scholarly journals Nutritional Strategies to Prevent Lens Cataract: Current Status and Future Strategies

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 1186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea J Braakhuis ◽  
Caitlin I Donaldson ◽  
Julie C Lim ◽  
Paul J Donaldson
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Oxidative Damage ◽  
Causative Factor ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Cataract Formation ◽  
The World ◽  
And Function ◽  
Nutritional Strategies

Oxidative stress and the subsequent oxidative damage to lens proteins is a known causative factor in the initiation and progression of cataract formation, the leading cause of blindness in the world today. Due to the role of oxidative damage in the etiology of cataract, antioxidants have been prompted as therapeutic options to delay and/or prevent disease progression. However, many exogenous antioxidant interventions have to date produced mixed results as anti-cataract therapies. The aim of this review is to critically evaluate the efficacy of a sample of dietary and topical antioxidant interventions in the light of our current understanding of lens structure and function. Situated in the eye behind the blood-eye barrier, the lens receives it nutrients and antioxidants from the aqueous and vitreous humors. Furthermore, being a relatively large avascular tissue the lens cannot rely of passive diffusion alone to deliver nutrients and antioxidants to the distinctly different metabolic regions of the lens. We instead propose that the lens utilizes a unique internal microcirculation system to actively deliver antioxidants to these different regions, and that selecting antioxidants that can utilize this system is the key to developing novel nutritional therapies to delay the onset and progression of lens cataract.

Structure and Function of the Plant Alternative Oxidase: Its Putative Role in the Oxygen Defence Mechanism

1997 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 319-333 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anneke M. Wagner ◽  
Anthony L. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Alternative Oxidase ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Current Understanding ◽  
Defence Mechanism ◽  
Putative Role ◽  
And Function

Current understanding of the structure and function of the plant alternative oxidase is reviewed. In particular, the role of the oxidase in the protection of tissues against oxidative stress is developed.

scholarly journals Structure prediction of crystals, surfaces and nanoparticles

2020 ◽  
Vol 378 (2186) ◽  
pp. 20190600
Author(s):  
Scott M. Woodley ◽  
Graeme M. Day ◽  
R. Catlow
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Energy Function ◽  
Structure Prediction ◽  
Search Algorithm ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Organic Systems ◽  
And Function

We review the current techniques used in the prediction of crystal structures and their surfaces and of the structures of nanoparticles. The main classes of search algorithm and energy function are summarized, and we discuss the growing role of methods based on machine learning. We illustrate the current status of the field with examples taken from metallic, inorganic and organic systems. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Dynamic in situ microscopy relating structure and function’.

scholarly journals Conduit artery structure and function in lowlanders and native highlanders: relationships with oxidative stress and role of sympathoexcitation

2014 ◽  
Vol 592 (5) ◽  
pp. 1009-1024 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nia C. S. Lewis ◽  
Damian M. Bailey ◽  
Gregory R. duManoir ◽  
Laura Messinger ◽  
Samuel J. E. Lucas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Conduit Artery ◽  
And Function

scholarly journals The Nature of Geographical Knowledge in Hittite Anatolia in the 18th to 12th Centuries BCE in the Light of Cuneiform Sources

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Kryszeń
Keyword(s):  
Structure And Function ◽  
Space And Place ◽  
Territorial Expansion ◽  
Geographical Knowledge ◽  
The World ◽  
Royal Ideology ◽  
And Function ◽  
The University

The talk will discuss a new, three-year project that is about to start at the University of Warsaw. It's aim is to investigate selected aspects of the –broadly speaking – Hittite perception of the world on the basis of the original Hittite cuneiform texts. It is organized into five subsequent partial (sub)investigations: Understanding Hittite space and place. Distribution and function of Hittite geographical determinatives. The structure and function of borders and border descriptions. Itineraries and the problem of distance. Geographical horizon and the role of space and territorial expansion in the royal ideology. Geography in Hittite epic and myth.

scholarly journals The role of cysteines in the structure and function of OGG1

2020 ◽  
pp. jbc.RA120.016126
Author(s):  
Katarina Wang ◽  
Marah Maayah ◽  
Joann B. Sweasy ◽  
Khadijeh S. Alnajjar
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Excision Repair ◽  
Cysteine Residue ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Cysteine Residues ◽  
Lyase Activity ◽  
Integral Role ◽  
Base Excision ◽  
And Function

8-oxoguanine glycosylase (OGG1) is a base excision repair enzyme responsible for the recognition and removal of 8-oxoguanine, a commonly occurring oxidized DNA modification. OGG1 prevents the accumulation of mutations and regulates the transcription of various oxidative stress-response genes. In addition to targeting DNA, oxidative stress can affect proteins like OGG1 itself, specifically at cysteine residues. Previous work has shown that the function of OGG1 is sensitive to oxidants, with the cysteine residues of OGG1 being the most likely site of oxidation. Due to the integral role of OGG1 in maintaining cellular homeostasis under oxidative stress, it is important to understand the effect of oxidants on OGG1 and the role of cysteines in its structure and function. In this study, we investigate the role of the cysteine residues in the function of OGG1 by mutating and characterizing each cysteine residue. Our results indicate that the cysteines in OGG1 fall into four functional categories: those that are necessary for (1) glycosylase activity (C146 and C255), (2) lyase activity (C140S, C163, C241 and C253), (3) structural stability (C253), and (4) those with no known function (C28 and C75). These results suggest that under conditions of oxidative stress, cysteine can be targeted for modifications, thus altering the response of OGG1 and affecting its downstream cellular functions.

Adventitial fibroblasts in vascular structure and function: the role of oxidative stress and beyondThis review is one of a selection of papers published in a Special Issue on Oxidative Stress in Health and Disease.

2010 ◽  
Vol 88 (3) ◽  
pp. 177-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hui Di Wang ◽  
Matthew T. Rätsep ◽  
Alexander Chapman ◽  
Ryan Boyd
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Extracellular Matrix ◽  
Blood Vessel ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Vascular Structure ◽  
Matrix Deposition ◽  
Adventitial Fibroblasts ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
And Function

The vascular adventitia, defined as the area between the external elastic lamina and the outermost edge of the blood vessel, is composed primarily of fibroblasts and for years was thought to be merely a passive structural support for the blood vessel. Consequently, studies pertaining to the role of the adventitia in regulating vascular function have been far outnumbered by those regarding the vascular endothelium. However, recent work has begun to reveal the dynamic properties of the adventitia. It was therefore the aim of this review to provide an overview of the existing knowledge demonstrating the role of the adventitia in regulating vessel structure and function. The main topics covered in this review include the cellular composition of the adventitia and the role of the adventitia in vascular oxidative stress, vasomotor responses, extracellular matrix protein expression, growth factor expression, and endothelin-1 (ET-1) expression. Recent evidence suggests that the adventitia is a major producer of vascular reactive oxygen species. It displays a distinct response to injury, hypoxia, and pulmonary hypertension, mediating vascular remodelling, repair, and extracellular matrix deposition. It may also play a role in regulating vascular tone. More recently, it has been reported that adventitial fibroblasts can produce ET-1 after Ang II treatment. Additionally, emerging evidence suggests that the adventitia may be a potent source of vasoactive hormones such as growth factors and ET-1, which may regulate vascular structure and function via autocrine or paracrine signalling mechanisms. Despite these findings, many important questions regarding the role of the vascular adventitia remain unanswered, suggesting the need for further research to determine its exact function in health and disease.

scholarly journals Essential Role of Septin 7 in Skeletal Muscle Structure and Function

2020 ◽  
Vol 118 (3) ◽  
pp. 258a
Author(s):  
Laszlo Csernoch ◽  
Mónika Gönczi ◽  
Zsolt Ráduly ◽  
László Szabó ◽  
Nóra Dobrosi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Essential Role ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Muscle Structure ◽  
And Function

scholarly journals Effects of Dysbiosis and Dietary Manipulation on the Digestive Microbiota of a Detritivorous Arthropod

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 148
Author(s):  
Marius Bredon ◽  
Elisabeth Depuydt ◽  
Lucas Brisson ◽  
Laurent Moulin ◽  
Ciriac Charles ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crucial Role ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Ecological Interactions ◽  
Dietary Manipulation ◽  
Biotic Factors ◽  
Abiotic And Biotic Factors ◽  
And Function ◽  
Multicellular Organisms ◽  
Over Time

The crucial role of microbes in the evolution, development, health, and ecological interactions of multicellular organisms is now widely recognized in the holobiont concept. However, the structure and stability of microbiota are highly dependent on abiotic and biotic factors, especially in the gut, which can be colonized by transient bacteria depending on the host’s diet. We studied these impacts by manipulating the digestive microbiota of the detritivore Armadillidium vulgare and analyzing the consequences on its structure and function. Hosts were exposed to initial starvation and then were fed diets that varied the different components of lignocellulose. A total of 72 digestive microbiota were analyzed according to the type of the diet (standard or enriched in cellulose, lignin, or hemicellulose) and the period following dysbiosis. The results showed that microbiota from the hepatopancreas were very stable and resilient, while the most diverse and labile over time were found in the hindgut. Dysbiosis and selective diets may have affected the host fitness by altering the structure of the microbiota and its predicted functions. Overall, these modifications can therefore have effects not only on the holobiont, but also on the “eco-holobiont” conceptualization of macroorganisms.

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