scholarly journals Nanomedicines for the Delivery of Antimicrobial Peptides (AMPs)

Nanomaterials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 560 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria C. Teixeira ◽  
Claudia Carbone ◽  
Maria C. Sousa ◽  
Marta Espina ◽  
Maria L. Garcia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Peptides ◽  
Targeted Delivery ◽  
Antimicrobial Properties ◽  
Resistance Rate ◽  
Easy Access ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Minimal Risk ◽  
Antimicrobial Drugs ◽  
Continuous Growth

Microbial infections are still among the major public health concerns since several yeasts and fungi, and other pathogenic microorganisms, are responsible for continuous growth of infections and drug resistance against bacteria. Antimicrobial resistance rate is fostering the need to develop new strategies against drug-resistant superbugs. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are small peptide-based molecules of 5–100 amino acids in length, with potent and broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties. They are part of the innate immune system, which can represent a minimal risk of resistance development. These characteristics contribute to the description of these molecules as promising new molecules in the development of new antimicrobial drugs. However, efforts in developing new medicines have not resulted in any decrease of drug resistance yet. Thus, a technological approach on improving existing drugs is gaining special interest. Nanomedicine provides easy access to innovative carriers, which ultimately enable the design and development of targeted delivery systems of the most efficient drugs with increased efficacy and reduced toxicity. Based on performance, successful experiments, and considerable market prospects, nanotechnology will undoubtedly lead a breakthrough in biomedical field also for infectious diseases, as there are several nanotechnological approaches that exhibit important roles in restoring antibiotic activity against resistant bacteria.

scholarly journals Nanoparticles Enable Efficient Delivery of Antimicrobial Peptides for the Treatment of Deep Infections

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yingxue Deng ◽  
Rui Huang ◽  
Songyin Huang ◽  
Menghua Xiong
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Peptides ◽  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Antimicrobial Properties ◽  
Therapeutic Index ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Drug Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Efficient Delivery ◽  
Delivery Vehicles

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have emerged as promising alternatives of traditional antibiotics against drug-resistant bacteria owing to their broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties and low tendency to drugresistance. However, their therapeutic efficacy in vivo, especially for infections in deep organs, is limited owing to their systemic toxicity and low bioavailability. Nanoparticles-based delivery systems offer a strategy to increase the therapeutic index of AMPs by preventing proteolysis, increasing the accumulation at infection sites, and reducing toxicity. Herein, we will discuss the current progress of using nanoparticles as delivery vehicles for AMPs for the treatment of deep infections.

scholarly journals Analysis of Drug Resistance in Helicobacter Pylori by Complete Genome Sequencing in Bama County, Guangxi, China

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
yanqiang huang ◽  
Xiao-Hua Li ◽  
Yong-Yi Huang ◽  
Xian-ke Luo ◽  
Yan-Chun Qin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Genome Sequencing ◽  
Complete Genome ◽  
Gene Knockout ◽  
Resistance Rate ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Minimal Inhibitory Concentrations ◽  
Complete Genome Sequencing ◽  
Clarithromycin Resistance

Abstract Background: The resistance rate of clinical Helicobacter pylori (Hp) isolates has increased, however, the mechanism of drug resistance is unclear. In this study, we isolated drug-resistant Hp strains isolated from different areas and different populations of China for genomic analysis.Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate drug resistance in Hp from Bama County, Guangxi, China.Methods: Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of clarithromycin, metronidazole and levofloxacin were determined and complete genome sequencing was performed with annotation. The presence of hp1181 and hp1184 genes was detected by RT-PCR. The relationships between hp1181, hp1184 and clarithromycin resistance were confirmed by gene mutation and drug-resistant strains. Results: Three drug-resistant Hp strains were isolated from patients with gastritis in Bama County. The strains showed a high degree of homology with hp26695 through complete genome detection and identification. Differences in genome sequences, gene quantity and gene characteristics were detected amongst the three strains. Prediction and analysis of the function on drug-resistant genes indicated that the RNA expression of hp1181 and hp1184 increased in the three strains that were the same in the artificially induced clarithromycin-resistant bacteria. After gene knockout, the drug sensitivity of the strains increased significantly.Conclusions: The expressions of the genes hp1184 and hp1181 were associated with clarithromycin resistance in the Hp from Bama, Guangxi.

scholarly journals Analysis of drug resistance in Helicobacter pylori by complete genome sequencing in Bama County, Guangxi, China

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
yanqiang huang ◽  
Xiao-Hua Li ◽  
Yong-Yi Huang ◽  
Xian-ke Luo ◽  
Li-juan Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Helicobacter Pylori ◽  
Genome Sequencing ◽  
Complete Genome ◽  
Gene Knockout ◽  
Resistance Rate ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Complete Genome Sequencing ◽  
Clarithromycin Resistance

Abstract The resistance rate of clinical Helicobacter pylori (Hp) isolates has increased, however, the mechanism of drug resistance is unclear. In this study, we isolated drug-resistant Hp strains isolated from different areas and different populations of China for genomic analysis. The aim of this study was to investigate drug resistance in Hp from Bama County, Guangxi, China. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of clarithromycin, metronidazole and levofloxacin were determined and complete genome sequencing was performed with annotation. The presence of hp1181 and hp1184 genes was detected by RT-PCR. The relationships between hp1181, hp1184 and clarithromycin resistance were confirmed by gene mutation and drug-resistant strains. Three drug-resistant Hp strains were isolated from patients with gastritis in Bama County. The strains showed a high degree of homology with hp26695 through complete genome detection and identification. Differences in genome sequences, gene quantity and gene characteristics were detected amongst the three strains. Prediction and analysis of the function on drug-resistant genes indicated that the RNA expression of hp1181 and hp1184 increased in the three strains that were the same in the artificially induced clarithromycin-resistant bacteria. After gene knockout, the drug sensitivity of the strains increased significantly. In summary, The expressions of the genes hp1184 and hp1181 were associated with clarithromycin resistance in the Hp from Bama, Guangxi.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial Peptides in the Battle against Orthopedic Implant-Related Infections: A Review

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 1918
Author(s):  
Bruna Costa ◽  
Guillermo Martínez-de-Tejada ◽  
Paula A. C. Gomes ◽  
M. Cristina L. Martins ◽  
Fabíola Costa
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Peptides ◽  
Targeted Delivery ◽  
Polymer Brushes ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Infection Prevalence ◽  
Antibiotic Administration ◽  
Orthopedic Implant ◽  
Research Strategies

Prevention of orthopedic implant-related infections is a major medical challenge, particularly due to the involvement of biofilm-encased and multidrug-resistant bacteria. Current therapies, based on antibiotic administration, have proven to be insufficient, and infection prevalence may rise due to the dissemination of antibiotic resistance. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have attracted attention as promising substitutes of conventional antibiotics, owing to their broad-spectrum of activity, high efficacy at very low concentrations, and, importantly, low propensity for inducing resistance. The aim of this review is to offer an updated perspective of the development of AMPs-based preventive strategies for orthopedic and dental implant-related infections. In this regard, two major research strategies are herein addressed, namely (i) AMP-releasing systems from titanium-modified surfaces and from bone cements or beads; and (ii) AMP immobilization strategies used to graft AMPs onto titanium or other model surfaces with potential translation as coatings. In overview, releasing strategies have evolved to guarantee higher loadings, prolonged and targeted delivery periods upon infection. In addition, avant-garde self-assembling strategies or polymer brushes allowed higher immobilized peptide surface densities, overcoming bioavailability issues. Future research efforts should focus on the regulatory demands for pre-clinical and clinical validation towards clinical translation.

scholarly journals Nanostructured Antimicrobial Peptides: Crucial Steps of Overcoming the Bottleneck for Clinics

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhanyi Yang ◽  
Shiqi He ◽  
Hua Wu ◽  
Ting Yin ◽  
Lili Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Controlled Release ◽  
Antimicrobial Peptides ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Antimicrobial Properties ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Biological Stability ◽  
Security Issue

The security issue of human health is faced with dispiriting threats from multidrug-resistant bacteria infections induced by the abuse and misuse of antibiotics. Over decades, the antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) hold great promise as a viable alternative to treatment with antibiotics due to their peculiar antimicrobial mechanisms of action, broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, lower drug residue, and ease of synthesis and modification. However, they universally express a series of disadvantages that hinder their potential application in the biomedical field (e.g., low bioavailability, poor protease resistance, and high cytotoxicity) and extremely waste the abundant resources of AMP database discovered over the decades. For all these reasons, the nanostructured antimicrobial peptides (Ns-AMPs), based on a variety of nanosystem modification, have made up for the deficiencies and pushed the development of novel AMP-based antimicrobial therapies. In this review, we provide an overview of the advantages of Ns-AMPs in improving therapeutic efficacy and biological stability, reducing side effects, and gaining the effect of organic targeting and drug controlled release. Then the different material categories of Ns-AMPs are described, including inorganic material nanosystems containing AMPs, organic material nanosystems containing AMPs, and self-assembled AMPs. Additionally, this review focuses on the Ns-AMPs for the effect of biological activities, with emphasis on antimicrobial activity, biosecurity, and biological stability. The “state-of-the-art” antimicrobial modes of Ns-AMPs, including controlled release of AMPs under a specific environment or intrinsic antimicrobial properties of Ns-AMPs, are also explicated. Finally, the perspectives and conclusions of the current research in this field are also summarized.

HAMP: A Knowledgebase of Antimicrobial Peptides from Human Microbiome.

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viswajit Mulpuru ◽  
Rahul Semwal ◽  
Pritish Kumar Varadwaj ◽  
Nidhi Mishra
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Peptides ◽  
Human Microbiome ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Antimicrobial Drugs ◽  
Candidate Peptide ◽  
Drug Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Query Engine ◽  
Extended Analysis ◽  
Drug Resistant Strains

Background: Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) can defend the hosts against various pathogens and are found in almost every life form from microorganisms to humans. As the rapid increase of drug-resistant strains in recent years is presenting a serious challenge to healthcare, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) can revolutionize the antimicrobial development against the drug-resistant microbes. Objective: The objective was to encourage the study on the human microbiome towards inhibition of drug-resistant bacteria by the development of a database containing antimicrobial peptides from the human microbiome. Method: This database is an outcome of an extended analysis of Human metagenome, involving the prediction of coding regions, extraction of peptides, prediction of antimicrobial peptides, and modeling their structure utilizing different in silico tools. Further, an intelligent hash function-based query engine was designed to validate the novelty of specific candidate peptide over the reported knowledgebase. Result and Discussion: This knowledgebase currently focuses on antimicrobial peptide sequences (AMPs) predicted from the human microbiome along with 3D their structures modeled using various modeling and molecular dynamics approaches. It includes a total of 1087 unique AMPs from various body sites, with 454 AMPs from the oral cavity, 180 AMPs from the gastrointestinal tract, 42 AMPs from the skin, 12 AMPs from the airway, 6 AMPs from the urogenital tract and 393 AMPs from undefined body locations. A scoring matrix has been generated based on the similarity scores of the sequences that have been incorporated into the knowledgebase. Further, a Jmol applet is included in the website to help users visualize the 3D structures. Conclusion: The information and functions of the knowledgebase can offer great help in finding novel antimicrobial drugs, especially towards finding inhibitors for drug-resistant bacteria. The HAMP is freely available at https://bioserver.iiita.ac.in/amp/index.html.

scholarly journals Novel Antimicrobial Peptide from Temporin L in The Treatment of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius and Malassezia pachydermatis in Polymicrobial Inter-Kingdom Infection

Antibiotics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 530
Author(s):  
Rosa Bellavita ◽  
Adriana Vollaro ◽  
Maria Rosaria Catania ◽  
Francesco Merlino ◽  
Luisa De Martino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Methicillin Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Properties ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Malassezia Pachydermatis ◽  
Staphylococcus Pseudintermedius ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Causative Agents ◽  
Polymicrobial Infections ◽  
Mic Value

Interkingdom polymicrobial diseases are caused by different microorganisms that colonize the same niche, as in the case of yeast-bacteria coinfections. The latter are difficult to treat due the absence of any common therapeutic target for their elimination, both in animals and humans. Staphylococcus pseudintermedius and Malassezia pachydermatis belong to distinct kingdoms. They can colonize the same skin district or apparatus being the causative agents of fastidious pet animals’ pathologies. Here we analysed the antimicrobial properties of a panel of 11 peptides, derived from temporin L, against Malassezia pachydermatis. Only peptide 8 showed the best mycocidal activity at 6.25 μM. Prolonged application of peptide 8 did not cause M. pachydermatis drug-resistance. Peptide 8 was also able to inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, regardless of methicillin resistance, at 1.56 μM for methicillin-susceptible S. pseudintermedius (MSSP) and 6.25 μM for methicillin-resistant S. pseudintermedius (MRSP). Of interest, peptide 8 increased the susceptibility of MRSP to oxacillin. Oxacillin MIC value reduction was of about eight times when used in combination with peptide 8. Finally, the compound affected the vitality of bacteria embedded in S. pseudintermedius biofilm. In conclusion, peptide 8 might represent a valid therapeutic alternative in the treatment of interkingdom polymicrobial infections, also in the presence of methicillin-resistant bacteria.

scholarly journals Current Research on Silver Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-23
Author(s):  
Sonika Dawadi ◽  
Saurav Katuwal ◽  
Aakash Gupta ◽  
Uttam Lamichhane ◽  
Ranjita Thapa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Silver Nanoparticles ◽  
Targeted Delivery ◽  
Bulk Composition ◽  
Antimicrobial Properties ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy ◽  
Photochemical Reactions ◽  
Biological Synthesis ◽  
Minimal Risk ◽  
Ag Nps

Over the past couple of decades, nanomaterials have advanced the research in materials; biomedical, biological, and chemical sciences; etc., owing to their peculiar properties at the nanoregime compared to their bulk composition. Applications of nanoparticles in the fields like medicine and agriculture have been boosted due to the development of different methodologies developed to synthesize specific shapes and sizes. Silver nanoparticles have tunable physical and chemical properties, so it has been studied widely to improve its applicability. The antimicrobial properties of Ag NPs are finding their application in enhancing the activity of drugs (like Amphotericin B, Nystatin, Fluconazole) and composite scaffolds for controlled release of drugs and targeted delivery of drugs due to their low toxicity and biocompatibility. Similarly, their surface plasmon resonance property makes Ag NPs a top-notch material for developing (bio)sensors, for instance, in surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, for detecting biomarkers, diseases, pollutants, and higher catalytic activity in photochemical reactions. Besides these, highly conducting Ag NPs are used in wearable and flexible sensors to generate electrocardiographs. Physicochemical or biological approaches are used to prepare Ag NPs; however, each method has its pros and cons. The prohibitive cost and use of hazardous chemicals hinder the application of physicochemical synthesis. Likewise, biological synthesis is not always reproducible for extensive use but can be a suitable candidate for therapeutic activities like cancer therapy. Excess use of Ag NPs is cytotoxic, and their unregulated discharge in the environment may have effects on both aquatic and terrestrial biota. The research in Ag NPs has always been driven by the need to develop a technology with potential benefits and minimal risk to environmental and human health. In this review, we have attempted to provide an insight into the application of Ag NPs in various sectors along with the recent synthetic and characterization techniques used for Ag NPs.

scholarly journals Is It Possible to Create Antimicrobial Peptides Based on the Amyloidogenic Sequence of Ribosomal S1 Protein of P. aeruginosa?

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (18) ◽  
pp. 9776
Author(s):  
Sergei Y. Grishin ◽  
Pavel A. Domnin ◽  
Sergey V. Kravchenko ◽  
Viacheslav N. Azev ◽  
Leila G. Mustaeva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Peptides ◽  
Antimicrobial Properties ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Amyloid Formation ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Antimicrobial Drugs ◽  
Hybrid Peptides ◽  
Modified Peptides ◽  
Amyloidogenic Region ◽  
Two Hybrid

The development and testing of new antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) represent an important milestone toward the development of new antimicrobial drugs that can inhibit the growth of pathogens and multidrug-resistant microorganisms such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Gram-negative bacteria. Most AMPs achieve these goals through mechanisms that disrupt the normal permeability of the cell membrane, which ultimately leads to the death of the pathogenic cell. Here, we developed a unique combination of a membrane penetrating peptide and peptides prone to amyloidogenesis to create hybrid peptide: “cell penetrating peptide + linker + amyloidogenic peptide”. We evaluated the antimicrobial effects of two peptides that were developed from sequences with different propensities for amyloid formation. Among the two hybrid peptides, one was found with antibacterial activity comparable to antibiotic gentamicin sulfate. Our peptides showed no toxicity to eukaryotic cells. In addition, we evaluated the effect on the antimicrobial properties of amino acid substitutions in the non-amyloidogenic region of peptides. We compared the results with data on the predicted secondary structure, hydrophobicity, and antimicrobial properties of the original and modified peptides. In conclusion, our study demonstrates the promise of hybrid peptides based on amyloidogenic regions of the ribosomal S1 protein for the development of new antimicrobial drugs against P. aeruginosa.

scholarly journals How competition governs whether moderate or aggressive treatment minimizes antibiotic resistance

eLife ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline Colijn ◽  
Ted Cohen
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Aggressive Treatment ◽  
Antimicrobial Drugs ◽  
Aggressive Approach ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Effective Competition ◽  
Strain Competition ◽  
The Individual

Understanding how our use of antimicrobial drugs shapes future levels of drug resistance is crucial. Recently, there has been debate over whether an aggressive (i.e., high dose) or more moderate (i.e., lower dose) treatment of individuals will most limit the emergence and spread of resistant bacteria. In this study, we demonstrate how one can understand and resolve these apparently contradictory conclusions. We show that a key determinant of which treatment strategy will perform best at the individual level is the extent of effective competition between resistant and sensitive pathogens within a host. We extend our analysis to the community level, exploring the spectrum between strict inter-strain competition and strain independence. From this perspective as well, we find that the magnitude of effective competition between resistant and sensitive strains determines whether an aggressive approach or moderate approach minimizes the burden of resistance in the population.

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