scholarly journals Combined Effect of Arginine, Valine, and Serine on Exercise-Induced Fatigue in Healthy Volunteers: A Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Study

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 862 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuichi Tsuda ◽  
Makoto Yamaguchi ◽  
Teruyuki Noma ◽  
Eiji Okaya ◽  
Hiroyuki Itoh
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Healthy Volunteers ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Ketone Bodies ◽  
Blood Analysis ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Exercise Induced ◽  
Double Blinded

Although several kinds of amino acids (AAs) are known to affect physiological actions during exercise, little is known about the combined effects of a mixture of several AAs on fatigue during exercise. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of an AA mixture supplement containing arginine, valine, and serine on exercise-induced fatigue in healthy volunteers. These AAs were selected because they were expected to reduce fatigue during exercise by acting the positive effects synergistically. A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled crossover trial was conducted. Thirty-nine males ingested an AA mixture containing 3600 mg of arginine, 2200 mg of valine, and 200 mg of serine or a placebo each day for 14 days. On the 14th day, the participants completed an exercise trial on a cycle ergometer at 50% of VO2max for 120 min. After the two-week washout period, the participants repeated the same trial with the other test sample. The participant’s feeling of fatigue based on a visual analog scale (VAS) and a rating of perceived exertion (RPE), as well as blood and physical parameters were evaluated. The feeling of fatigue based on VAS and RPE were significantly improved in AA compared to those in placebo. In the blood analysis, the increase in serum total ketone bodies during exercise and plasma tryptophan/branched-chain amino acids were significantly lower in AA than those in placebo. The present study demonstrated that supplementation with an AA mixture containing arginine, valine, and serine reduced the feeling of fatigue during exercise. The AA mixture also changed several blood parameters, which may contribute to the anti-fatigue effect.

Chronic fatigue syndrome: new evidence for a central fatigue disorder

2003 ◽  
Vol 105 (2) ◽  
pp. 213-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evelina GEORGIADES ◽  
Wilhelmina M. H. BEHAN ◽  
Liam P. KILDUFF ◽  
Marios HADJICHARALAMBOUS ◽  
Eileen E. MACKIE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Chronic Fatigue ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Fatigue Syndrome ◽  
Rate Limiting

Considerable evidence points towards a prominent role for central nervous system (CNS) mechanisms in the pathogenesis of chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), a disorder characterized chiefly by persistent, often debilitating, fatigue. We wished to characterize circulating profiles of putative amino acid modulators of CNS 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT; serotoninergic) and dopaminergic function in CFS patients at rest, as well as during symptom-limited exercise and subsequent recovery. Groups of 12 CFS patients and 11 age- and sex-matched sedentary controls, with similar physical activity histories, underwent ramp-incremental exercise to the limit of tolerance. Plasma amino acid concentrations, oxygen uptake and ratings of perceived exertion were measured at rest, and during exercise and recovery. Peak oxygen uptake was significantly lower in the CFS patients compared with controls. Rating of perceived exertion in the patients was higher at all time points measured, including at rest, relative to controls. Levels of free tryptophan (free Trp), the rate-limiting 5-HT precursor, were significantly higher in CFS patients at exhaustion and during recovery, whereas concentrations of branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) and large neutral amino acids (LNAA) were lower in CFS patients at exhaustion, and for LNAA also during recovery. Consequently, the [free Trp]/[BCAA] and [free Trp]/[LNAA] ratios were significantly higher in CFS patients, except at rest. On the other hand, levels of tyrosine, the rate-limiting dopaminergic precursor, were significantly lower at all time points in the CFS patients. The significant differences observed in a number of key putative CNS 5-HT and dopaminergic modulators, coupled with the exacerbated perception of effort, provide further evidence for a potentially significant role for CNS mechanisms in the pathogenesis of CFS.

Recovery Kinetics Following Small-Sided Games in Competitive Soccer Players: Does Player Density Size Matter?

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Konstantinos Papanikolaou ◽  
Panagiotis Tsimeas ◽  
Angeliki Anagnostou ◽  
Alexandros Varypatis ◽  
Christos Mourikis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Complete Recovery ◽  
Neuromuscular Fatigue ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Internal Load ◽  
Heart Rate Monitors ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Exercise Induced ◽  
Size Matter ◽  
Kinetics Of

Purpose: To examine the recovery kinetics of exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD), neuromuscular fatigue, and performance following small-sided games (SSGs) of different densities in soccer. Methods: Ten male players randomly completed 3 trials: a control trial (no SSGs), 4v4 SSGs (62.5 m2/player), and 8v8 SSGs (284.4 m2/player). External and internal load were monitored using GPS technology, heart-rate monitors, and rating of perceived exertion. Delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS), creatine kinase (CK), isokinetic strength, countermovement jump (CMJ), and sprint were determined at baseline, as well as at 24, 48, and 72 hours post-SSGs. Neuromuscular fatigue was assessed at baseline and at 1, 2, and 3 hours post-SSGs. Results: DOMS increased (P < .05) in 4v4 for 72 hours and in 8v8 for 24 hours with that of knee flexors being more pronounced than that of extensors. CK increased (P < .05) in 4v4 for 72 hours and in 8v8 for 24 hours. Neuromuscular fatigue increased (P < .05) in 4v4 for 2 hours and in 8v8 for 3 hours. Strength declined (P < .05) in 4v4 for 48 hours and in 8v8 for 72 hours. CMJ decreased (P < .05) in 4v4 for 24 hours and in 8v8 for 48 hours. Sprint decreased (P < .05) for 48 hours in 4v4 and for 72 hours in 8v8. Conclusions: SSGs are associated with a prolonged rise of EIMD and induce short-term neuromuscular fatigue and slow recovery kinetics of strength, jump, and sprinting performance. The time for complete recovery is longer for SSGs of lower density.

scholarly journals Mitochondria-targeted antioxidant supplementation improves 8 km time trial performance in middle-aged trained male cyclists

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
S. C. Broome ◽  
A. J. Braakhuis ◽  
C. J. Mitchell ◽  
T. L. Merry
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Average Power ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Cycling Performance ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Nutritional Strategy ◽  
Exercise Induced ◽  
Respiratory Gases

Abstract Background Exercise increases skeletal muscle reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, which may contribute to the onset of muscular fatigue and impair athletic performance. Mitochondria-targeted antioxidants such as MitoQ, which contains a ubiquinone moiety and is targeted to mitochondria through the addition of a lipophilic triphenylphosphonium cation, are becoming popular amongst active individuals as they are designed to accumulate within mitochondria and may provide targeted protection against exercise-induced oxidative stress. However, the effect of MitoQ supplementation on cycling performance is currently unknown. Here, we investigate whether MitoQ supplementation can improve cycling performance measured as time to complete an 8 km time trial. Method In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study, 19 middle-aged (age: 44 ± 4 years) recreationally trained (VO2peak: 58.5 ± 6.2 ml·kg− 1·min− 1, distance cycled per week during 6 months prior to study enrollment: 158.3 ± 58.4 km) male cyclists completed 45 min cycling at 70% VO2peak followed by an 8 km time trial after 28 days of supplementation with MitoQ (20 mg·day− 1) and a placebo. Free F2-isoprostanes were measured in plasma samples collected at rest, after 45 min cycling at 70% VO2peak and after completion of the time trial. Respiratory gases and measures of rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were also collected. Results Mean completion time for the time trial was 1.3% faster with MitoQ (12.91 ± 0.94 min) compared to placebo (13.09 ± 0.95 min, p = 0.04, 95% CI [0.05, 2.64], d = 0.2). There was no difference in RPE during the time trial between conditions (p = 0.82) despite there being a 4.4% increase in average power output during the time trial following MitoQ supplementation compared to placebo (placebo; 270 ± 51 W, MitoQ; 280 ± 53 W, p = 0.04, 95% CI [0.49, 8.22], d = 0.2). Plasma F2-isoprostanes were lower on completion of the time trial following MitoQ supplementation (35.89 ± 13.6 pg·ml− 1) compared to placebo (44.7 ± 16.9 pg·ml− 1p = 0.03). Conclusion These data suggest that MitoQ supplementation may be an effective nutritional strategy to attenuate exercise-induced increases in oxidative damage to lipids and improve cycling performance.

scholarly journals Angiotensin-(1-7) Oral Formulation Improves Physical Performance in Mountain Bike Athletes: a Double-blinded Crossover Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samara Silva de Moura ◽  
Adália Táci Pereira Mendes ◽  
Francisco de Assis Dias Martins Júnior ◽  
Nádia Lúcia Totou ◽  
Daniel Barbosa Coelho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Performance ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Mechanical Efficiency ◽  
Oral Formulation ◽  
Cycle Ergometer ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Metabolic Efficiency ◽  
Mountain Bike ◽  
Recreational Athletes ◽  
Double Blinded

Abstract Background: The ECA2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas axis is shown to be involved in effects mediated by physical exercise, as it can induce the release of nitric oxide (ON) and bradykinin (BK), which are potent vasodilators. The vasodilating action the NO/BK can contribute to increased metabolic efficiency in muscle tissue and central nervous system. The formulation HPβ-CD-Ang-(1-7) through its mechanisms of action can be a promising supplement to aid in the maintenance and improvement of performance and may also favor recovery during competitions. The premise of this study was to investigate the effects of acute oral supplementation HPβ-CD-Ang-(1-7) on the performance of mountain bike (MTB) practitioners. Methods: Fourteen recreational athletes, involved in training programs for at least one year, participated in this crossover design study. Subjects underwent two days of testing with a seven-day interval. HPβ-CD-Ang-(1-7) (1.75 mg) and HPβCD-Placebo were provided in capsules three hours prior to tests. To determine the safety of the HPβ-CD-Ang-(1-7) formulation associated with physical effort, cardiovascular parameters heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) were analyzed. Physical performance was measured using maximal oxygen uptake (VO2), total exercise time (TET), mechanical work (MW), mechanical efficiency (ME), and rating of perceived exertion (RPE). Respiratory exchange coefficient (REC), lactate and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs) were measured. Maximal incremental tests were performed on a progressively loaded leg cycle ergometer. Results: There were no significant differences in terms of HR or BP at rest and maximum effort between the HPβ-CD-Ang-(1-7) and placebo groups. The VO2max showed significant differences (p = 0.04). It was higher in the Ang-(1-7)condition (66.15 mlO2.kg-1.min-1) compared to the placebo (60.72 mlO2.kg-1.min-1). This was also observed for TET (Ang-(1-7) 39.10 min vs. placebo 38.14 min; p = 0.04), MW (Ang-(1-7) 156.7 vs. placebo 148.2; p = 0.04), and at the lowest RPE (Ang-(1-7) vs. placebo; p = 0.009). No significant differences were observed for REC, NEFAs, or Lactate.Conclusion: These results suggest that HPβ-CD-Ang-(1-7) improves the physical performance of MTB recreational athletes and could be a promising supplement.Trial registration: RBR-2x56pw8, registered January 15th, 2021.

scholarly journals Dose Response of a Novel Exogenous Ketone Supplement on Physiological, Perceptual and Performance Parameters

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip J. Prins ◽  
Dominic P. D’Agostino ◽  
Christopher Q. Rogers ◽  
Dana L. Ault ◽  
Gary L. Welton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Blood Lactate ◽  
Exercise Performance ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Ketone Bodies ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Gaseous Exchange ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Post Exercise ◽  
And Performance

Abstract Background: Interest into the health, disease, and performance impact of exogenous ketone bodies has rapidly expanded due to their multifaceted physiological and signaling properties but limiting our understanding is the isolated analyses of individual types and dose/dosing protocols. Methods: Thirteen recreational male distance runners (24.8±9.6y, 72.5±8.3kg, VO2max 60.1±5.4ml/kg/min) participated in this randomized, double-blind, crossover design study. The first two sessions consisted of a 5-km running time trial (TT) familiarization and a VO2max test. During subsequent trials, subjects were randomly assigned to one (KS1:22.1g) or two (KS2:44.2g) doses of beta-hydroxybutyrate (βHB) and medium chain triglycerides (MCTs) or flavor matched placebo (PLA). Blood R-βHB, glucose, and lactate concentrations were measured at baseline (0-min), post-supplement (30 & 60mins), post-exercise (+0min, +15mins). Time, heart rate (HR), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), affect, respiratory exchange ratio (RER), oxygen consumption (VO2), carbon dioxide production (VCO2), and ventilation (VE) were measured during exercise. Cognitive performance was evaluated prior to and post-exercise. Results: KS significantly increased R-βHB, with more potent and prolonged elevations in KS2, illustrating an administrative and dosing effect. R-βHB was significantly decreased in KS1 compared to KS2 illustrating a dosing and exercise interaction effect. Blood glucose elevated post-exercise but was unchanged across groups. Blood lactate significantly increased post-exercise but was augmented by KS administration. Gaseous exchange, respiration, HR , affect, RPE, and exercise performance was unaltered with KS administration. However, clear responders and none-responders were indicated. KS2 significantly augmented cognitive function in pre-exercise conditions, while exercise increased cognitive performance for KS1 and PLA to pre-exercise KS2 levels. Conclusion: Novel βHB+MCT formulation had a dosing effect on R-βHB and cognitive performance, an administrative response on blood lactate, while not influencing gaseous exchange, respiration, HR, affect, RPE, and exercise performance.

scholarly journals Dose response of a novel exogenous ketone supplement on physiological, perceptual and performance parameters

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip J. Prins ◽  
Dominic P. D’Agostino ◽  
Christopher Q. Rogers ◽  
Dana L. Ault ◽  
Gary L. Welton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Blood Lactate ◽  
Exercise Performance ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Ketone Bodies ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Gaseous Exchange ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Post Exercise ◽  
And Performance

Abstract Background Interest into the health, disease, and performance impact of exogenous ketone bodies has rapidly expanded due to their multifaceted physiological and signaling properties but limiting our understanding is the isolated analyses of individual types and dose/dosing protocols. Methods Thirteen recreational male distance runners (24.8 ± 9.6 years, 72.5 ± 8.3 kg, VO2max 60.1 ± 5.4 ml/kg/min) participated in this randomized, double-blind, crossover design study. The first two sessions consisted of a 5-km running time trial familiarization and a VO2max test. During subsequent trials, subjects were randomly assigned to one (KS1: 22.1 g) or two (KS2: 44.2 g) doses of beta-hydroxybutyrate (βHB) and medium chain triglycerides (MCTs) or flavor matched placebo (PLA). Blood R-βHB, glucose, and lactate concentrations were measured at baseline (0-min), post-supplement (30 and 60 min), post-exercise (+ 0 min, + 15 min). Time, heart rate (HR), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), affect, respiratory exchange ratio, oxygen consumption (VO2), carbon dioxide production, and ventilation were measured during exercise. Cognitive performance was evaluated prior to and post-exercise. Results KS significantly increased R-βHB, with more potent and prolonged elevations in KS2, illustrating an administrative and dosing effect. R-βHB was significantly decreased in KS1 compared to KS2 illustrating a dosing and exercise interaction effect. Blood glucose elevated post-exercise but was unchanged across groups. Blood lactate significantly increased post-exercise but was augmented by KS administration. Gaseous exchange, respiration, HR, affect, RPE, and exercise performance was unaltered with KS administration. However, clear responders and none-responders were indicated. KS2 significantly augmented cognitive function in pre-exercise conditions, while exercise increased cognitive performance for KS1 and PLA to pre-exercise KS2 levels. Conclusion Novel βHB + MCT formulation had a dosing effect on R-βHB and cognitive performance, an administrative response on blood lactate, while not influencing gaseous exchange, respiration, HR, affect, RPE, and exercise performance.

scholarly journals Carbohydrate and Glutamine Supplementation Attenuates the Increase in Rating of Perceived Exertion during Intense Exercise in Hypoxia Similar to 4200 m

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 3797
Author(s):  
Aline V. Caris ◽  
Ronaldo V. Thomatieli-Santos
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Peak Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Glutamine Supplementation ◽  
Intense Exercise ◽  
Level Of Significance ◽  
Double Blinded ◽  
Physiological Markers

The rating of perceived exertion (RPE) indicates the feeling of fatigue. However, hypoxia worsens the condition and can worsen RPE. We evaluated whether carbohydrate and glutamine supplementation alters RPE and physiological markers in running at 70% peak oxygen uptake until exhaustion in a simulated altitude of 4500 m. Nine volunteers underwent three running tests at 70% peak oxygen uptake until exhaustion: (1) hypoxia and placebo, (2) hypoxia and 8% maltodextrin, and (3) hypoxia after six days of glutamine supplementation (20 g/day) and 8% maltodextrin. The exercise and supplementation were randomized and double-blinded. Lactate, heart rate, haemoglobin O2 saturation (SpO2%), and RPE (6–20 scale) were analyzed at the 15th and 30th min. The level of significance was set at p ≤ 0.05. SpO2% decreased at the 15th and 30th minutes compared to resting in placebo, carbohydrate, and glutamine supplementation. RPE increased at the 30th minute compared to the 15th minute in placebo and carbohydrate supplementation; however, there was no difference in the glutamine supplementation condition. Heart rate and lactate increased after the 15th and 30th minutes compared to resting, similar to the three conditions studied. We conclude that previous supplementation with glutamine and carbohydrate during intense exercise in hypoxia similar to 4500 m can attenuate the increase in RPE by the increase in glycemia and can be a useful strategy for people who exercise in these conditions.

Psychometric Confounds of Assessing State Anxiety in Conjunction with Acute Bouts of Vigorous Exercise

1991 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Jack Rejeski ◽  
Charles J. Hardy ◽  
Janet Shaw
Keyword(s):  
State Anxiety ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Vigorous Physical Activity ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Symptom Reporting ◽  
Maximum Heart Rate ◽  
Vigorous Exercise ◽  
Adjective Check List ◽  
Exercise Induced ◽  
Male Subjects

This investigation examined the possible psychometric confounds of interpreting exercise-induced symptom reporting as changes in stete anxiety. Thirty male subjects exercised on a motor-driven treadmill for 15 min at 75% of maximum heart rate reserve. Prior to» during, and following the exercise, subjects responded to short forms of Spielberger's State Anxiety Inventory (SAI), Thayer's Aetivation-Deactivation Adjective Check List (AD-ACL), Borg's Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) scale» and a measure of affect. Preliminary results indicated that following 10 min of recovery from exercise» SAI scores were lower than baseline responses. Upon former analysis of individual SAI items, however, it was evident mat changes occurring in total SAI scores as a result of exercise were strongly influenced by changes in energetic arousal and general deactivation. This conclusion was supported by data from the AD-ACL as well as responses to postexperimental interviews. These findings cal into question the construct validity of the SAI and related state measures (e.g., the Profile of Mood States» or POMS) when used in conjunction with acute bouts of vigorous physical activity.

scholarly journals Heightened Exercise-Induced Oxidative Stress at Simulated Moderate Level Altitude vs. Sea Level in Trained Cyclists

2017 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex J. Wadley ◽  
Ida S. Svendsen ◽  
Michael Gleeson
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Acute Exercise ◽  
Stress Protein ◽  
Thiobarbituric Acid ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Plasma Parameters ◽  
Markers Of Oxidative Stress ◽  
Exercise Induced

Altitude exposure can exaggerate the transient increase in markers of oxidative stress observed following acute exercise. However, these responses have not been monitored in endurance-trained cyclists at altitudes typically experienced while training. Endurance trained males (n = 12; mean (± SD) age: 28 ± 4 years, V̇O2max 63.7 ± 5.3 ml/kg/min) undertook two 75-min exercise trials at 70% relative V̇O2max; once in normoxia and once in hypobaric hypoxia, equivalent to 2000m above sea level (hypoxia). Blood samples were collected before, immediately after and 2 h postexercise to assess plasma parameters of oxidative stress (protein carbonylation (PC), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and catalase activity (CAT)). Participants cycled at 10.5% lower power output in hypoxia vs. normoxia, with no differences in heart rate, blood lactate or rating of perceived exertion observed. PC increased and decreased immediately after exercise in hypoxia and normoxia respectively (nmol/mg/protein: Normoxia—0.3 ± 0.1, Hypoxia + 0.4 ± 0.1; both p < .05). CAT increased immediately postexercise in both trials, with the magnitude of change greater in hypoxia (nmol/min/ml: Normoxia + 12.0 ± 5.0, Hypoxia + 27.7 ± 4.8; both p < .05). CAT was elevated above baseline values at 2 h postexercise in Hypoxia only (Normoxia + 0.2 ± 2.4, Hypoxia + 18.4 ± 5.2; p < .05). No differences were observed in the changes in TBARS and TAC between hypoxia and normoxia. Trained male cyclists demonstrated a differential pattern/ timecourse of changes in markers of oxidative stress following submaximal exercise under hypoxic vs. normoxic conditions.

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