scholarly journals Comparisons of Isolation Methods, Structural Features, and Bioactivities of the Polysaccharides from Three Common Panax Species: A Review of Recent Progress

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (16) ◽  
pp. 4997
Author(s):  
Hongyu Qi ◽  
Zepeng Zhang ◽  
Jiaqi Liu ◽  
Zhaoqiang Chen ◽  
Qingxia Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Panax Notoginseng ◽  
Redox Balance ◽  
American Ginseng ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase ◽  
Panax Quinquefolium ◽  
Panax Species ◽  
Isolation Methods ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein ◽  
Anti Oxidant

Panax spp. (Araliaceae family) are widely used medicinal plants and they mainly include Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer, Panax quinquefolium L. (American ginseng), and Panax notoginseng (notoginseng). Polysaccharides are the main active ingredients in these plants and have demonstrated diverse pharmacological functions, but comparisons of isolation methods, structural features, and bioactivities of these polysaccharides have not yet been reported. This review summarizes recent advances associated with 112 polysaccharides from ginseng, 25 polysaccharides from American ginseng, and 36 polysaccharides from notoginseng and it compares the differences in extraction, purification, structural features, and bioactivities. Most studies focus on ginseng polysaccharides and comparisons are typically made with the polysaccharides from American ginseng and notoginseng. For the extraction, purification, and structural analysis, the processes are similar for the polysaccharides from the three Panax species. Previous studies determined that 55 polysaccharides from ginseng, 18 polysaccharides from American ginseng, and 9 polysaccharides from notoginseng exhibited anti-tumor activity, immunoregulatory effects, anti-oxidant activity, and other pharmacological functions, which are mediated by multiple signaling pathways, including mitogen-activated protein kinase, nuclear factor kappa B, or redox balance pathways. This review can provide new insights into the similarities and differences among the polysaccharides from the three Panax species, which can facilitate and guide further studies to explore the medicinal properties of the Araliaceae family used in traditional Chinese medicine.

scholarly journals Camel Milk Attenuates Rheumatoid Arthritis Via Inhibition of Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase Pathway

2017 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 540-552 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hany H. Arab ◽  
Samir A. Salama ◽  
Tamer M. Abdelghany ◽  
Hany A. Omar ◽  
El-Shaimaa A. Arafa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Mapk Pathway ◽  
Lipid Peroxide ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase ◽  
Camel Milk ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein ◽  
Anti Oxidant ◽  
Cox 2 ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Background/Aims: Camel milk (CM) has shown beneficial anti-inflammatory actions in several experimental and clinical settings. So far, its effect on rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has not been previously explored. Thus, the current work aimed to evaluate the effects of CM in Adjuvant-induced arthritis and air pouch edema models in rats, which mimic human RA. Methods: CM was administered at 10 ml/kg orally for 3 weeks starting on the day of Freund’s adjuvant paw inoculation. The levels of TNF-α and IL-10 were measured by ELISA while the protein expression of NF-κBp65, COX-2 and iNOS was detected by immunohistochemistry. The expression of MAPK target proteins was assessed by Western blotting. Results: CM attenuated paw edema, arthritic index and gait score along with dorsal pouch inflammatory cell migration. CM lowered the TNF-α and augmented the anti-inflammatory IL-10 levels in sera and exudates of arthritic rats. It also attenuated the expression of activated NF-κBp65, COX-2 and iNOS in the lining of the dorsal pouch. Notably, CM inhibited the MAPK pathway signal transduction via lowering the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK, ERK1/2 and JNK1/2 in rat hind paws. Additionally, CM administration lowered the lipid peroxide and nitric oxide levels and boosted glutathione and total anti-oxidant capacity in sera and exudates of animals. Conclusion: The observed CM downregulation of the arthritic process may support the interest of CM consumption as an adjunct approach for the management of RA.

130 FLAVANOID INCREASES THE IN VITRO DEVELOPMENTAL ABILITY OF CLONED AND PARTHENOGENETIC PORCINE EMBRYOS

2009 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 165 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. J. Uhm ◽  
M. K. Gupta ◽  
Z. C. Das ◽  
K. T. Kim ◽  
J. H. Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Number ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase ◽  
Fetal Fibroblast ◽  
In Vitro Development ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein ◽  
Anti Oxidant ◽  
Vitro Development ◽  
Radical Damage

Flavonoid has anti-oxidant properties and has been shown to protect cells against oxygen radical damage. This study therefore, evaluated the effect of flavonoid on the in vitro development ability of porcine embryos produced by parthenogenesis (PA) or somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). Porcine embryos were produced from abattoir-derived prepubertal oocytes either by PA or SCNT of fetal fibroblast into enucleated oocytes essentially as we described earlier (Gupta et al. 2008 Mol. Reprod. Dev. 75, 588–597). One-cell embryos were subsequently cultured in NCSU23 + 0.4% polyvinyl alcohol supplemented with or without 10 μm flavanoid for 7 days at 39°C in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO2 in air. Results showed that the presence of flavonoid in the culture medium increased (v. controls) the rate of blastocyst in both PA (31.7 ± 4.0 v. 20.4 ± 2.0%) and SCNT (20.6 ± 2.5 v. 12.2 ± 2.9%) groups, respectively (P < 0.05). These blastocysts also had higher ability to hatch (PA: 53.7 ± 3.6 v. 34.0 ± 2.4%; SCNT: 70.9 ± 2.5 v. 45.7 ± 2.9%) and contained higher cell number (PA: 38.9 ± 2.0 v. 31.3 ± 2.1; SCNT: 37.5 ± 2.0 v. 29.7 ± 2.5) than those of control groups (P < 0.05). Western blot analysis of parthenogenetic blastocysts showed that, flavonoid also reduced the expression of caspase-3 and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) proteins by 3.1 ± 0.1 and 7.7 ± 0.2 fold, respectively while expression of ERK1/2 protein was increased by 4.7 ± 2.3 fold. The 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescene fluorescence staining of embryos further revealed that the activity of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was significantly reduced in flavonoid treated embryos by 2 fold(P < 0.05). These data therefore, suggest that flavonoid may improve the in vitro development rate and quality of porcine embryos by reducing ROS activity and change in protein expression.

Melatonin functions in priming of stomatal immunity in Panax notoginseng and Arabidopsis thaliana

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qian Yang ◽  
Zhongping Peng ◽  
Wenna Ma ◽  
Siqi Zhang ◽  
Suyin Hou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Stomatal Closure ◽  
Panax Notoginseng ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase ◽  
Independent Manner ◽  
Disease Response ◽  
Downstream Signaling ◽  
Signaling Transduction Pathway ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein ◽  
Biochemical Analyses

Abstract Melatonin (MT) plays important roles in plant disease response, but the mechanisms are largely unknown. Here, we show that MT functions in stomatal immunity in Panax notoginseng and Arabidopsis thaliana. Biochemical analyses showed that MT-induced stomatal closure plays a prominent role in preventing invasion of bacteria Pseudomonas syringe pv. tomato (Pst) DC3000 via activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and NADPH oxidase-mediated reactive oxygen species production in P. notoginseng. The first putative phytomelatonin receptor 1 (PMTR1) is a plasma membrane protein required for perceiving MT signaling in stomatal closure and activation of MAPK. Biochemical and genetic tests found PMTR1 is essential for flg22- and MT-induced MAPK activation in a heterotrimeric GTP-binding protein Gα subunit GPA1-independent manner. GPA1 functions in the same genetic pathways of FLS2/BAK1 (Flagellin Sensing 2/Brassinosteroid Insensitive 1-associated kinase 1)- as well as PMTR1-mediated flg22 and MT signaling in stomatal closure. The stomata in pmtr1 are insensitive to MT and flg22, but the application of MT induces stomatal closure and reduces the bacterial growth in fls2 and bak1 plants, indicating that PMTR1 might be a downstream signaling component in FLS2- and BAK1-mediated stomatal immunity. In summary, our results (i) demonstrate that phytomelatonin functions in the priming of stomatal immunity and (ii) provide insights into the phytomelatonin signaling transduction pathway.

scholarly journals Activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase couples neurotensin receptor stimulation to induction of the primary response gene Krox-24

1996 ◽  
Vol 320 (1) ◽  
pp. 145-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline POINOT-CHAZEL ◽  
Marielle PORTIER ◽  
Monsif BOUABOULA ◽  
Natalio VITA ◽  
Florence PECCEU ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Kinase ◽  
Cho Cells ◽  
Mapk Pathway ◽  
Chinese Hamster ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase ◽  
Kinase Assay ◽  
Transcriptional Level ◽  
Single Class ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein

Neurotensin (NT) is a neuropeptide that is important in a variety of biological processes such as signal transduction and cell growth. NT effects are mediated by a single class of cell-surface receptors, known as neurotensin receptors (NTRs), which exhibit structural features of the G-protein-coupled receptors superfamily. We investigated NTR signalling properties with Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells stably transformed with human NTR (hNTR). First, we showed that NTR stimulation by NT induced the activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in time- and dose-dependent manners. Both p42 and p44 MAPK isoforms were retarded in gel-shift assays, which was consistent with their activation by phosphorylation. In addition we showed that NT caused a prolonged activation of MAPK as measured by in-gel kinase assay. Secondly, we demonstrated that NT induced the expression of the growth-related gene Krox-24 at the protein level, as assessed by Western-blot analysis, and at the transcriptional level, as demonstrated in CHO cells transfected with hNTR and a reporter gene for Krox-24. Activation of MAPK and induction of Krox-24 were both prevented by the NTR antagonist SR 48692, confirming the specific action on NTR. Furthermore we observed coupling of NTR to a mitogenic pathway and Krox-24 induction in the human adenocarcinoma cell line HT29, which naturally expresses NTRs. Considering coupling pathways between NTR stimulation and MAPK activation, we observed a partial inhibition by pertussis toxin (PTX) and a complete blockade by the protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor GF 109203X. Taken together, these results suggest that (1) stimulation of NTR activates the MAPK pathway by mechanisms involving dual coupling to both PTX-sensitive and PTX-insensitive G-proteins as well as PKC activation, and (2) these effects are associated with the induction of Krox-24, which might be a target of MAPK effector.

scholarly journals Protein kinase function and glutathionylation

2004 ◽  
Vol 381 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony N. ANSELMO ◽  
Melanie H. COBB
Keyword(s):  
Protein Kinase ◽  
Redox Balance ◽  
Cellular Protein ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase ◽  
General Mechanism ◽  
Post Translational Modification ◽  
Oxidative Stresses ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein ◽  
Thiol Redox ◽  
And Function

Intracellular reactive oxygen species are generated as a by-product of normal metabolic processes and can both damage cellular constituents and function as important signalling species. This signalling often involves changes in the thiol redox balance. As an antioxidant, glutathione serves in maintaining the reduced state of cellular protein thiol groups. The paper by Cross and Templeton appearing in this issue of the Biochemical Journal describes a mechanism by which glutathionylation plays a key role in the regulation of the kinase activity of MEKK1 [MAP (mitogen-activated protein kinase)/ERK (extracellular-signal-regulated kinase) kinase kinase; MAP3K] in response to oxidative stresses. This type of post-translational-modification glutathionylation may represent a general mechanism by which protein kinase function can be regulated.

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