Acute Caffeinated Coffee Consumption Does not Improve Time Trial Performance in an 800-m Run: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Crossover, Placebo-Controlled Study

There is growing evidence that caffeine and coffee ingestion prior to exercise provide similar ergogenic benefits. However, there has been a long-standing paradigm that habitual caffeine intake may influence the ergogenicity of caffeine supplementation. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of habitual caffeine intake on 5-km cycling time-trial performance following the ingestion of caffeinated coffee. Following institutional ethical approval, in a double-blind, randomized, crossover, placebo-controlled design, 46 recreationally active participants (27 men and 19 women) completed a 5-km cycling time trial on a cycle ergometer 60 m in following the ingestion of 0.09 g/kg coffee providing 3 mg/kg of caffeine, or a placebo. Habitual caffeine consumption was assessed using a caffeine consumption questionnaire with low habitual caffeine consumption defined as <3 and ≥6 mg · kg−1 · day−1 defined as high. An analysis of covariance using habitual caffeine intake as a covariant was performed to establish if habitual caffeine consumption had an impact on the ergogenic effect of coffee ingestion. Sixteen participants were classified as high-caffeine users and 30 as low. Ingesting caffeinated coffee improved 5-km cycling time-trial performance by 8 ± 12 s; 95% confidence interval (CI) [5, 13]; p < .001; d = 0.30, with low, 9±14 s; 95% CI [3, 14]; p = .002; d = 0.18, and high, 8 ± 10 s; 95% CI [−1, 17]; p = .008; d = 0.06, users improving by a similar magnitude, 95% CI [−12, 12]; p = .946; d = 0.08. In conclusion, habitual caffeine consumption did not affect the ergogenicity of coffee ingestion prior to a 5-km cycling time trial.

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Capsaicin Analog Supplementation is not Effective to Improve 10-km Running Time-Trial Performance in Amateur Athletes: A Randomized, Crossover, Double-Blind and Placebo-Controlled Study

10.21203/rs.3.rs-45649/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Ana Elisa von Ah Morano ◽

Camila S. Padilha ◽

Vinicius Aparecido Matos Soares ◽

Fabiana Andrade Machado ◽

Peter Hofmann ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physiological Responses ◽

Lactate Concentration ◽

Time Trial ◽

Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽

Controlled Study ◽

Double Blind ◽

Amateur Athletes ◽

Running Time ◽

Time Trial Performance ◽

Trial Performance

Abstract Background: To investigate the acute effect of capsaicin analog supplementation on 10-km time-trial running performance and physiological responses in amateur athletes. Methods: Twenty-one participants (age = 29.3 ± 5.5 years), completed two randomized, double-blind trials: capsaicin analog condition [Capsiate (CAP) = 24 mg] or a placebo condition. The participants consumed two doses of 12 mg of capsaicin or placebo capsule 45 minutes before and immediately at the start of each trial. The time required to complete 10-km in minutes, lactate concentration, maximum heart rate (HR), and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were recorded. Results: 10-km time-trial performance (CAP= 44.4 ± 6.3 min vs placebo= 45.3 ± 6.8 min, P = 0.823) was not statistically significant different between conditions. No statistically significant differences between conditions were detected for lactate concentration (P = 0.507), HR (P = 0.897) and RPE (P = 0.517). Conclusion: Capsaicin analog supplementation did not improve performance and physiological responses in a 10-km running time-trial in amateur athletes.

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Caffeine, exercise physiology, and time-trial performance: no effect of ADORA2A or CYP1A2 genotypes

Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism ◽

10.1139/apnm-2020-0551 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Mark Glaister ◽

Kiran Chopra ◽

Ana Pereira De Sena ◽

Cassie Sternbach ◽

Liridon Morina ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Perceived Exertion ◽

Minute Ventilation ◽

Physiological Responses ◽

Exercise Physiology ◽

Time Trial ◽

Submaximal Exercise ◽

Controlled Study ◽

Double Blind ◽

Time Trial Performance ◽

Trial Performance

The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of ADORA2A and CYP1A2 genotypes on the physiological and ergogenic effects of caffeine. Sixty-six male cyclists were screened for ADORA2A and CYP1A2 genotypes; with 40 taking part subsequently in a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Trial 1 was used to establish the V̇O2-power output relationship and V̇O2max. In trials 2 and 3, participants ingested 5 mg·kg-1 of caffeine or placebo one hour before completing a submaximal incremental cycling test, followed by a time-trial (~ 30 mins). Relative to placebo, caffeine led to a significant reduction in time to complete the time-trial (caffeine: 29.7 ± 1.8 mins; placebo: 30.8 ± 2.3 mins); but there was no effect of genotype. During submaximal exercise, caffeine reduced mean heart rate by 2.9 ± 3.7 b·min-1, with effects dissipating as exercise intensity increased. Caffeine also significantly reduced perceived exertion by 0.5 ± 0.8, and increased blood lactate by 0.29 ± 0.42 mmol·L-1, respiratory exchange ratio by 0.013 ± 0.032, and minute ventilation by 3.1 ± 6.8 L·min-1. Nonetheless, there were no supplement × genotype interactions. In conclusion, caffeine influences physiological responses to submaximal exercise and improves time-trial performance irrespective of ADORA2A or CYP1A2 genotypes. Novelty •Caffeine affects physiological responses at rest and during submaximal exercise independent of ADORA2A or CYP1A2 genotypes. •Variability in the effect of caffeine on time-trial performance is not explained by ADORA2A or CYP1A2 genotypes.

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Capsaicin analog supplementation is not effective to improve 10-km running time-trial performance in amateur athletes: a randomized, crossover, double-blind and placebo-controlled study

10.21203/rs.3.rs-45649/v2 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Ana Elisa von Ah Morano ◽

Camila S. Padilha ◽

Vinicius Aparecido Matos Soares ◽

Fabiana Andrade Machado ◽

Peter Hofmann ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physiological Responses ◽

Lactate Concentration ◽

Time Trial ◽

Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽

Controlled Study ◽

Double Blind ◽

Amateur Athletes ◽

Running Time ◽

Time Trial Performance ◽

Trial Performance

Abstract Background: To investigate the acute effects of a capsaicin analogue supplement on 10-km time trial performance and physiological responses in amateur athletes. Methods: Twenty-one participants (age = 29.3 ± 5.5 years), completed two randomized, double-blind trials: capsaicin analogue condition [Capsiate (CAP) = 24 mg] or a placebo condition. The participants consumed two doses of 12 mg of capsaicin or placebo capsule 45 minutes before and immediately at the start of each trial. The time required to complete 10-km, lactate concentration, maximum heart rate (HRpeak), and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were recorded. Results: 10-km time-trial performance (CAP = 45.07 ± 6.41 min vs. placebo = 45.13 ± 6.73, P = 0.828) was not statistically significant different between conditions. No statistically significant differences between conditions were detected for lactate concentration (P = 0.507), HRpeak (P = 0.897) and RPE (P = 0.517). Conclusion: Two doses of 12 mg Capsaicin analogue supplementation did not improve performance and physiological responses in a 10-km running time-trial in amateur athletes.

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Capsaicin Analogue Supplementation Does Not Improve 10 km Running Time-Trial Performance in Male Amateur Athletes: A Randomized, Crossover, Double-Blind and Placebo-Controlled Study

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu13010034 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 34

Author(s):

Ana Elisa von Ah Morano ◽

Camila S. Padilha ◽

Vinicius Aparecido Matos Soares ◽

Fabiana Andrade Machado ◽

Peter Hofmann ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physiological Responses ◽

Lactate Concentration ◽

Time Trial ◽

Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽

Controlled Study ◽

Double Blind ◽

Amateur Athletes ◽

Running Time ◽

Time Trial Performance ◽

Trial Performance

Background: To investigate the acute effects of a capsaicin analogue supplement on 10 km time-trial performance and physiological responses in amateur athletes. Methods: Twenty-one participants (age = 29.3 ± 5.5 years, weight 74.2 ± 11.3 kg, height 176.0 ± 0.0 cm, fat mass 12.7 ± 3.8%, V˙O2max 62.7 ± 8.4 mL·k−1·min−1), completed two randomized, double-blind trials: capsaicin analogue condition (Capsiate (CAP) = 24 mg) or a placebo (PLA) condition. The participants consumed two doses of 12 mg of CAP or PLA capsule 45 min before and immediately at the start of each trial. The time required to complete 10 km, lactate concentration, maximum heart rate (HRpeak), and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were recorded. Results: The 10 km time-trial performance (CAP = 45.07 ± 6.41 min vs. PLA = 45.13 ± 6.73, p = 0.828) was not statistically significantly different between conditions. No statistically significant differences between conditions were detected for lactate concentration (p = 0.507), HRpeak (p = 0.897) and RPE (p = 0.517). Conclusion: Two doses of a 12 mg Capsaicin analogue supplement did not improve performance and physiological responses in a 10 km running time-trial in amateur athletes.

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Carbohydrate and Protein Co-Ingestion Postexercise Does Not Improve Next-Day Performance in Trained Cyclists

International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism ◽

10.1123/ijsnem.2021-0069 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-9

Author(s):

Hilkka Kontro ◽

Marta Kozior ◽

Gráinne Whelehan ◽

Miryam Amigo-Benavent ◽

Catherine Norton ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Whey Protein ◽

Protein Hydrolysate ◽

Insulin Response ◽

Time Trial ◽

Exercise Bout ◽

Whey Protein Concentrate ◽

Glucose Disposal ◽

Double Blind ◽

Time Trial Performance ◽

Trial Performance

Supplementing postexercise carbohydrate (CHO) intake with protein has been suggested to enhance recovery from endurance exercise. The aim of this study was to investigate whether adding protein to the recovery drink can improve 24-hr recovery when CHO intake is suboptimal. In a double-blind crossover design, 12 trained men performed three 2-day trials consisting of constant-load exercise to reduce glycogen on Day 1, followed by ingestion of a CHO drink (1.2 g·kg−1·2 hr−1) either without or with added whey protein concentrate (CHO + PRO) or whey protein hydrolysate (CHO + PROH) (0.3 g·kg−1·2 hr−1). Arterialized blood glucose and insulin responses were analyzed for 2 hr postingestion. Time-trial performance was measured the next day after another bout of glycogen-reducing exercise. The 30-min time-trial performance did not differ between the three trials (M ± SD, 401 ± 75, 411 ± 80, 404 ± 58 kJ in CHO, CHO + PRO, and CHO + PROH, respectively, p = .83). No significant differences were found in glucose disposal (area under the curve [AUC]) between the postexercise conditions (364 ± 107, 341 ± 76, and 330 ± 147, mmol·L−1·2 hr−1, respectively). Insulin AUC was lower in CHO (18.1 ± 7.7 nmol·L−1·2 hr−1) compared with CHO + PRO and CHO + PROH (24.6 ± 12.4 vs. 24.5 ± 10.6, p = .036 and .015). No difference in insulin AUC was found between CHO + PRO and CHO + PROH. Despite a higher acute insulin response, adding protein to a CHO-based recovery drink after a prolonged, high-intensity exercise bout did not change next-day exercise capacity when overall 24-hr macronutrient and caloric intake was controlled.

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Cycling Time Trial Performance 4 Hours After Glycogen-Lowering Exercise Is Similarly Enhanced by Recovery Nondairy Chocolate Beverages Versus Chocolate Milk

International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism ◽

10.1123/ijsnem.2015-0056 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 26 (1) ◽

pp. 65-70 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Adam U. Upshaw ◽

Tiffany S. Wong ◽

Arash Bandegan ◽

Peter W.R. Lemon

Keyword(s):

Repeated Measures ◽

Time Trial ◽

Chocolate Milk ◽

Double Blind ◽

Time Trial Performance ◽

Cycling Time Trial ◽

Repeated Measures Design ◽

Dairy Milk ◽

Cycling Time ◽

Trial Performance

Postexercise chocolate milk ingestion has been shown to enhance both glycogen resynthesis and subsequent exercise performance. To assess whether nondairy chocolate beverage ingestion post–glycogen-lowering exercise can enhance 20-km cycling time trial performance 4 hr later, eight healthy trained male cyclists (21.8 ± 2.3y, VO2max = 61.2 ± 1.4 ml·kg-1·min-1; M ± SD) completed a series of intense cycling intervals designed to lower muscle glycogen (Jentjens & Jeukendrup, 2003) followed by 4 hr of recovery and a subsequent 20-km cycling time trial. During the first 2 hr of recovery, participants ingested chocolate dairy milk (DAIRYCHOC), chocolate soy beverage (SOYCHOC), chocolate hemp beverage (HEMPCHOC), low-fat dairy milk (MILK), or a low-energy artificially sweetened, flavored beverage (PLACEBO) at 30-min intervals in a double-blind, counterbalanced repeated-measures design. All drinks, except the PLACEBO (247 kJ) were isoenergetic (2,107 kJ), and all chocolate-flavored drinks provided 1-g CHO·kg body mass-1·h-1. Fluid intake across treatments was equalized (2,262 ± 148 ml) by ingesting appropriate quantities of water based on drink intake. The CHO:PRO ratio was 4:1, 1.5:1, 4:1, and 6:1 for DAIRYCHOC, MILK, SOYCHOC, and HEMPCHOC, respectively. One-way analysis of variance with repeated measures showed time trial performance (DAIRYCHOC = 34.58 ± 2.5 min, SOYCHOC = 34.83 ± 2.2 min, HEMPCHOC = 34.88 ± 1.1 min, MILK = 34.47 ± 1.7 min) was enhanced similarly vs PLACEBO (37.85 ± 2.1) for all treatments (p = .019) These data suggest that postexercise macronutrient and total energy intake are more important for same-day 20-km cycling time trial performance after glycogen-lowering exercise than protein type or protein-to-carbohydrate ratio.

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Nitrate Supplementation’s Improvement of 10-km Time-Trial Performance in Trained Cyclists

International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism ◽

10.1123/ijsnem.22.1.64 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

pp. 64-71 ◽

Cited By ~ 182

Author(s):

Naomi M. Cermak ◽

Martin J. Gibala ◽

Luc J.C. van Loon

Keyword(s):

Repeated Measures ◽

Time Trial ◽

Submaximal Exercise ◽

Beetroot Juice ◽

Limited Data ◽

Double Blind ◽

Time Trial Performance ◽

Ergogenic Effects ◽

Nitrate Supplementation ◽

Trial Performance

Six days of dietary nitrate supplementation in the form of beetroot juice (~0.5 L/d) has been reported to reduce pulmonary oxygen uptake (VO2) during submaximal exercise and increase tolerance of high-intensity work rates, suggesting that nitrate can be a potent ergogenic aid. Limited data are available regarding the effect of nitrate ingestion on athletic performance, and no study has investigated the potential ergogenic effects of a small-volume, concentrated dose of beetroot juice. The authors tested the hypothesis that 6 d of nitrate ingestion would improve time-trial performance in trained cyclists. Using a double-blind, repeated-measures crossover design, 12 male cyclists (31 ± 3 yr, VO2peak = 58 ± 2 ml · kg−1 · min−1, maximal power [Wmax] = 342 ± 10 W) ingested 140 ml/d of concentrated beetroot (~8 mmol/d nitrate) juice (BEET) or a placebo (nitrate-depleted beetroot juice; PLAC) for 6 d, separated by a 14-d washout. After supplementation on Day 6, subjects performed 60 min of submaximal cycling (2 × 30 min at 45% and 65% Wmax, respectively), followed by a 10-km time trial. Time-trial performance (953 ± 18 vs. 965 ± 18 s, p < .005) and power output (294 ± 12 vs. 288 ± 12 W, p < .05) improved after BEET compared with PLAC supplementation. Submaximal VO2 was lower after BEET (45% Wmax = 1.92 ± 0.06 vs. 2.02 ± 0.09 L/min, 65% Wmax 2.94 ± 0.12 vs. 3.11 ± 0.12 L/min) than with PLAC (main effect, p < .05). Wholebody fuel selection and plasma lactate, glucose, and insulin concentrations did not differ between treatments. Six days of nitrate supplementation reduced VO2 during submaximal exercise and improved time-trial performance in trained cyclists.

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No Effects of Three-week Consumption of a Green Tea Extract on Time Trial Performance in Endurance-trained Men

International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research ◽

10.1024/0300-9831/a000006 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 80 (1) ◽

pp. 54-64 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Philipp Eichenberger ◽

Samuel Mettler ◽

Myrtha Arnold ◽

Paolo C. Colombani

Keyword(s):

Energy Metabolism ◽

Green Tea ◽

Time Trial ◽

Green Tea Extract ◽

Measured Parameter ◽

Double Blind ◽

Maximal Power Output ◽

Time Trial Performance ◽

Tea Extract ◽

Trial Performance

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of three-week consumption of green tea extract (GTE) supplementation on time trial performance and metabolism during cycling in endurance athletes. Nine endurance-trained men participated in this double-blind and placebo-controlled cross-over study. At the end of the supplementation period with GTE (159 mg/day total catechins) or placebo, respectively, subjects cycled at 50 % of the individual maximal power output for 2 hours, followed by a 30-minute time trial. Respiratory gas exchange, fatty acids, 3-β-hydroxybutyrate, lactate, glucose, interleukin-6, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, creatine kinase, and C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured 1 hour before, during, and 1 hour after the exercise test. Blood lipids were measured at rest before cycling. There was no significant effect on performance, energy metabolism, or any other measured parameter, except for CRP, which was significantly reduced (p = 0.045) after GTE supplementation compared to placebo. GTE supplementation did not affect time trial performance and energy metabolism in endurance-trained men in the non-fasting state. Further studies with athletes, particularly in the fed state, but with higher GTE doses, are needed to address the question whether green tea may influence energy metabolism and performance in athletes.

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Improved Cycling Time-Trial Performance after Ingestion of a Caffeine Energy Drink

International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism ◽

10.1123/ijsnem.19.1.61 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

pp. 61-78 ◽

Cited By ~ 70

Author(s):

John L. Ivy ◽

Lynne Kammer ◽

Zhenping Ding ◽

Bei Wang ◽

Jeffrey R. Bernard ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Perceived Exertion ◽

Time Trial ◽

Endurance Performance ◽

Energy Drink ◽

Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽

Double Blind ◽

Time Trial Performance ◽

Cycling Time Trial ◽

Cycling Time ◽

Trial Performance

Context:Not all athletic competitions lend themselves to supplementation during the actual event, underscoring the importance of preexercise supplementation to extend endurance and improve exercise performance. Energy drinks are composed of ingredients that have been found to increase endurance and improve physical performance.Purpose:The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of a commercially available energy drink, ingested before exercise, on endurance performance.Methods:The study was a double-blind, randomized, crossover design. After a 12-hr fast, 6 male and 6 female trained cyclists (mean age 27.3 ± 1.7 yr, mass 68.9 ± 3.2 kg, and VO2 54.9 ± 2.3 ml · kg–1 · min–1) consumed 500 ml of either flavored placebo or Red Bull Energy Drink (ED; 2.0 g taurine, 1.2 g glucuronolactone, 160 mg caffeine, 54 g carbohydrate, 40 mg niacin, 10 mg pantothenic acid, 10 mg vitamin B6, and 10 μg vitamin B12) 40 min before a simulated cycling time trial. Performance was measured as time to complete a standardized amount of work equal to 1 hr of cycling at 70% Wmax.Results:Performance improved with ED compared with placebo (3,690 ± 64 s vs. 3,874 ± 93 s, p < .01), but there was no difference in rating of perceived exertion between treatments. β-Endorphin levels increased during exercise, with the increase for ED approaching significance over placebo (p = .10). Substrate utilization, as measured by open-circuit spirometry, did not differ between treatments.Conclusion:These results demonstrate that consuming a commercially available ED before exercise can improve endurance performance and that this improvement might be in part the result of increased effort without a concomitant increase in perceived exertion.

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