scholarly journals Fluctuation of Water Intake and of Hydration Indices during the Day in a Sample of Healthy Greek Adults

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 793 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adelais Athanasatou ◽  
Aikaterini Kandyliari ◽  
Olga Malisova ◽  
Maria Kapsokefalou
Keyword(s):  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Urine Sample ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Urine Volume ◽  
Urine Osmolality ◽  
Urine Samples ◽  
Alcoholic Beverages ◽  
Spot Urine ◽  
Spot Urine Sample ◽  
Food And Drink

Mild dehydration may occur during specific periods of the day because of poor hydration habits and/or limited access to a variety of beverages or foods, for example, in work environments. Measurement of hydration indices in spot or in 24 h urine samples may mask mild dehydration in specific periods of the day. Healthy subjects (n = 164; 74 females; age 38 ± 12 years) living in Athens, Greece were enrolled in the study. Subjects recorded their solid food and drink intakes and recorded and collected all urinations for three consecutive days. Water intake was analyzed in 24 h and 6 h periods from wake-up time and scored for variety. Urine hydration indices (osmolality, volume, color, specific gravity) were analyzed in 24 h samples, in morning urine samples and in samples collected in 6 h periods from wake-up time. Fluctuations during the day were significant for the intake of drinking water, hot beverages, milk, fruit and vegetable juices, and alcoholic drinks and for urine osmolality, volume, color, and specific gravity. The urine volume of the first 6 h period after wake-up time (557 ± 231 mL/day) reflects by 76% the 24 h urine collection (1331 ± 144 mL/day). Water intake from all beverages, with the exception of alcoholic beverages, was greater in the first 6h period (morning period) and decreased throughout the day. Hydration indices changed accordingly. The 6 h timed urine sample collected reflects indices in samples collected over 24 h better than any spot urine sample.

scholarly journals Estimated Daily Urine Volume and Solute Excretion from Spot Urine Samples to Guide the Therapy of Hyponatremia in SIADH

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 1511 ◽  
Author(s):  
Decaux ◽  
Musch
Keyword(s):  
Urine Volume ◽  
Urine Osmolality ◽  
Urine Collection ◽  
Water Restriction ◽  
Spot Urine ◽  
Inappropriate Secretion ◽  
Spot Urine Sample ◽  
Daily Urine ◽  
Solute Excretion ◽  
Normal Controls

Background: In hyponatremia, due to the inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH), a high versus low solute intake will affect the urine volume (UV) and, hence, the SNa level. The clinical implication of the fractional solute excretion is presented. Methods: In 35 normal controls and 24 patients with SIADH and urine osmolality higher than serum osmolality, we compared exact solute intake obtained from 24 h urine collection, with the estimated value obtained on a urine morning spot sample by the formula: eGFR (L/min) × Sosm × 1440 × FE.Osm (%) = mmol/24 h. The exact UV was compared with the estimated value given by the formula: eGFR × 1440 × S.Creat/U.Creat (for eGFR the MDRD was used). In 65 patients with chronic SIADH, from which a morning spot urine sample was available, we determined the estimated fluid and solute intake. Results: A good correlation was observed between the measured solute output or urine volume and the estimated values obtained from the controls (r = 0.86) as well as in SIADH (r = 0.91). Conclusion: Patients with low solute intake (FE.Osm <1.4%) and low diuresis (V/eCcr <0.8%) should increase their intake by taking oral urea, for example. Patients with high solute intake (FE.Osm >2.5%) and high diuresis (V/eCcr >1.5%) could usually be treated by mild water restriction (< 1.5–21/24 h).

Comparison of calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, zinc, and creatinine concentration in 24-h and spot urine samples in women

2009 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jasminka Z. Ilich ◽  
Maja Blanuša ◽  
Željka Crnčević Orlić ◽  
Tatjana Orct ◽  
Krista Kostial
Keyword(s):  
Urine Sample ◽  
Rank Order ◽  
Essential Elements ◽  
Urine Samples ◽  
Emission Spectrometry ◽  
Creatinine Concentration ◽  
Spot Urine ◽  
Flame Atomic Absorption ◽  
Spot Urine Sample ◽  
Calcium Magnesium

Abstract: The 24-h urine sample is considered as the most reliable material for testing many but not necessarily all constituents in urine. However, its collection is tedious for both patients and research participants. The aim of this study was to compare concentrations of essential elements calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), potassium (K), and zinc (Zn) in 24-h and spot urine samples.: Urine samples were collected from 143 generally healthy women, aged 30–79 years. Fasting spot urine was collected immediately after the end of the 24-h collection, therefore being of the same content as the first morning urine which ended the 24-h collection. Elements were analyzed by flame atomic absorption/emission spectrometry and expressed as mg/g and/or mmol/mol of creatinine (Cr). Spearman rank order correlations between 24-h and spot urine were carried out for each element. Ratios of elements in 24-h to spot urine samples were calculated to estimate the element-proportion of spot in the 24-h sample.: All coefficients of correlation between 24-h and spot urine of measured elements and Cr were significant (p<0.05): Zn (0.637), Mg (0.623), Ca (0.603), Na (0.452), K (0.396), and Cr (0.217). Ratios of 24-h to spot urine samples for each element (except K) were similar and close to 2, indicating uniform proportion of elements from spot urine sample in the 24-h sample. In addition, a high correlation between various pairs of elements was obtained in both 24-h and spot urine; the highest being between Na/Ca (0.435) and (0.578), respectively. This is in accordance with theoretical presumptions and previous findings regarding those relationships.: Although replacing burdensome 24-h urine collection with spot urine sampling might not provide the solution in all cases, our results show that for the elements analyzed, spot urine could be a reliable alternative.Clin Chem Lab Med 2009;47:216–21.

scholarly journals Monitoring the South African population’s salt intake: spot urine v. 24 h urine

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (03) ◽  
pp. 480-488 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bianca Swanepoel ◽  
Aletta E Schutte ◽  
Marike Cockeran ◽  
Krisela Steyn ◽  
Edelweiss Wentzel-Viljoen
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
South African ◽  
Urine Sample ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Urine Samples ◽  
The South ◽  
Population Groups ◽  
Spot Urine ◽  
Spot Urine Sample ◽  
African Context

Abstract Objective The present study set out to determine whether morning spot urine samples can be used to monitor Na (and K) intake levels in South Africa, instead of the ‘gold standard’ 24 h urine sample. Design Participants collected one 24 h and one spot urine sample for Na and K analysis, after which estimations using three different formulas (Kawasaki, Tanaka and INTERSALT) were calculated. Setting Between 2013 and 2015, urine samples were collected from different population groups in South Africa. Subjects A total of 681 spot and 24 h urine samples were collected from white (n 259), black (n 315) and Indian (n 107) subgroups, mostly women. Results The Kawasaki and the Tanaka formulas showed significantly higher (P≤0·001) estimated Na values than the measured 24 h excretion in the whole population (5677·79 and 4235·05 v. 3279·19 mg/d). The INTERSALT formula did not differ from the measured 24 h excretion for the whole population. The Kawasaki formula seemed to overestimate Na excretion in all subgroups tested and also showed the highest degree of bias (−2242 mg/d, 95 % CI−10 659, 6175) compared with the INTERSALT formula, which had the lowest bias (161 mg/d, 95 % CI−4038, 4360). Conclusions Estimations of Na excretion by the three formulas should be used with caution when reporting on Na intake levels. More research is needed to validate and develop a specific formula for the South African context with its different population groups. The WHO’s recommendation of using 24 h urine collection until more studies are carried out is still supported.

The Utility of Spot vs 24-Hour Urine Samples for Metal Determination in Veterans With Retained Fragments

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna M Gaitens ◽  
Clayton H Brown ◽  
Frederick G Strathmann ◽  
Hanna Xu ◽  
Michael R Lewin-Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urine Sample ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Urine Samples ◽  
Metal Exposure ◽  
Good Reliability ◽  
Spot Urine ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
Spot Urine Sample ◽  
Plasma Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Good Agreement

Abstract Objectives The objective of this investigation is to explore the utility of using a spot urine sample in lieu of a 24-hour collection in assessing fragment-related metal exposure in war-injured veterans. Methods Twenty-four veterans collected each urine void over a 24-hour period in separate containers. Concentrations of 13 metals were measured in each void and in a pooled 24-hour sample using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. To assess the reliability of spot sample measures over time, intraclass correlations (ICCs) were calculated across all spot samples. Lin’s concordance correlation coefficient was used to assess agreement between a randomly selected spot urine sample and each corresponding 24-hour sample. Results In total, 149 spot urine samples were collected. Ten of the 13 metals measured had ICCs more than 0.4, suggesting “fair to good” reliability. Concordance coefficients were more than 0.4 for all metals, suggesting “moderate” agreement between spot and 24-hour concentrations, and more than 0.6 for seven of the 13 metals, suggesting “good” agreement. Conclusions Our fair to good reliability findings, for most metals investigated, and moderate to good agreement findings for all metals, across the range of concentrations observed here, suggest the utility of spot urine samples to obtain valid estimates of exposure in the longitudinal surveillance of metal-exposed populations.

Low sodium to potassium ratio in spot urine sample is associated with progression to acute kidney injury and mortality in hospitalized patients with cirrhosis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elayne Cristina Morais Rateke ◽  
Camila Matiollo ◽  
Emerita Quintina de Andrade Moura ◽  
Michelle Andrigueti ◽  
Claudia Maccali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Kidney Injury ◽  
Urine Sample ◽  
Kidney Injury ◽  
Hospitalized Patients ◽  
Spot Urine ◽  
Low Sodium ◽  
Spot Urine Sample

scholarly journals The Vasopressin System in the Risk of Diabetes and Cardiorenal Disease, and Hydration as a Potential Lifestyle Intervention

2018 ◽  
Vol 72 (Suppl. 2) ◽  
pp. 21-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sofia Enhörning ◽  
Olle Melander
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Kidney Diseases ◽  
Urine Volume ◽  
Plasma Osmolality ◽  
Premature Mortality ◽  
Urine Osmolality ◽  
High Plasma ◽  
Effective Prevention

Background: Type 2 diabetes, chronic kidney disease (CKD) and its cardiovascular complications are increasing as health problems worldwide. These diseases are interrelated with overlapping occurrence and once diabetes is established, the risk of cardiorenal disease is dramatically elevated. Thus, a search for unifying modifiable risk factors is key for effective prevention. Summary: Elevated fasting plasma concentration of vasopressin, measured with the marker copeptin, predicts new onset type 2 diabetes as well as renal function decline. Furthermore, we recently showed that increased plasma copeptin concentration independently predicts the development of both CKD and other specified kidney diseases. In consequence, high copeptin is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease and premature mortality in both diabetes patients and in the general population. Vasopressin is released when plasma osmolality is high, and the easiest way to lower plasma vasopressin and copeptin concentration is to increase water intake. In a human water intervention experiment with 1 week of 3 L/day increased water intake, the one third of the participants with the greatest copeptin reduction (water responders) were those with a phenotype of low water intake (high habitual plasma copeptin and urine osmolality, and low urine volume). The water-responders had a copeptin reduction of 41% after 1 week of increased water intake compared to a control week; in contrast, a 3% reduction occurred in the other two thirds of the study participants. Among water responders, increased water intake also induced a reduction in fasting glucagon concentration. Key Messages: Elevated copeptin, a measure of vasopressin, is a risk marker of metabolic and cardiorenal diseases and may assist in the detection of individuals at higher risk for these diseases. Furthermore, individuals with high copeptin and other signs of low water intake may experience beneficial glucometabolic effects of increased water intake. Future randomized control trials investigating effects of hydration on glucometabolic and renal outcomes should focus on individuals with signs of low water intake including high plasma copeptin concentration.

Differential diagnosis of proteinuria in a spot urine sample

2019 ◽  
Vol 493 ◽  
pp. S478-S479
Author(s):  
A. González Raya ◽  
R. Coca Zuñiga ◽  
E. Martín Sálido ◽  
G. Callejón Martín ◽  
A. Lendinez Ramirez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Differential Diagnosis ◽  
Urine Sample ◽  
Spot Urine ◽  
Spot Urine Sample
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