scholarly journals Exercise and the Timing of Snack Choice: Healthy Snack Choice is Reduced in the Post-Exercise State

Nutrients ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1941 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Gustafson ◽  
Nigina Rakhmatullaeva ◽  
Safiya Beckford ◽  
Ajai Ammachathram ◽  
Alexander Cristobal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Behavioral Intervention ◽  
Food Choice ◽  
Acute Exercise ◽  
Exercise Bout ◽  
Food Choices ◽  
Complete Data ◽  
Post Exercise ◽  
Appetite Suppression ◽  
Exercise Induced

Acute exercise can induce either a compensatory increase in food intake or a reduction in food intake, which results from appetite suppression in the post-exercise state. The timing of food choice—choosing for immediate or later consumption—has been found to influence the healthfulness of foods consumed. To examine both of these effects, we tested in our study whether the timing of food choice interacts with exposure to exercise to impact food choices such that choices would differ when made prior to or following an exercise bout. Visitors to a university recreational center were equipped with an accelerometer prior to their habitual workout regime, masking the true study purpose. As a reward, participants were presented with a snack for consumption after workout completion. Participants made their snack choice from either an apple or chocolate brownie after being pseudo-randomly assigned to choose prior to (“before”) or following workout completion (“after”). Complete data were available for 256 participants (54.7% male, 22.1 ± 3.1 years, 24.7 ± 3.7 kg/m2) who exercised 65.3 ± 22.5 min/session. When compared with “before,” the choice of an apple decreased (73.7% vs. 54.6%) and the choices of brownie (13.9% vs. 20.2%) or no snack (12.4% vs. 25.2%) increased in the “after” condition (χ2 = 26.578, p < 0.001). Our results provide support for both compensatory eating and exercise-induced anorexia. More importantly, our findings suggest that the choice of food for post-exercise consumption can be altered through a simple behavioral intervention.

scholarly journals Exercise shifts hypothetical food choices towards greater amounts and more immediate consumption

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karsten Koehler ◽  
Safiya E Beckford ◽  
Elise Thayer ◽  
Alexandra R Martin ◽  
Julie B Boron ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Acute Exercise ◽  
Food Preferences ◽  
Exercise Bout ◽  
Food Choices ◽  
Post Exercise ◽  
Single Bout ◽  
Electronic Questionnaires ◽  
The Impact

Although exercise modulates appetite regulation and food intake, it remains poorly understood how exercise impacts decision making about food. The purpose of the present study was to assess the impact of an acute exercise bout on hypothetical choices related to the amount and timing of food intake. Forty-one healthy participants (22.0 ± 2.6 years; 23.7 ± 2.5 kg/m2, 56% female) completed 45 minutes of aerobic exercise and a resting control condition in randomized order. Food amount preferences and intertemporal food preferences (preference for immediate vs. delayed consumption) were assessed using electronic questionnaires with visual food. Compared to rest, exercise resulted in a greater increase in the food amount selected, both immediately post exercise (+25.8 ± 11.0 vs. +7.8 ± 11.0 kcal/item, p = 0.02) and 30 min post exercise (+47.3 ± 12.4 vs. +21.3 ± 12.4 kcal/item, p = 0.005). Exercise further resulted in a greater increase in the preference for immediate consumption immediately post exercise (+0.23 ± 0.10 vs. +0.06 ± 0.10; p = 0.03) and 30 min post exercise (+0.30 ± 0.12 vs. +0.08 ± 0.12; p = 0.01). Our findings demonstrate that a single bout of aerobic exercise shifts hypothetical food choices towards greater amounts and more immediate consumption, highlighting the importance of the timing of food choices made in the exercise context.

scholarly journals Exercise Shifts Hypothetical Food Choices toward Greater Amounts and More Immediate Consumption

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 347
Author(s):  
Karsten Koehler ◽  
Safiya E. Beckford ◽  
Elise Thayer ◽  
Alexandra R. Martin ◽  
Julie B. Boron ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Acute Exercise ◽  
Food Preferences ◽  
Exercise Bout ◽  
Food Choices ◽  
Food Cues ◽  
Post Exercise ◽  
Visual Food Cues ◽  
The Impact

Although exercise modulates appetite regulation and food intake, it remains poorly understood how exercise impacts decision-making about food. The purpose of the present study was to assess the impact of an acute exercise bout on hypothetical choices related to the amount and timing of food intake. Forty-one healthy participants (22.0 ± 2.6 years; 23.7 ± 2.5 kg/m2, 56% female) completed 45 min of aerobic exercise and a resting control condition in randomized order. Food amount preferences and intertemporal food preferences (preference for immediate vs. delayed consumption) were assessed using electronic questionnaires with visual food cues. Compared to rest, exercise resulted in a greater increase in the food amount selected, both immediately post-exercise (+25.8 ± 11.0 vs. +7.8 ± 11.0 kcal/item, p = 0.02) and 30 min post-exercise (+47.3 ± 12.4 vs. +21.3 ± 12.4 kcal/item, p = 0.005). Exercise further resulted in a greater increase in the preference for immediate consumption immediately post-exercise (+0.23 ± 0.10 vs. +0.06 ± 0.10; p = 0.03) and 30 min post-exercise (+0.30 ± 0.12 vs. +0.08 ± 0.12; p = 0.01). Our findings demonstrate that a single bout of aerobic exercise shifts hypothetical food choices toward greater amounts and more immediate consumption, highlighting the importance of the timing of food choices made in the exercise context.

scholarly journals Resistance training reduces the acute exercise-induced increase in muscle protein turnover

1999 ◽  
Vol 276 (1) ◽  
pp. E118-E124 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Phillips ◽  
K. D. Tipton ◽  
A. A. Ferrando ◽  
R. R. Wolfe
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Training ◽  
Resistance Exercise ◽  
Acute Exercise ◽  
Muscle Protein ◽  
Exercise Bout ◽  
Muscle Contractions ◽  
Breakdown Rates ◽  
Single Bout ◽  
Fractional Synthesis ◽  
Exercise Induced

We examined the effect of resistance training on the response of mixed muscle protein fractional synthesis (FSR) and breakdown rates (FBR) by use of primed constant infusions of [2H5]phenylalanine and [15N]phenylalanine, respectively, to an isolated bout of pleiometric resistance exercise. Trained subjects, who were performing regular resistance exercise (trained, T; n = 6), were compared with sedentary, untrained controls (untrained, UT; n = 6). The exercise test consisted of 10 sets (8 repetitions per set) of single-leg knee flexion (i.e., pleiometric muscle contraction during lowering) at 120% of the subjects’ predetermined single-leg 1 repetition maximum. Subjects exercised one leg while their contralateral leg acted as a nonexercised (resting) control. Exercise resulted in an increase, above resting, in mixed muscle FSR in both groups (UT: rest, 0.036 ± 0.002; exercise, 0.0802 ± 0.01; T: rest, 0.045 ± 0.004; exercise, 0.067 ± 0.01; all values in %/h; P< 0.01). In addition, exercise resulted in an increase in mixed muscle FBR of 37 ± 5% (rest, 0.076 ± 0.005; exercise, 0.105 ± 0.01; all values in %/h; P < 0.01) in the UT group but did not significantly affect FBR in the T group. The resulting muscle net balance (FSR − FBR) was negative throughout the protocol ( P < 0.05) but was increased in the exercised leg in both groups ( P < 0.05). We conclude that pleiometric muscle contractions induce an increase in mixed muscle protein synthetic rate within 4 h of completion of an exercise bout but that resistance training attenuates this increase. A single bout of pleiometric muscle contractions also increased the FBR of mixed muscle protein in UT but not in T subjects.

scholarly journals Exercise-Induced Oxidative Stress, Nitric Oxide and Plasma Amino Acid Profile in Recreational Runners with Vegetarian and Non-Vegetarian Dietary Patterns

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1875 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josefine Nebl ◽  
Kathrin Drabert ◽  
Sven Haufe ◽  
Paulina Wasserfurth ◽  
Julian Eigendorf ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Acute Exercise ◽  
Amino Acid Profile ◽  
Post Exercise ◽  
Stable Isotope Dilution ◽  
Amino Acid Profiles ◽  
Recreational Runners ◽  
Exercise Induced

This study investigated the exercise-induced changes in oxidative stress, nitric oxide (NO) metabolism and amino acid profile in plasma of omnivorous (OMN, n = 25), lacto-ovo-vegetarian (LOV, n = 25) and vegan (VEG, n = 23) recreational runners. Oxidative stress was measured as malondialdehyde (MDA), NO as nitrite and nitrate, and various amino acids, including homoarginine and guanidinoacetate, the precursor of creatine. All analytes were measured by validated stable-isotope dilution gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric methods. Pre-exercise, VEG had the highest MDA and nitrate concentrations, whereas nitrite concentration was highest in LOV. Amino acid profiles differed between the groups, with guanidinoacetate being highest in OMN. Upon acute exercise, MDA increased in the LOV and VEG group, whereas nitrate, nitrite and creatinine did not change. Amino acid profiles changed post-exercise in all groups, with the greatest changes being observed for alanine (+28% in OMN, +21% in LOV and +28% in VEG). Pre-exercise, OMN, LOV and VEG recreational runners differ with respect to oxidative stress, NO metabolism and amino acid profiles, in part due to their different dietary pattern. Exercise elicited different changes in oxidative stress with no changes in NO metabolism and closely comparable elevations in alanine. Guanidinoacetate seems to be differently utilized in OMN, LOV and VEG, pre- and post-exercise.

scholarly journals ARCAgRP/NPY Neuron Activity Is Required for Acute Exercise-Induced Food Intake in Un-Trained Mice

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wyatt Bunner ◽  
Taylor Landry ◽  
Brenton Thomas Laing ◽  
Peixin Li ◽  
Zhijian Rao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Acute Exercise ◽  
Neuron Activity ◽  
Exercise Induced

scholarly journals Food Reward and Food Choice. An Inquiry Through The Liking and Wanting Model

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 639 ◽  
Author(s):  
Almudena Recio-Román ◽  
Manuel Recio-Menéndez ◽  
María Victoria Román-González
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Eating Behavior ◽  
Food Choice ◽  
Food Reward ◽  
Food Choices ◽  
Reward Systems ◽  
Conceptual Approach ◽  
Differential Effects ◽  
Caloric Consumption ◽  
Self Administered Questionnaire

What if consumers are getting obese because eating less calories is more difficult for persons that have a higher pleasure and desire towards food (Ikeda et al., 2005) and food companies do not help given only a two extreme option choice to satisfy their needs (i.e., low calories vs. high calories or healthy vs. unhealthy)? Reward systems are being described with a new conceptual approach where liking—the pleasure derived from eating a given food—and wanting—motivational value, desire, or craving—can be seen as the significant forces guiding eating behavior. Our work shows that pleasure (liking), desire (wanting), and the interaction between them influence and are good predictors of food choice and food intake. Reward responses to food are closely linked to food choice, inducing to caloric overconsumption. Based on the responses given to a self-administered questionnaire measuring liking and wanting attitudes, we found three different segments named ‘Reward lovers,’ ‘Half epicurious,’ and ‘Non indulgents’. Their behavior when choosing food is quite different. Results show differential effects on caloric consumption depending on segments. The introduction of more food choices that try to balance their content is a win-win strategy for consumers, companies, and society.

scholarly journals Consistency in compensatory eating responses following acute exercise in inactive, overweight and obese women

2015 ◽  
Vol 113 (7) ◽  
pp. 1170-1177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica L. Unick ◽  
Kevin C. O'Leary ◽  
Leah Dorfman ◽  
J. Graham Thomas ◽  
Kelley Strohacker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Exercise ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Exercise Bout ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Exercise Session ◽  
Obese Women ◽  
Post Exercise ◽  
Overweight Women ◽  
Increase Energy Intake ◽  
The Difference

It is often assumed that some individuals reliably increase energy intake (EI) post-exercise (‘compensators’) and some do not (‘non-compensators’), leading researchers to examine the characteristics that distinguish these two groups. However, it is unclear whether EI post-exercise is stable over time. The present study examined whether compensatory eating responses to a single exercise bout are consistent within individuals across three pairs of trials. Physically inactive, overweight/obese women (n28, BMI 30·3 (sd2·9) kg/m2) participated in three pairs of testing sessions, with each pair consisting of an exercise (30 min of moderate-intensity walking) and resting testing day. EI was measured using a buffet meal 1 h post-exercise/rest. For each pair, the difference in EI (EIdiff= EIex− EIrest) was calculated, where EIexis the EI of the exercise session and EIrestis the EI of the resting session, and women were classified as a ‘compensator’ (EIex>EIrest) or ‘non-compensator’ (EIex≤ EIrest). The average EI on exercise days (3328·0 (sd1686·2) kJ) was similar to those on resting days (3269·4 (sd1582·4) kJ) (P= 0·67). Although EI was reliable within individuals across the three resting days (intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) 0·75, 95 % CI 0·60, 0·87;P< 0·001) and three exercise days (ICC 0·83, 95 % CI 0·70, 0·91;P< 0·001), the ICC for EIdiffacross the three pairs of trials was low (ICC 0·20, 95 % CI − 0·02, 0·45;P= 0·04), suggesting that compensatory eating post-exercise is not a stable construct. Moreover, the classification of ‘compensators’/‘non-compensators’ was not reliable (κ =− 0·048;P= 0·66). The results were unaltered when ‘relative’ EI was used, which considers the energy expenditure of the exercise/resting sessions. Acute compensatory EI following an exercise bout is not reliable in overweight women. Seeking to understand what distinguishes ‘compensators’ from ‘non-compensators’ based on a single eating episode post-exercise is not justified.

scholarly journals Increased net muscle protein balance in response to simultaneous and separate ingestion of carbohydrate and essential amino acids following resistance exercise

2014 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 329-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oliver C. Witard ◽  
Tara L. Cocke ◽  
Arny A. Ferrando ◽  
Robert R. Wolfe ◽  
Kevin D. Tipton
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Resistance Exercise ◽  
Acute Exercise ◽  
Muscle Protein ◽  
Exercise Bout ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Delayed Response ◽  
Protein Balance ◽  
Post Exercise ◽  
Exercise Muscle

Relative to essential amino acids (EAAs), carbohydrate (CHO) ingestion stimulates a delayed response of net muscle protein balance (NBAL). We investigated if staggered ingestion of CHO and EAA would superimpose the response of NBAL following resistance exercise, thus resulting in maximal anabolic stimulation. Eight recreationally trained subjects completed 2 trials: combined (COMB — drink 1, CHO+EAA; drink 2, placebo) and separated (SEP — drink 1, CHO; drink 2, EAA) post-exercise ingestion of CHO and EAA. Drink 1 was administered 1 h following an acute exercise bout and was followed 1 h later by drink 2. A primed, continuous infusion of l-[ring-13C6]-phenylalanine was combined with femoral arteriovenous sampling and muscle biopsies for the determination of muscle protein kinetics. Arterial amino acid concentrations increased following ingestion of EAA in both conditions. No difference between conditions was observed for phenylalanine delivery to the leg (COMB: 167 ± 23 μmol·min−1·(100 mL leg vol)−1 × 6 h; SEP: 167 ± 21 μmol·min−1·(100 mL leg vol)−1 × 6 h, P > 0.05). In the first hour following ingestion of the drink containing EAA, phenylalanine uptake was 50% greater for the SEP trial than the COMB trial. However, phenylalanine uptake was similar for COMB (110 ± 19 mg) and SEP (117 ± 24 mg) over the 6 h period. These data suggest that whereas separation of CHO and EAA ingestion following exercise may have a transient physiological impact on NBAL, this response is not reflected over a longer period. Thus, separation of CHO and EAA ingestion is unnecessary to optimize post-exercise muscle protein metabolism.

Impaired postprandial fullness in Type 2 diabetic subjects is rescued by acute exercise independently of total and acylated ghrelin

2013 ◽  
Vol 115 (5) ◽  
pp. 618-625 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sine H. Knudsen ◽  
Kristian Karstoft ◽  
Thomas P. J. Solomon
Keyword(s):  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Acute Exercise ◽  
Exercise Bout ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Acylated Ghrelin ◽  
Postprandial Fullness ◽  
Obese Subjects ◽  
Exercise Induced ◽  
The Impact

Ghrelin levels are suppressed in obese subjects and subjects with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Exercise-stimulated decreases in plasma ghrelin are a proposed mediator of exercise-induced satiety in healthy subjects. However, exercise-induced satiety and the impact of impaired ghrelin levels in obesity-related disease are poorly understood. Therefore our objective was to investigate exercise-induced postprandial satiety and ghrelin responses in overweight subjects with T2DM ( N = 8) and healthy controls ( N = 7). Visual analog scale satiety questionnaires (assessing hunger, thirst, food that could be eaten, nausea, and fullness) and circulating levels of glucose, insulin, and total and acylated ghrelin were measured at baseline and in response to a 75 g oral glucose load, provided immediately after an aerobic exercise bout (1 h at 50% Wmax) or no exercise (rest trial), on two separate occasions. Baseline levels of total (284.4 ± 15.9 and 397.6 ± 35.2 pmol/l) and acylated ghrelin (7.9 ± 1.0 and 13.7 ± 1.2 pmol/l) were lower in subjects with T2DM compared with healthy subjects ( P < 0.05). In the rest trial, post- vs. preprandial feeling of fullness increased in healthy subjects but decreased in subjects with T2DM (healthy vs. T2DM; P < 0.05). Exercise increased postprandial fullness in the T2DM group ( P < 0.05), while plasma ghrelin levels were unaffected. Our data suggest that the presence of T2DM likely drives suppressed ghrelin levels and poor appetite regulation, but a single exercise bout is sufficient to restore oral glucose-induced fullness independently of ghrelin.

High-dose antioxidant vitamin C supplementation does not prevent acute exercise-induced increases in markers of skeletal muscle mitochondrial biogenesis in rats

2010 ◽  
Vol 108 (6) ◽  
pp. 1719-1726 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. D. Wadley ◽  
G. K. McConell
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Vitamin C ◽  
Mitochondrial Biogenesis ◽  
Acute Exercise ◽  
Exercise Bout ◽  
Antioxidant Vitamin ◽  
Vitamin C Supplementation ◽  
Exercise Induced

High doses of the antioxidant vitamin C prevent the increases in skeletal muscle mitochondrial biogenesis after exercise training. Since exercise training effects rely on the acute stimulus of each exercise bout, we examined whether vitamin C supplementation also attenuates the increases in skeletal muscle metabolic signaling and mitochondrial biogenesis in response to an acute exercise bout. Male Sprague-Dawley rats performed 60 min of treadmill running (27 m/min, 5% grade) or remained sedentary. For 7 days before this, one-half of the rats received water containing 500 mg/kg body wt vitamin C. Acute exercise significantly ( P < 0.05) increased the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK, AMP-activated kinase-α, and activating transcription factor (ATF)-2 and the ratio of oxidized to total glutathione (GSSG/TGSH) in the gastrocnemius. However, vitamin C had no effect on these increases. Similarly, vitamin C did not prevent the exercise-induced increases in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α, nuclear respiratory factor (NRF)-1, NRF-2, mitochondrial transcription factor A, glutathione peroxidase-1, MnSOD, extracellular SOD, or glucose transporter 4 ( P < 0.05) mRNA after exercise. Surprisingly, vitamin C supplementation significantly increased the basal levels of GSSG/TGSH, NRF-1, and NRF-2 mRNA and basal ATF-2 phosphorylation. In summary, despite other studies in rats showing that vitamin C supplementation prevents increases in skeletal muscle mitochondrial biogenesis and antioxidant enzymes with exercise training, vitamin C had no affect on the acute exercise-induced increases of these markers.

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