scholarly journals Sodium and Potassium Intake, Knowledge Attitudes and Behaviour Towards Salt Consumption Amongst Adults in Podgorica, Montenegro

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lanfranco D’Elia ◽  
Mina Brajović ◽  
Aleksandra Klisic ◽  
Joao Breda ◽  
Jo Jewell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Intake ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
World Health ◽  
Dietary Salt ◽  
Potassium Intake ◽  
Salt Consumption ◽  
Physical Measurements ◽  
Random Samples ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Sodium And Potassium

Excess salt and inadequate potassium intakes are associated with high cardiovascular disease (CVD). In Montenegro, CVD is the leading cause of death and disability. There is no survey that has directly measured salt and potassium consumption in Montenegro. The aim is to estimate population salt and potassium intakes and explore knowledge, attitudes and behaviour (KAB), amongst the adult population of Podgorica. Random samples of adults were obtained from primary care centres. Participants attended a screening including demographic, anthropometric and physical measurements. Dietary salt and potassium intakes were assessed by 24 h urinary sodium (UNa) and potassium (UK) excretions. Creatinine was measured. KAB was collected by questionnaire. Six hundred and thirty-nine (285 men, 25–65 years) were included in the analysis (response rate 63%). Mean UNa was 186.5 (SD 90.3) mmoL/day, equivalent to 11.6 g of salt/day and potassium excretion 62.5 (26.2) mmoL/day, equivalent to 3.2 g/day. Only 7% of them had a salt intake below the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended target of 5 g/day and 13% ate enough potassium (>90 mmoL/day). The majority (86%) knew that high salt causes ill-health. However, only 44% thought it would be useful to reduce consumption. Salt consumption is high and potassium consumption is low, in men and women living in Podgorica.

scholarly journals Sodium and Potassium Intake, Knowledge Attitudes and Behaviour Towards Salt Consumption, Amongst Adults in Podgorica, Montenegro

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lanfranco D'Elia ◽  
Mina Brajovic ◽  
Aleksandra Klisic ◽  
Joao Breda ◽  
Jo Jewell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Response Rate ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Dietary Salt ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Potassium Intake ◽  
Salt Consumption ◽  
Physical Measurements ◽  
Random Samples ◽  
Sodium And Potassium

Excess salt and inadequate potassium intakes are associated with high cardiovascular disease (CVD). In Montenegro, CVD is the leading cause of death and disability. There is no survey that has directly measured salt and potassium consumption in Montenegro. The aim is to estimate population salt and potassium intakes and explore knowledge, attitudes and behaviour (KAB), amongst the adult population of Podgorica. Random samples of adults were obtained from primary care centres. Participants attended a screening including demographic, anthropometric and physical measurements. Dietary salt and potassium intakes were assessed by 24h urinary sodium (UNa) and potassium (UK) excretions. Creatinine was measured. KAB was collected by questionnaire. Six hundred and thirty-nine (285 men, 25-65 years) were included in the analysis (response rate 63%). Mean UNa was 186.5 (SD 90.3) mmol/day, equivalent to 11.6g of salt/day, and potassium excretion 62.5 (26.2) mmol/day, equivalent to 3.2g/day. Only 7% of them had a salt intake below the WHO recommended target of 5g/day, and 13% ate enough potassium (>90 mmol/day). The majority (86%) knew that high salt causes ill-health. However, only 44% thought it would be useful to reduce consumption. Salt consumption is high, and potassium consumption is low, in men and women living in Podgorica.

Sodium and potassium intake, blood pressure, and cardiovascular prevention

ESC CardioMed ◽  
2018 ◽  
pp. 2431-2444
Author(s):  
Francesco P. Cappuccio
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
World Health ◽  
Salt Reduction ◽  
Potassium Intake ◽  
Salt Consumption ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

Salt consumption is now much greater than needed for survival. High salt intake increases blood pressure in both animals and humans. Conversely, a reduction in salt intake causes a dose-dependent reduction in blood pressure in men and women of all ages and ethnic groups, and in patients already on medication. The risk of strokes and heart attacks rises with increasing blood pressure, but can be decreased by antihypertensive drugs. However, most cardiovascular disease events occur in individuals with ‘normal’ blood pressure levels. Non-pharmacological prevention is therefore the only option to reduce such events. Reduction in population salt intake reduces the number of vascular events. It is one of the most important public health measures to reduce the global cardiovascular burden. Salt reduction policies are powerful, rapid, equitable, and cost saving. The World Health Organization recommends reducing salt consumption below 5 g per day aiming at a global 30% reduction by 2025. A high potassium intake lowers blood pressure in people with and without hypertension. Its beneficial effects extend beyond blood pressure, and may include a reduction in the risk of stroke (independent of blood pressure changes). Potassium intake in the Western world is relatively low, and a lower potassium intake is associated with increased risks of cardiovascular disease, especially stroke. A moderate increase in potassium intake, either as supplement or with diet, reduces blood pressure, and the World Health Organization has issued global recommendations for a target dietary potassium intake of at least 90 mmol/day (≥3510 mg/day) for adults.

scholarly journals Physical activity as a global risk factor for non-communicable diseases: time for action, what, why, when, who and how?

2016 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
E V Lambert
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Communicable Diseases ◽  
World Health ◽  
Global Risk ◽  
Dietary Salt ◽  
Discussion Paper ◽  
Non Communicable Diseases ◽  
Dietary Salt Intake ◽  
Health Organization

Chronic, non-communicable diseases (NCDs) account for more than two-thirds of global mortality, at least 50% of which is preventable on the basis of modifiable lifestyle behaviours. In the wake of the UN Global Summit on NCDs, the World Health Organization produced a discussion paper that emphasised the need for a global monitoring framework and voluntary global targets for the prevention and control of NCDs.1 The WHO discussion paper presents 10 suggested voluntary targets including the reduction in deaths due to NCDs, cardiovascular disease and diabetes, an overall reduction in blood pressure and obesity, as well as reduced smoking, alcohol and dietary salt intake, increased screening for cervical cancer and the elimination of trans-fats from the food supply. Physical activity is notable by its absence from this critical list of voluntary global targets for preventing and controlling NCDs

scholarly journals Mean Dietary Salt Intake in Vanuatu: A Population Survey of 755 Participants on Efate Island

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 916
Author(s):  
Katherine Paterson ◽  
Nerida Hinge ◽  
Emalie Sparks ◽  
Kathy Trieu ◽  
Joseph Alvin Santos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Intake ◽  
Urine Samples ◽  
World Health ◽  
Dietary Salt ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Dietary Salt Intake ◽  
Spot Urine ◽  
Salt Consumption

Non-communicable diseases are responsible for 63% of global deaths, with a higher burden in low- and middle-income countries. Hypertension is the leading cause of cardiovascular-disease-related deaths worldwide, and approximately 1.7 million deaths are directly attributable to excess salt intake annually. There has been little research conducted on the level of salt consumption amongst the population of Vanuatu. Based on data from other Pacific Island countries and knowledge of changing regional diets, it was predicted that salt intake would exceed the World Health Organization’s (WHO) recommended maximum of 5 g per day. The current study aimed to provide Vanuatu with a preliminary baseline assessment of population salt intake on Efate Island. A cross-sectional survey collected demographic, clinical, and urine data from participants aged 18 to 69 years in rural and urban communities on Efate Island in October 2016 and February 2017. Mean salt intake was determined to be 7.2 (SD 2.3) g/day from spot urine samples, and 5.9 (SD 3.6) g/day from 24-h urine samples, both of which exceed the WHO recommended maximum. Based on the spot urine samples, males had significantly higher salt intake than females (7.8 g compared to 6.5 g; p < 0.001) and almost 85% of the population consumed more than the WHO recommended maximum daily amount. A coordinated government strategy is recommended to reduce salt consumption, including fiscal policies, engagement with the food industry, and education and awareness-raising to promote behavior change.

scholarly journals Knowledge, Practices and Perceptions Related to Salt Use among 18-70 Year Old Adults in Gampaha District of Sri Lanka

2021 ◽  
Vol 04 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Karunapema R.P. ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
World Health ◽  
Ethical Review ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Female Ratio ◽  
Old Adults ◽  
Salt Consumption

Background: The World Health Organization has called upon all countries to reduce average population salt intake to <5 g/ day. In Sri Lanka, average adult salt consumption is around 13g /day, which is far above the WHO recommended value. Objective: To describe the knowledge and practices related to food salt use, among 18-70 year old adults in Gampaha district of Sri Lanka. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted in Gampaha district, Western province, Sri Lanka. Data were collected using a pre-tested self-administered questionnaire. Ethical approval was obtained from the Ethical Review Committee of Faculty of Medicine Ragama. Results: The mean age of the study population is 44.3 years and male to female ratio is almost one. A majority (91.9%) of the study participants identified high salt consumption leads to adverse health effects. Only 22 % were able to identify the recommended maximum daily salt requirement. Many (78.4%) respondents expressed cutting down on salt as an important health priority for them. Just over half of the (50.4%) participants were carrying out some measures to reduce salt consumption. However, a large proportion (88.2%) were of the opinion that they were using the correct amount of salt. Conclusions: The level of knowledge about the maximum daily recommended amount of salt among the adult population is poor in Sri Lanka. Most participants were willing to cut down on salt provided they are enlightened with correct health messages.

scholarly journals Impact of the 2003 to 2018 Population Salt Intake Reduction Program in England

Hypertension ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 77 (4) ◽  
pp. 1086-1094
Author(s):  
Sergi Alonso ◽  
Monique Tan ◽  
Changqiong Wang ◽  
Seamus Kent ◽  
Linda Cobiac ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Health Care Cost ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Population Level ◽  
World Health ◽  
Dietary Salt ◽  
Salt Reduction ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Reduction Program

The United Kingdom was among the first countries to introduce a salt reduction program in 2003 to reduce cardiovascular disease (CVD) incidence risk. Despite its initial success, the program has stalled recently and is yet to achieve national and international targets. We used age- and sex-stratified salt intake of 19 to 64 years old participants in the National Diet and Nutrition Surveys 2000 to 2018 and a multistate life table model to assess the effects of the voluntary dietary salt reduction program on premature CVD, quality-adjusted survival, and health care and social care costs in England. The program reduced population-level salt intake from 9.38 grams/day per adult (SE, 0.16) in 2000 to 8.38 grams/day per adult (SE, 0.17) in 2018. Compared with a scenario of persistent 2000 levels, assuming that the population-level salt intake is maintained at 2018 values, by 2050, the program is projected to avoid 83 140 (95% CI, 73 710–84 520) premature ischemic heart disease (IHD) cases and 110 730 (95% CI, 98 390–112 260) premature strokes, generating 542 850 (95% CI, 529 020–556 850) extra quality-adjusted life-years and £1640 million (95% CI, £1570–£1660) health care cost savings for the adult population of England. We also projected the gains of achieving the World Health Organization target of 5 grams/day per adult by 2030, which by 2050 would avert further 87 870 (95% CI, 82 050–88 470) premature IHD cases, 126 010 (95% CI, 118 600–126 460) premature strokes and achieve £1260 million (95% CI, £1180–£1260) extra health care savings compared with maintaining 2018 levels. Strengthening the salt reduction program to achieve further reductions in population salt intake and CVD burden should be a high priority.

scholarly journals Relationship between salt consumption and iodine intake in a pediatric population

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto Iacone ◽  
◽  
Paola Iaccarino Idelson ◽  
Angelo Campanozzi ◽  
Irene Rutigliano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Intake ◽  
Pediatric Population ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Iodized Salt ◽  
World Health ◽  
Total Iodine ◽  
Salt Reduction ◽  
Salt Consumption ◽  
Iodine Excretion ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract Purpose The World Health Organization recommends reduction of salt intake to < 5 g/day and the use of iodized salt to prevent iodine deficiency states. A high prevalence of excess salt consumption and an inadequate iodine intake has been previously shown in an Italian pediatric population. It was appropriate, therefore, to analyse in the same population the relationship occurring between salt consumption and iodine intake. Methods The study population was made of 1270 children and adolescents. Estimates of salt consumption and iodine intake were obtained by measuring 24 h urinary sodium and iodine excretion. Results The iodine intake increased gradually across quartiles of salt consumption independently of sex, age and body weight (p < 0.001). Median iodine intake met the European Food Safety Authority adequacy level only in teenagers in the highest quartile of salt consumption (salt intake > 10.2 g/day). We estimated that approximately 65–73% of the total iodine intake was derived from food and 27–35% from iodized salt and that iodized salt made actually only 20% of the total salt intake. Conclusion In this pediatric population, in face of an elevated average salt consumption, the use of iodized salt was still insufficient to ensure an adequate iodine intake, in particular among teenagers. In the perspective of a progressive reduction of total salt intake, the health institutions should continue to support iodoprophylaxis, in the context of the national strategies for salt reduction. In order for these policies to be successful, in addition to educational campaigns, it is needed that the prescriptions contained in the current legislation on iodoprophylaxis are made compelling through specific enforcement measures for all the involved stakeholders.

scholarly journals National survey to estimate sodium and potassium intake and knowledge attitudes and behaviours towards salt consumption of adults in the Sultanate of Oman

BMJ Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. e037012
Author(s):  
Adhra Al-Mawali ◽  
Lanfranco D'Elia ◽  
Sathish Kumar Jayapal ◽  
Magdi Morsi ◽  
Waleed Nasser Al-Shekaili ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Intake ◽  
Dietary Sodium ◽  
Secondary Outcome ◽  
Potassium Excretion ◽  
Sultanate Of Oman ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Salt Reduction ◽  
Salt Consumption ◽  
Physical Measurements ◽  
Sodium And Potassium

ObjectivesTo estimate population sodium and potassium intakes and explore knowledge, attitudes and behaviour (KAB) towards the use of salt in adults in the Sultanate of Oman.DesignNational cross-sectional population-based survey.SettingProportional random samples, representative of Omani adults (18 years or older), were obtained from all governorates of the Sultanate of Oman.ParticipantsFive hundred and sixty-nine (193 men, 376 women; 18 years or older) were included in the analysis (response rate 57%). Mean age was 39.4 years (SD 13.1). Participants attended a screening including demographic, anthropometric and physical measurements.Primary and secondary outcome measuresWe assessed dietary sodium, potassium and creatinine by 24-hour urinary sodium (UNa), potassium (UK) and creatinine (UCr) excretions. We collected KAB by a questionnaire on an electronic tablet.ResultsMean UNa was 144.3 (78.8) mmol/day, equivalent to 9.0 g of salt/day and potassium excretion 52.6 (32.6) mmol/day, equivalent to 2.36 g/day, after adjusting for non-urinary losses. Men ate significantly more sodium and potassium than women. Only 22% of the sample had a salt intake below the WHO recommended target of 5 g/day and less than 10% met WHO targets for potassium excretion (>90 mmol/day). While 89.1% of those interviewed knew that consuming too much salt could cause serious health problems and only 6.9% felt they were using too much added salt, one in two participants used always or often salt, salty seasonings or salty sauces in cooking or when preparing food at home.ConclusionsIn the Sultanate of Oman, salt consumption is higher and potassium consumption lower than recommended by WHO, both in men and in women. The present data provide, for the first time, evidence to support a national programme of population salt reduction to prevent the increasing burden of cardiovascular disease in the area.

scholarly journals Sodium and Potassium Intake in Residents of Retirement Homes

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 2725
Author(s):  
Boštjan Rejec ◽  
Petra Golja ◽  
Cirila Hlastan Ribič ◽  
Matjaž Klemenc
Keyword(s):  
Elderly People ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Potassium Intake ◽  
Salt Consumption ◽  
Balanced Diet ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Sodium And Potassium

Excessive salt intake and its impact on health is a public health problem in many regions of the world. The currently estimated dietary intake of salt among free-living adults is well above the WHO recommendations. Over the years, the number of residents in retirement homes has increased. Besides this, the nutrition of elderly people may be affected by physiological changes that occur with aging. The question is whether residents of retirement homes receive a more balanced diet, or whether the trend of excessive salt consumption continues even among institutionalised elderly people. Salt and potassium intake were assessed by measuring sodium and potassium excretion over 24 h in urine collected from a sample of residents of three retirement homes in the Goriška region, Slovenia. The average salt intake was 8.3 (2.9) g/day, which was significantly higher (p < 0.001) in men than in women (10.1 (3.1) vs. 7.3 (2.2) g/day, respectively). The estimated total daily potassium intake was 2.6 (0.6) g/day in men and 2.0 (0.8) g/day in women (mean 2.2 (0.8) g/day). The ratio of sodium to potassium was 1.53 (0.48). The salt intake among residents of retirement homes in the Goriška region, especially in men, exceeds the WHO recommended daily intake of <5 g. The mean daily potassium intake was below the WHO recommendations of 3.5 g/day.

scholarly journals Sodium and Potassium Intakes assessed by 24-h Urine among Moroccan University students in Casablanca, Morocco: Cross-Sectional Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 119 ◽  
pp. 04003
Author(s):  
Maria Elarbaoui ◽  
Ali Jafri ◽  
Younes Elkardi ◽  
Houria Makhlouki ◽  
Basma Ellahi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Intake ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Dietary Sodium ◽  
World Health ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Potassium Intake ◽  
Urinary Potassium ◽  
Sodium And Potassium

In Morocco, the high consumption of dietary sodium increases the risk of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and predisposes to cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and hypertension. This study aims to assess the dietary sodium and potassium intake in a random sample of Moroccan adult students as a benchmark informing a national strategy for reducing salt intake. This cross-sectional study was conducted with 103 adults aged 18 to 25 years recruited in Casablanca. The 24-hour urinary excretion was used to measure the sodium and potassium. Creatinine excretion was used to validate the completeness of the urine collections. The average urinary sodium excretion was 3125.77 ± 121.99 mg/day, 13.5% consumed less than 5g/day, while 69% consumed more than 5 g/day of which 17.5% consumed more than twice the recommendations. For the average urinary potassium excretion was 1826.1 ± 61.2 mg/day, and more than 98% of the students consumed less than the adequate intake. The results of this pilot study show that the population studied has a high sodium intake and low potassium intake which does not meet World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations, which requires implementing an action plan to reduce salt.

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