is constitutively activated in different types of human cancers and the potential role of various oncogenic genes regulated by this transcription factor in cancer development and progression. We also discussed various pharmacological approaches employed to target the deregulated NF-κB signaling pathway and their possible therapeutic potential in cancer therapy. Moreover, Syk (Spleen tyrosine kinase), non-receptor tyrosine kinase which mediates signal transduction downstream of a variety of transmembrane receptors including classical immune-receptors like the B-cell receptor (BCR), which can also activate the inflammasome and NF-κB-mediated transcription of chemokines and cytokines in the presence of pathogens would be discussed as well. The highlight of this review article is to summarize the classic and novel signaling pathways involved in NF-κB and Syk signaling and then raise some possibilities for cancer therapy.

scholarly journals Immunomodulatory Effects of Radiotherapy

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (21) ◽  
pp. 8151
Author(s):  
Sharda Kumari ◽  
Shibani Mukherjee ◽  
Debapriya Sinha ◽  
Salim Abdisalaam ◽  
Sunil Krishnan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Carbon Particle ◽  
Dna Lesions ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
High Let Radiation ◽  
Different Types ◽  
High Let ◽  
Radiation Induced ◽  
Tumor Death

Radiation therapy (RT), an integral component of curative treatment for many malignancies, can be administered via an increasing array of techniques. In this review, we summarize the properties and application of different types of RT, specifically, conventional therapy with x-rays, stereotactic body RT, and proton and carbon particle therapies. We highlight how low-linear energy transfer (LET) radiation induces simple DNA lesions that are efficiently repaired by cells, whereas high-LET radiation causes complex DNA lesions that are difficult to repair and that ultimately enhance cancer cell killing. Additionally, we discuss the immunogenicity of radiation-induced tumor death, elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which radiation mounts innate and adaptive immune responses and explore strategies by which we can increase the efficacy of these mechanisms. Understanding the mechanisms by which RT modulates immune signaling and the key players involved in modulating the RT-mediated immune response will help to improve therapeutic efficacy and to identify novel immunomodulatory drugs that will benefit cancer patients undergoing targeted RT.

scholarly journals Multi-Criteria Selection of Additives in Porous Asphalt Mixtures Using Mechanical, Hydraulic, Economic, and Environmental Indicators

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 2146
Author(s):  
Anik Gupta ◽  
Carlos J. Slebi-Acevedo ◽  
Esther Lizasoain-Arteaga ◽  
Jorge Rodriguez-Hernandez ◽  
Daniel Castro-Fresno
Keyword(s):  
Cellulose Fiber ◽  
Environmental Indicators ◽  
Asphalt Mixtures ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Modified Bitumen ◽  
Porous Asphalt ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Product Assessment ◽  
Polymer Modified Bitumen ◽  
Selection Of

Porous asphalt (PA) mixtures are more environmentally friendly but have lower durability than dense-graded mixtures. Additives can be incorporated into PA mixtures to enhance their mechanical strength; however, they may compromise the hydraulic characteristics, increase the total cost of pavement, and negatively affect the environment. In this paper, PA mixtures were produced with 5 different types of additives including 4 fibers and 1 filler. Their performances were compared with the reference mixtures containing virgin bitumen and polymer-modified bitumen. The performance of all mixes was assessed using: mechanical, hydraulic, economic, and environmental indicators. Then, the Delphi method was applied to compute the relative weights for the parameters in multi-criteria decision-making methods. Evaluation based on distance from average solution (EDAS), technique for order of the preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS), and weighted aggregated sum product assessment (WASPAS) were employed to rank the additives. According to the results obtained, aramid pulp displayed comparable and, for some parameters such as abrasion resistance, even better performance than polymer-modified bitumen, whereas cellulose fiber demonstrated the best performance regarding sustainability, due to economic and environmental benefits.

scholarly journals Cardiac Cell Therapy: Insights into the Mechanisms of Tissue Repair

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 1201
Author(s):  
Hsuan Peng ◽  
Kazuhiro Shindo ◽  
Renée R. Donahue ◽  
Ahmed Abdel-Latif
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cell ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Tissue Repair ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Clinical Evidence ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Cell Delivery ◽  
Cardiac Cell Therapy ◽  
Stem Cell Treatment

Stem cell-based cardiac therapies have been extensively studied in recent years. However, the efficacy of cell delivery, engraftment, and differentiation post-transplant remain continuous challenges and represent opportunities to further refine our current strategies. Despite limited long-term cardiac retention, stem cell treatment leads to sustained cardiac benefit following myocardial infarction (MI). This review summarizes the current knowledge on stem cell based cardiac immunomodulation by highlighting the cellular and molecular mechanisms of different immune responses to mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and their secretory factors. This review also addresses the clinical evidence in the field.

scholarly journals Perception about Etiology of Epilepsy and Help-Seeking Behavior in Patients with Epilepsy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gautam Das ◽  
Samar Biswas ◽  
Souvik Dubey ◽  
Durjoy Lahiri ◽  
Biman Kanti Ray ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Help Seeking ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Epileptic Seizures ◽  
Treatment Seeking ◽  
Professional Help ◽  
Epileptic Patients ◽  
Seeking Behavior ◽  
Tertiary Care Centers ◽  
Patients With Epilepsy

Abstract Objectives Patients with epilepsy and their family have diverse beliefs about the cause of their illness that generally determine their treatment-seeking behavior. In this study, our aim was to find out different beliefs about epilepsy that lead to different help-seeking patterns, which act as barrier to the intended modern medical management of epilepsy. Materials and Methods One hundred and fifty consecutive consenting patients accompanied by a reliable informant/family member fulfilling the International Classification of Epileptic Seizures (ICES), simplified version, were included. Demographic and clinical data of all the eligible subjects was collected. Perceived cause of illness and help-seeking pattern were explored from patient/informant by administering proper instruments. Results Respondents identified varied causes of epilepsy and explored multiple help-seeking options before reaching tertiary care centers. We observed that, generally, epileptic patients/relatives who had belief in causes like supernatural causes sought help from nonprofessional personnel and those attributed their symptom to bodily pathology had professional help-seeking. Conclusions The belief in supernatural causes not being conformed to the biomedical models of the epileptic disorders increases the treatment gap.

scholarly journals Methods for Preventing Visual Attacks in Convolutional Neural Networks Based on Data Discard and Dimensionality Reduction

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 5235
Author(s):  
Nikita Andriyanov
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Convolutional Neural Network ◽  
Network Inference ◽  
Recognition Accuracy ◽  
Network Architectures ◽  
Reduced Dimensions ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Rectangular Area ◽  
Noise Impulse ◽  
Selection Of

The article is devoted to the study of convolutional neural network inference in the task of image processing under the influence of visual attacks. Attacks of four different types were considered: simple, involving the addition of white Gaussian noise, impulse action on one pixel of an image, and attacks that change brightness values within a rectangular area. MNIST and Kaggle dogs vs. cats datasets were chosen. Recognition characteristics were obtained for the accuracy, depending on the number of images subjected to attacks and the types of attacks used in the training. The study was based on well-known convolutional neural network architectures used in pattern recognition tasks, such as VGG-16 and Inception_v3. The dependencies of the recognition accuracy on the parameters of visual attacks were obtained. Original methods were proposed to prevent visual attacks. Such methods are based on the selection of “incomprehensible” classes for the recognizer, and their subsequent correction based on neural network inference with reduced image sizes. As a result of applying these methods, gains in the accuracy metric by a factor of 1.3 were obtained after iteration by discarding incomprehensible images, and reducing the amount of uncertainty by 4–5% after iteration by applying the integration of the results of image analyses in reduced dimensions.

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