scholarly journals miR-370-3p Regulates Adipogenesis through Targeting Mknk1

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (22) ◽  
pp. 6926
Author(s):  
Peiwen Zhang ◽  
Xinrong Li ◽  
Shunhua Zhang ◽  
Shuang Wu ◽  
Qian Xiao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
The Body ◽  
Regulate Gene Expression ◽  
Fat Accumulation ◽  
In Vivo Experiments ◽  
Proliferation And Differentiation

Excessive fat accumulation can lead to obesity, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, atherosclerosis, and other diseases. MicroRNAs are a class of microRNAs that regulate gene expression and are highly conserved in function among species. microRNAs have been shown to act as regulatory factors to inhibit fat accumulation in the body. We found that miR-370-3p was expressed at lower levels in the fat mass of mice on a high-fat diet than in mice on a normal control diet. Furthermore, our data showed that the overexpression of miR-370-3p significantly suppressed the mRNA expression levels of adipogenic markers. Thus, miR-370-3p overexpression reduced lipid accumulation. Conversely, the inhibition of miR-370-3p suppressed 3T3-L1 preadipocyte proliferation and promoted preadipocyte differentiation. In addition, Mknk1, a target gene of miR-370-3p, plays an opposing role in preadipocyte proliferation and differentiation. Moreover, consistent results from in vitro as well as in vivo experiments suggest that the inhibition of fat accumulation by miR-370-3p may result from the inhibition of saturated fatty acids that promote the accumulation of polyunsaturated fatty acids. In conclusion, these results suggest that miR-370-3p plays an important role in adipogenesis and fatty acid metabolism through the regulation of Mknk1.

COVID-19: Opinion in Prevention and dietary based management hypothesis

Coronaviruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 01 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashraf Talaat Youssef
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Lung Damage ◽  
Gastric Aspirate ◽  
Enveloped Viruses ◽  
Multiple Organs ◽  
Fold Reduction ◽  
Antiviral Activities

The pandemic of COVID-19 had started in Wuhan city china in late 2019 with a subsequent worldwide spread. The viral infection can seriousely affect multiple organs mainly lungs, kidneys, heart, liver and brain and may lead to respiratory, renal, cardiac or hepatic failure.Vascular thrombosis of unexplained mechanism that may lead to widespread blood clots in multiple organs and cytokine storms that result of overstimulation of the immune system subsequent of lung damage may lead to sudden decompensation due to hypotension and more damage to liver, kidney, brain or lungs.Until now no drug had proved efficient in getting rid of the problem and controlling the pandemic mainly depends on preventive measures.Many preventive measures can be considered to prevent the worldwide spread of viral transmission. Polyunsaturated long chain fatty acids (PUFAs) and the medium chain saturated fatty acids (MCSFAs) and their corresponding monoglycerides had high antiviral activities against the enveloped viruses which reach to more than 10,000 -fold reduction in the viral titres in vitro and in vivo after testing of its gastric aspirate, and can contribute to the systemic immunity against the enveloped viruses.

scholarly journals Polyunsaturated ω-3 fatty acids inhibit ACE2-controlled SARS-CoV-2 binding and cellular entry

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Goc ◽  
Aleksandra Niedzwiecki ◽  
Matthias Rath
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Eicosapentaenoic Acid ◽  
Linolenic Acid ◽  
Cathepsin L ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Monounsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
In Vivo Experiments ◽  
Lipid Compounds

AbstractThe strain SARS-CoV-2, newly emerged in late 2019, has been identified as the cause of COVID-19 and the pandemic declared by WHO in early 2020. Although lipids have been shown to possess antiviral efficacy, little is currently known about lipid compounds with anti-SARS-CoV-2 binding and entry properties. To address this issue, we screened, overall, 17 polyunsaturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids and saturated fatty acids, as wells as lipid-soluble vitamins. In performing target-based ligand screening utilizing the RBD-SARS-CoV-2 sequence, we observed that polyunsaturated fatty acids most effectively interfere with binding to hACE2, the receptor for SARS-CoV-2. Using a spike protein pseudo-virus, we also found that linolenic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid significantly block the entry of SARS-CoV-2. In addition, eicosapentaenoic acid showed higher efficacy than linolenic acid in reducing activity of TMPRSS2 and cathepsin L proteases, but neither of the fatty acids affected their expression at the protein level. Also, neither reduction of hACE2 activity nor binding to the hACE2 receptor upon treatment with these two fatty acids was observed. Although further in vivo experiments are warranted to validate the current findings, our study provides a new insight into the role of lipids as antiviral compounds against the SARS-CoV-2 strain.

Food supplement “carrageenan” and its effect on the organism

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
O.E. Luneva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Food Additives ◽  
Food Supplement ◽  
The Body ◽  
Laboratory Rats ◽  
Experimental Part ◽  
In Vivo Experiments ◽  
Physiological Processes

Food additives are positioned as harmless, although, their components affectthe physiological processes associated with the permeability of the wall of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and intestinal microbiota. This article describes thecarrageenan supplement and its effects on the body in in vitro and in vivo experiments. The experimental part is devoted to analysis of the intestinalmicrobiota of laboratory rats with the consumption of the carrageenan dietary supplement in the amount of about 4,4 % of the standard feed.

Ghrelin – hormone with many faces. Central regulation and therapy

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Wójcik-Gładysz
Keyword(s):  
Anorexia Nervosa ◽  
The Body ◽  
Energy Status ◽  
Clinical Safety ◽  
Ghrelin Receptor ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Amino Acid Peptide ◽  
In Vivo Experiments

Discovered in 1999, ghrelin, is one of the peptides co-creating the hypothalamicgastrointestinal axis, otherwise known as the brain-gut axis. Ghrelin participates in many physiological processes and spectrum of its activity is still being discovered. This 28 amino acid peptide ‒ a product of the ghrl gene, was found in all vertebrates and is synthesized and secreted mainly from enteroendocrine X/A cells located in the gastric mucosa of the stomach. Expression of the ghrelin receptor has been found in many nuclei of the hypothalamus involved in appetite regulation. Therefore it’s presumed that ghrelin is one of the crucial hormones deciphering the energy status required for the maintenance of organism homeostasis. Ghrelin acts as a signal of starvation or energy insufficiency and its level in plasma is reduced after the meal. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) and agouti-related peptide (AgRP; NPY/AgRP) neurons located in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) area are the main target of ghrelin in the hypothalamus. This subpopulation of neurons is indispensable for inducing orexigenic action of ghrelin. Moreover ghrelin acting as a neurohormone, mainly in the hypothalamus area, plays an important role in the regulation of growth and reproduction processes. Indeed, ghrelin action on reproductive processes has been observed in the systemic effects exerted at both hypothalamus-pituitary and gonadal levels. Similarly the GH-releasing ghrelin action was observed both on the hypothalamus level and directly on the somatotrophic cells in the pituitary and this dose-related GH releasing activity was found in in vitro as well as in in vivo experiments. In recent years, numerous studies revealed that ghrelin potentially takes part in the treatment of diseases associated with serious disturbances in the organism energy balance and/or functioning of the gastrointestinal tract. It was underlined that ghrelin may be a hormone with a broad spectrum of therapeutic effect on obesity and anorexia nervosa, as well as may also have protective effect on neurodegenerative diseases, inflammatory disorders or functional changes in the body caused by cancers. In overall, ghrelin treatment has been tested in over 100 preclinical studies with healthy volunteers as well as patients with various types of cancer, eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. It was observed that ghrelin has an excellent clinical safety profile and emerging side effects occurred only in 3–10% of patients and did not constitute a sufficient premise to discontinue the therapy. In general, it can be concluded that ghrelin may be sufficiently used as a prescription drug.

scholarly journals Docosahexaenoic and Eicosapentaenoic Acids Prevent Altered-Muc2 Secretion Induced by Palmitic Acid by Alleviating Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in LS174T Goblet Cells

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 2179
Author(s):  
Quentin Escoula ◽  
Sandrine Bellenger ◽  
Michel Narce ◽  
Jérôme Bellenger
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Palmitic Acid ◽  
Er Stress ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Goblet Cells ◽  
The Impact

Diets high in saturated fatty acids (FA) represent a risk factor for the development of obesity and associated metabolic disorders, partly through their impact on the epithelial cell barrier integrity. We hypothesized that unsaturated FA could alleviate saturated FA-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress occurring in intestinal secretory goblet cells, and consequently the reduced synthesis and secretion of mucins that form the protective mucus barrier. To investigate this hypothesis, we treated well-differentiated human colonic LS174T goblet cells with palmitic acid (PAL)—the most commonly used inducer of lipotoxicity in in vitro systems—or n-9, n-6, or n-3 unsaturated fatty acids alone or in co-treatment with PAL, and measured the impact of such treatments on ER stress and Muc2 production. Our results showed that only eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids protect goblet cells against ER stress-mediated altered Muc2 secretion induced by PAL, whereas neither linolenic acid nor n-9 and n-6 FA are able to provide such protection. We conclude that EPA and DHA could represent potential therapeutic nutrients against the detrimental lipotoxicity of saturated fatty acids, associated with type 2 diabetes and obesity or inflammatory bowel disease. These in vitro data remain to be explored in vivo in a context of dietary obesity.

scholarly journals Somite surface tension buffers imprecise segment lengths to ensure left-right symmetry

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sundar Ram Naganathan ◽  
Marko Popovic ◽  
Andrew C Oates
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
The Body ◽  
General Mechanism ◽  
Adjustment Mechanism ◽  
In Vivo Experiments ◽  
Distinct Process ◽  
Somite Formation ◽  
Vertebrate Embryos

The body axis of vertebrate embryos is periodically segmented into bilaterally symmetric pairs of somites. The anteroposterior (AP) length of somites, their position and left-right symmetry are thought to be molecularly determined prior to somite morphogenesis. Here we discover that in zebrafish embryos, initial somite AP lengths and positions are imprecise and consequently many somite pairs form left-right asymmetrically. Strikingly, these imprecisions are not left unchecked and we find that AP lengths adjust within an hour after somite formation, thereby increasing morphological symmetry. We find that AP length adjustments result entirely from changes in somite shape without change in somite volume, with changes in AP length being compensated by corresponding changes in mediolateral length. The AP adjustment mechanism is facilitated by somite surface tension, which we show by comparing in vivo experiments and in vitro single-somite explant cultures with a mechanical model. Length adjustment is inhibited by perturbation of Integrin and Fibronectin, consistent with their involvement in surface tension. In contrast, the adjustment mechanism is unaffected by perturbations to the segmentation clock, thus revealing a distinct process that determines morphological segment lengths. We propose that tissue surface tension provides a general mechanism to adjust shapes and ensure precision and symmetry of tissues in developing embryos.

scholarly journals The role of the angiotensins in the pathogenesis of inflammatory joint disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 93 (5) ◽  
pp. 635-639
Author(s):  
Andrei V. Gordeev ◽  
Elena A. Galushko ◽  
Natalia M. Savushkina
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular System ◽  
The Body ◽  
Joint Disease ◽  
Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System ◽  
Renin Angiotensin ◽  
In Vivo Experiments ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

The significant humoral effect of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system on the regulation of the cardiovascular system and blood pressure has long been widely known. However, the identification and interpretation of new components of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in recent years can significantly expand the range of its potential effects on the body. The anti-inflammatory effect of drugs that block angiotensin II and its receptors, including in rheumatic diseases, can become practically significant for General therapists by their effect on reducing the concentration of inflammatory mediators and angiogenesis processes. The organoprotective and anti-inflammatory potentials of drugs that reduce the production of at demonstrated in vitro and in vivo experiments allow us to consider them as first-line angiotropic agents in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, especially in the presence of pathology of the cardiovascular system and kidneys.

Angiotensins and rheumatoid arthritis

2019 ◽  
Vol 56 (6) ◽  
pp. 753-759
Author(s):  
N. M. Savushkina ◽  
E. A. Galushko ◽  
N. V. Demidova ◽  
A. V. Gordeev
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Enzyme Inhibitors ◽  
Renin Angiotensin System ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors ◽  
The Body ◽  
Converting Enzyme Inhibitors ◽  
In Vivo Experiments ◽  
Endothelial Growth Factor

At present, the role of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in regulating the cardiovascular system and maintaining water and electrolyte homeostasis has been well studied. However, over the past decades, new components of the RAS have been identified, suggesting a wider range of its potential effects on the body. It is of fundamentally importance for rheumatologists to affect inflammation, including rheumatoid inflammation, through blockade of angiotensin (AT) II formation via the effects of AT 1–7 and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, as well as through suppression of angiogenesis, primarily by reducing the production of endothelial growth factor. The organ-protective and antiinflammatory potential of drugs that reduce the production of AT, which has been proven in in vitro and in vivo experiments, allows us to consider them as first-line angiotropic agents in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, especially in the presence of concomitant hypertension and/or nephropathy.

scholarly journals The In Vivo and In Vitro Toxicokinetics of Citreoviridin Extracted from Penicillium citreonigrum

Toxins ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 360 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yosuke Uchiyama ◽  
Masahiko Takino ◽  
Michiko Noguchi ◽  
Nozomi Shiratori ◽  
Naoki Kobayashi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Permeability Coefficient ◽  
The Body ◽  
In Vitro Experiments ◽  
High Permeability ◽  
In Vivo Experiments ◽  
Permeability Study ◽  
High Bioavailability ◽  
S9 Fraction

Citreoviridin (CTVD), a mycotoxin called yellow rice toxin, is reported to be related to acute cardiac beriberi; however, its toxicokinetics remain unclear. The present study elucidated the toxicokinetics through in vivo experiments in swine and predicted the human toxicokinetics by comparing the findings to those from in vitro experiments. In vivo experiments revealed the high bioavailability of CTVD (116.4%) in swine. An intestinal permeability study using Caco-2 cells to estimate the toxicokinetics in humans showed that CTVD has a high permeability coefficient. When CTVD was incubated with hepatic S9 fraction from swine and humans, hydroxylation and methylation, desaturation, and dihydroxylation derivatives were produced as the predominant metabolites. The levels of these products produced using human S9 were higher than those obtained swine S9, while CTVD glucuronide was produced slowly in human S9 in comparison to swine S9. Furthermore, the elimination of CTVD by human S9 was significantly more rapid in comparison to that by swine S9. These results suggest that CTVD is easily absorbed in swine and that it remains in the body where it is slowly metabolized. In contrast, the absorption of CTVD in humans would be the same as that in swine, although its elimination would be faster.

Jejunal uptake of sugars, cholesterol, fatty acids, and fatty alcohols in vivo in diabetic rats

1985 ◽  
Vol 63 (11) ◽  
pp. 1356-1361
Author(s):  
C. Hotke ◽  
Y. McIntyre ◽  
A. B. R. Thomson
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Lauric Acid ◽  
Water Layer ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
The Body ◽  
Unstirred Layer ◽  
Unstirred Water Layer ◽  
Uptake Of Nutrients

Previous in vitro studies have demonstrated enhanced active and passive intestinal uptake of nutrients in streptozotocin-diabetic rats, but the effect of diabetes on the in vivo absorption of glucose and amino acids remains controversial, and the effect of diabetes on the in vivo uptake of lipids has not been reported. Accordingly, an in vivo perfusion technique was used in rats to examine the uptake of nutrients from the intestinal lumen, their transfer to the body, their mucosal and submucosal content, and the percentage of uptake transferred. Diabetes was associated with reduced uptake of fatty alcohols, indicating that the effective resistance of the unstirred water layer in vivo is higher in diabetic than in nondiabetic control rats. The mucosal and submucosal content of dodecanol was lower in diabetic than in control rats, but the percentage of the dodecanol uptake transferred to the body was higher. Although the uptake of varying concentrations of D-galactose was similar in diabetic and in control animals, kinetic analysis corrected for unstirred layer effects demonstrated lower mean values of the passive permeability coefficients (Pd) for galactose in diabetic than in control animals, with lower values of the Michaelis constant (Km) and higher values of the maximal transport rate [Formula: see text]. The uptake of lauric acid was reduced in diabetic rats, whereas the uptake of deconoic acid and of cholesterol was unchanged. With correction for unstirred layer effects, it was apparent that the jejunum of diabetic rats was in fact more permeable to decanoic and lauric acid as well as to cholesterol. The results suggest that (i) in diabetic rats the effective resistance of the unstirred water layer between the jejunal lumen and the brush border membrane is lower; (ii) the differences in unstirred layer resistance between the diabetic and control animals obscure the changes in the kinetic constants (Pd, Km, [Formula: see text]) describing the uptake of galactose, medium chain length fatty acids and cholesterol; and (iii) the kinetic changes in nutrient uptake observed in vitro may be confirmed in vivo once the effect of intestinal unstirred layers has been taken into account.

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