scholarly journals Mechanisms of Carotenoid Intestinal Absorption: Where Do We Stand?

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 838 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emmanuelle Reboul
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Absorption ◽  
Health Effects ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Intestinal Cells ◽  
Plant Metabolites ◽  
Human Diet ◽  
Carotenoid Metabolism ◽  
Carotenoid Absorption ◽  
Upper Gastrointestinal ◽  
Β Carotene

A growing literature is dedicated to the understanding of carotenoid beneficial health effects. However, the absorption process of this broad family of molecules is still poorly understood. These highly lipophilic plant metabolites are usually weakly absorbed. It was long believed that β-carotene absorption (the principal provitamin A carotenoid in the human diet), and thus all other carotenoid absorption, was driven by passive diffusion through the brush border of the enterocytes. The identification of transporters able to facilitate carotenoid uptake by the enterocytes has challenged established statements. After a brief overview of carotenoid metabolism in the human upper gastrointestinal tract, a focus will be put on the identified proteins participating in the transport and the metabolism of carotenoids in intestinal cells and the regulation of these processes. Further progress in the understanding of the molecular mechanisms regulating carotenoid intestinal absorption is still required to optimize their bioavailability and, thus, their health effects.

Investigation of β-carotene and Lutein Transport in Caco-2 Cells: Carotenoid-carotenoid Interactions and Transport Inhibition by Ezetimibe

2009 ◽  
Vol 79 (56) ◽  
pp. 337-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurie O’Sullivan ◽  
S. Aherne Aisling ◽  
Nora M. O’Brien
Keyword(s):  
Cellular Uptake ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Intestinal Cells ◽  
Molar Ratios ◽  
Transport Inhibition ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Carotenoid Absorption ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Β Carotene ◽  
Minor Extent

Carotenoid bioavailability is influenced by a number of factors including the presence of other carotenoids, which may enhance or inhibit the transport of one another by intestinal cells. Therefore, the objectives of the present study were: first, to determine carotenoid uptake and secretion (i. e. transport) by supplementing differentiated Caco-2 cells with increasing concentrations of either lutein or β-carotene (0 – 1 μM); second, to assess any interactions between β-carotene and lutein on their cellular uptake and secretion; and third, to a minor extent, to determine the effects of a carotenoid absorption inhibitor, ezetimibe, on β-carotene and lutein transport. The carotenoid mixes were used at molar ratios of 1:1 and 4:1. At equimolar concentrations, lutein had a negative impact on β-carotene transport and vice versa. However, these effects were not seen when the ratios were adjusted to 4:1. Following treatment with ezetimibe (25 – 100 μM) for 16 hours there was a reduction in β-carotene transport, whereas a non-significant reduction in lutein transport was observed. In conclusion, this study confirmed that β-carotene and lutein interact during their absorption, depending on the concentration/ratios used, and that carotenoid absorption is partially affected by ezetimibe.

scholarly journals Comparative transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses of carotenoid biosynthesis reveal the basis of white petal color in Brassica napus

Planta ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 253 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ledong Jia ◽  
Junsheng Wang ◽  
Rui Wang ◽  
Mouzheng Duan ◽  
Cailin Qiao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Napus ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Flower Color ◽  
Carotenoid Biosynthesis ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Transcriptome Data ◽  
Oilseed Crops ◽  
Qrt Pcr ◽  
Carotenoid Metabolism ◽  
Rapeseed Cultivar

Abstract Main conclusion The molecular mechanism underlying white petal color in Brassica napus was revealed by transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses. Abstract Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) is one of the most important oilseed crops worldwide, but the mechanisms underlying flower color in this crop are known less. Here, we performed metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses of the yellow-flowered rapeseed cultivar ‘Zhongshuang 11’ (ZS11) and the white-flowered inbred line ‘White Petal’ (WP). The total carotenoid contents were 1.778-fold and 1.969-fold higher in ZS11 vs. WP petals at stages S2 and S4, respectively. Our findings suggest that white petal color in WP flowers is primarily due to decreased lutein and zeaxanthin contents. Transcriptome analysis revealed 10,116 differentially expressed genes with a fourfold or greater change in expression (P-value less than 0.001) in WP vs. ZS11 petals, including 1,209 genes that were differentially expressed at four different stages and 20 genes in the carotenoid metabolism pathway. BnNCED4b, encoding a protein involved in carotenoid degradation, was expressed at abnormally high levels in WP petals, suggesting it might play a key role in white petal formation. The results of qRT-PCR were consistent with the transcriptome data. The results of this study provide important insights into the molecular mechanisms of the carotenoid metabolic pathway in rapeseed petals, and the candidate genes identified in this study provide a resource for the creation of new B. napus germplasms with different petal colors.

scholarly journals Impact of Carcinogenic Chromium on the Cellular Response to Proteotoxic Stress

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (19) ◽  
pp. 4901 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonardo M. R. Ferreira ◽  
Teresa Cunha-Oliveira ◽  
Margarida C. Sobral ◽  
Patrícia L. Abreu ◽  
Maria Carmen Alpoim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stress Response ◽  
Health Effects ◽  
Cellular Response ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Adverse Health Effects ◽  
Proteotoxic Stress ◽  
Adverse Health ◽  
The Impact

Worldwide, several million workers are employed in the various chromium (Cr) industries. These workers may suffer from a variety of adverse health effects produced by dusts, mists and fumes containing Cr in the hexavalent oxidation state, Cr(VI). Of major importance, occupational exposure to Cr(VI) compounds has been firmly associated with the development of lung cancer. Counterintuitively, Cr(VI) is mostly unreactive towards most biomolecules, including nucleic acids. However, its intracellular reduction produces several species that react extensively with biomolecules. The diversity and chemical versatility of these species add great complexity to the study of the molecular mechanisms underlying Cr(VI) toxicity and carcinogenicity. As a consequence, these mechanisms are still poorly understood, in spite of intensive research efforts. Here, we discuss the impact of Cr(VI) on the stress response—an intricate cellular system against proteotoxic stress which is increasingly viewed as playing a critical role in carcinogenesis. This discussion is preceded by information regarding applications, chemical properties and adverse health effects of Cr(VI). A summary of our current understanding of cancer initiation, promotion and progression is also provided, followed by a brief description of the stress response and its links to cancer and by an overview of potential molecular mechanisms of Cr(VI) carcinogenicity.

scholarly journals Incorporation of carotenoids from paprika oleoresin into human chylomicrons

2003 ◽  
Vol 89 (6) ◽  
pp. 787-793 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Pérez-Gálvez ◽  
Hans D. Martin ◽  
Helmut Sies ◽  
Wilhelm Stahl
Keyword(s):  
Lower Risk ◽  
Age Related Macular Degeneration ◽  
Provitamin A ◽  
Provitamin A Carotenoids ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Paprika Oleoresin ◽  
Overnight Fasting ◽  
Carotenoid Absorption ◽  
Chronic Disorders ◽  
Β Carotene

The intake of a carotenoid-rich diet is epidemiologically related to a lower risk for different chronic disorders like cardiovascular disease, some types of cancer or age-related macular degeneration. Red pepper (Capsicum annuumL.) and its dietary products contain a variety of carotenoids, which may contribute to the carotenoid pattern of human blood and tissues. The objective of the present study was to assess the availability of carotenoids from paprika oleoresin, including zeaxanthin, β-cryptoxanthin, β-carotene and the paprika-specific oxocarotenoids capsanthin and capsorubin. After overnight fasting, the volunteers (n9) ingested a single dose of the paprika oleoresin containing 6·4 mg zeaxanthin, 4·2 mg β-cryptoxanthin, 6·2 mg β-carotene, 35·0 mg capsanthin and 2·0 mg capsorubin. At different time points the carotenoid pattern in the chylomicron fraction was analysed to evaluate carotenoid absorption. From the major carotenoids present in the paprika oleoresin only zeaxanthin, β-cryptoxanthin and β-carotene were detectable in considerable amounts. Although the xanthophylls in paprika oleoresin were mainly present as mono- or di-esters, only free zeaxanthin and β-cryptoxanthin were found in human samples. The bioavailability of the pepper-specific carotenoids capsanthin and capsorubin from paprika oleoresin is very low. However, oleoresin is a suitable source for the provitamin A carotenoids β-carotene and β-cryptoxanthin and the macular pigment zeaxanthin.

scholarly journals Potential of Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill. in Human Health and Nutrition: A Review of Current Knowledge and Therapeutic Perspectives

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 333 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adriana Nowak ◽  
Małgorzata Zakłos-Szyda ◽  
Janusz Błasiak ◽  
Agnieszka Nowak ◽  
Zhuo Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Effects ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Physical Endurance ◽  
Schisandra Chinensis ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Health And Nutrition ◽  
Cycle Arrest ◽  
Cognitive Behavioural ◽  
Skin Photoaging

Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill. (SCE) is a plant with high potential for beneficial health effects, confirmed by molecular studies. Its constituents exert anti-cancer effects through the induction of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, as well as inhibition of invasion and metastasis in cancer cell lines and experimental animals. SCE displays antimicrobial effects against several pathogenic strains. It has anti-diabetic potential, supported by hypoglycemic activity. A diet rich in SCE improves pancreatic functions, stimulates insulin secretion, and reduces complications in diabetic animals. SCE prevents lipid accumulation and differentiation of preadipocytes, indicating its anti-obesity potential. SCE exerts a protective effect against skin photoaging, osteoarthritis, sarcopenia, senescence, and mitochondrial dysfunction, and improves physical endurance and cognitive/behavioural functions, which can be linked with its general anti-aging potency. In food technology, SCE is applied as a preservative, and as an additive to increase the flavour, taste, and nutritional value of food. In summary, SCE displays a variety of beneficial health effects, with no side effects. Further research is needed to determine the molecular mechanisms of SCE action. First, the constituents responsible for its beneficial effects should be isolated and identified, and recommended as preventative nutritional additives, or considered as therapeutics.

Aflatoxin B1-induced toxicity in HepG2 cells inhibited by carotenoids: morphology, apoptosis and DNA damage

2006 ◽  
Vol 387 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lalini Reddy ◽  
Bharti Odhav ◽  
Kanti Bhoola
Keyword(s):  
Hepg2 Cells ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Apoptotic Cell ◽  
P53 Protein ◽  
Primary Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽  
Mitochondrial Activity ◽  
Cell Contact ◽  
Nuclear Condensation ◽  
Β Carotene

AbstractAflatoxin B1(AFB1) is a fungal toxin that has been associated with primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in humans. This study was undertaken to determine the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which the antioxidants β-carotene and lycopene inhibit AFB1-induced toxic changes in human hepatocytes (HepG2 cells). Anin vitrosystem was optimized to test the chemoprotective effects of lycopene and β-carotene on HepG2 cells exposed to different concentrations of AFB1. Ultrastructurally, HepG2 cells cultured in the presence of AFB1showed mitochondrial damage, nuclear condensation and a loss of cell-to-cell contact; the latter was reflected in the observation of dysfunctional gap junctions, resulting in a loss of cell-to-cell communication. At the genomic level, AFB1formed AFB1-N7-guanine adducts, caused apoptotic cell death and suppressed p53 protein expression. In the presence of the carotenoids, survival of cells exposed to AFB1was increased, and there was also a significant increase in cellular mitochondrial activity. Our results demonstrate that HepG2 cells pretreated with lycopene and β-carotene are protected from the toxic effects of AFB1at both the cellular and molecular levels.

scholarly journals Exosomal microRNAs are novel circulating biomarkers in cigarette, waterpipe smokers, E-cigarette users and dual smokers

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kameshwar P. Singh ◽  
Krishna P. Maremanda ◽  
Dongmei Li ◽  
Irfan Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Differential Expression ◽  
Health Effects ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Electronic Cigarettes ◽  
Differential Expression Analysis ◽  
Pairwise Comparison ◽  
Gene Set Enrichment Analysis ◽  
Cigarette Smoke Exposure ◽  
Tobacco Exposure ◽  
Non Coding Rnas

Abstract Background Electronic cigarettes (e-cigs) produce aerosolized substances by heating a liquid, which contains large number of chemicals. The aerosol generated by E-cig may produce serious health effects. Cigarette smoke exposure may causes various diseases including COPD, atherosclerosis, and lung cancer. Waterpipe tobacco smoking also causes various acute and chronic health effects including cardiopulmonary diseases. MicroRNAs are present in higher concentration in exosomes that play a major role in various normal physiological functions and diseases. We hypothesized that the non-coding RNAs transcript may serve as susceptibility to disease biomarkers by smoking and vaping. Results Our data show the enrichment of various non-coding RNAs that include microRNAs, tRNAs, piRNAs, snoRNAs, snRNAs, Mt-tRNAs, and other biotypes in exosomes. The detailed differential expression analysis of microRNAs, tRNAs and piRNA showed significant changes between pairwise comparisons of different groups. The common changes in differential expression of 8 microRNAs that are hsa-let-7a-5p, hsa-miR-21-5p, hsa-miR-29b-3p, hsa-let-7f-5p, hsa-miR-143-3p, hsa-miR-30a-5p, hsa-let-7i-5p, and hsa-let-7g-5p were found when compared with all smoking and vaping groups with non-smoking group. The e-cig group has differentially expressed 7 microRNAs (hsa-miR-224-5p, hsa-let-7c-5p, hsa-miR-193b-3p, hsa-miR-30e-5p, hsa-miR-423-3p, hsa-miR-500b-3p, hsa-miR-365a-3p|hsa-miR-365b-3p) that is specific for this group, not expressed in other three groups. Gene set enrichment analysis of microRNA showed significant changes in the top six enriched functions that consisted of biological pathway, biological process, molecular function, cellular component, site of expression and transcription factor in all groups. Further, the pairwise comparison of tRNAs and piRNA in all groups also revealed significant changes in differential expression. Conclusions Plasma exosomes of cigarette smokers, waterpipe smokers, e-cig users and dual smokers have common differential expression of microRNAs (hsa-let-7a-5p, hsa-miR-21-5p, hsa-miR-29b-3p, hsa-let-7f-5p, hsa-miR-143-3p, hsa-miR-30a-5p, hsa-let-7i-5p, and hsa-let-7g-5p), may be biomarker for tobacco exposure. Additionally, the e-cig users have also differential expressed microRNAs (hsa-miR-224-5p, hsa-let-7c-5p, hsa-miR-193b-3p, hsa-miR-30e-5p, hsa-miR-423-3p, hsa-miR-500b-3p, and hsa-miR-365a-3p|hsa-miR-365b-3p) that is specific for this group. This study will help to better understand molecular mechanisms of plasma exosome non-coding RNAs and in developing biomarkers that may be useful in diagnosis and therapy of pulmonary injury and disease by smoking and vaping.

scholarly journals Commonly used method for chylomicron isolation catches less than 0.1% of chylomicrons from whole plasma

2020 ◽  
Vol 79 (OCE2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Saja Bani Hani ◽  
Pamela Flint ◽  
Gethin Evans ◽  
Brigitte Graf
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Absorption ◽  
Health Effects ◽  
Bioactive Compounds ◽  
Plasma Density ◽  
Apolipoprotein B ◽  
Bioactive Molecules ◽  
Vldl Fraction

AbstractHealth effects of orally ingested bioactive compounds can only occur if bioactive molecules are absorbed and transported to target tissues. Paradoxically, many foods are rich in micronutrients but intestinal absorption is often limited. Immediately after absorption, lipid soluble nutrients are packaged into chylomicrons (CM), therefore quantification of the micronutrient content in CM has been used as tool to evaluate bioavailability(1). For bioavailability studies the isolated CM fraction must not contain liver derived lipoproteins (VLDL, LDL) since only intestine derived CM carry recently absorbed lipids and lipophilic micronutrients. As isolated CM can be contaminated with liver derived lipoproteins, this study evaluated the purity of collected CM and VLDL fractions. Each CM contains one apolipoprotein B-48 (apoB-48) and each VLDL contains one apolipoprotein B-100 (apoB-100) on its surface(2) therefore purity of CM and VLDL fractions was evaluated via the presence/absence of apoB-100 and apoB-48.CM and VLDL fractions were isolated as previously described(1,3)from whole plasma collected at 0, 2, 4 or 6 h after participants consumed a lipid (15.4g) and carotenoid (36mg) rich smoothie (480mL). Plasma density was adjusted to 1.1g/mL with KBr (0.14g/mL), placed in ultracentrifugation tubes (38 mL, thickwall) and overlaid with 3 solutions containing NaCl, KBr and Na-EDTA with densities of 1.020, 1.065 and 1.006g/mL.CM fraction was collected after ultracentrifugation at 25,000 rpm for 34 min in a Beckman Coulter Optima XE-90 with SW32Ti swinging bucket rotor. VLDL fraction was collected after additional 102 min at 25,000 rpm.ELISA analysis revealed that apoB-48 and apoB-100 were present in both CM and VLDL fractions. Less than 0.1% of plasma apoB-48 (< 98pmol/L) was present in CM or VLDL fraction. Less than 0.3% (< 2,425pmol/L) and 4% (< 54,124pmol/L) of plasma apoB-100 was present in CM and VLDL fractions, respectively. Low recoveries of apoB-48 and apoB-100 in CM and VLDL fraction suggests that ultracentrifugation neither concentrated nor isolated CM or VLDL. While ourapoB-48 and apoB-100 results agree with previously reported values in plasma, CM and VLDL(3,4), no previous study evaluated apoB-48 and apoB-100 recovery from plasma.

scholarly journals Transcription Factors AhR/ARNT Regulate the Expression of CYP6CY3 and CYP6CY4 Switch Conferring Nicotine Adaptation

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (18) ◽  
pp. 4521 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yiou Pan ◽  
Tianfei Peng ◽  
Pengjun Xu ◽  
Xiaochun Zeng ◽  
Fayi Tian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcriptional Regulation ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Acyrthosiphon Pisum ◽  
Aphis Gossypii ◽  
Transcriptional Factors ◽  
Regulation Mechanism ◽  
Compensatory Mechanism ◽  
Plant Metabolites ◽  
Secondary Plant Metabolites ◽  
Highly Correlated

Nicotine is one of the most toxic secondary plant metabolites in nature and it is highly toxic to herbivorous insects. The overexpression of CYP6CY3 and its homologous isozyme CYP6CY4 in Myzus persicae nicotianae is correlated with nicotine tolerance. The expanded (AC)n repeat in promoter is the cis element for CYP6CY3 transcription. These repeat sequences are conserved in the CYP6CY3 gene from Aphis gossypii and the homologous P450 genes in Acyrthosiphon pisum. The potential transcriptional factors that may regulate CYP6CY3 were isolated by DNA pulldown and sequenced in order to investigate the underlying transcriptional regulation mechanism of CYP6CY3. These identified transcriptional factors, AhR and ARNT, whose abundance was highly correlated with an abundance of the CYP6CY3 gene, were validated. RNAi and co-transfection results further confirm that AhR and ARNT play a major role in the transcriptional regulation of the CYP6CY3 gene. When the CYP6CY3 transcript is destabilized by AhR/ARNT RNAi, the transcription of the CYP6CY4 is dramatically up-regulated, indicating a compensatory mechanism between the CYP6CY3 and CYP6CY4 genes. Our present study sheds light on the CYP6CY3 and CYP6CY4 mediated nicotine adaption of M. persicae nicotianae to tobacco. The current studies shed light on the molecular mechanisms that underlie the genotypic and phenotypic changes that are involved in insect host shifts and we conclude that AhR/ARNT regulate the expression of CYP6CY3 and CYP6CY4 cooperatively, conferring the nicotine adaption of M. persicae nicotianae to tobacco

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