scholarly journals Facile and Green Synthesis of Starfruit-Like ZIF-L, and Its Optimization Study

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (15) ◽  
pp. 4416
Author(s):  
Christian J. Wijaya ◽  
Suryadi Ismadji ◽  
Hakun W. Aparamarta ◽  
Setiyo Gunawan
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Energy Storage ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Green Synthesis ◽  
Crystal Violet ◽  
Synthesis Method ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Q Value ◽  
Optimization Study

Due to its excellent characteristics, zeolitic imidazole framework-L (ZIF-L) is widely used in various applications, such as drug delivery, wastewater treatments and energy storage. In the synthesis of ZIF-L, the molar ratio of ligand to metal, the reaction time and the temperature are essential parameters to produce excellent ZIF-L. In this work, ZIF-L was synthesized using a facile and green synthesis method. It was statistically investigated and optimized to obtain the best operating conditions. The optimization was carried out toward the amount of adsorbed crystal violet (CV) dye (q) as the response in the statistics. The optimal ZIF-L was obtained using a molar ratio of ligand to metal of 8.2220 for 97 min at 29 °C, where the q value of the CV adsorption onto this optimal ZIF-L reached 823.02 mg/g. The obtained ZIF-L was characterized using SEM, XRD, FTIR and TGA analyses to ensure its excellent characteristics.

Recent Advances and Need of Green Synthesis in Two-Dimensional Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage Applications

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joice Sophia Ponraj ◽  
Muniraj Vignesh Narayanan ◽  
Ranjith Kumar Dharman ◽  
Valanarasu Santiyagu ◽  
Ramalingam Gopal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Storage ◽  
Green Synthesis ◽  
2D Materials ◽  
Synthesis Method ◽  
Energy Storage And Conversion ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Severe Problem ◽  
Energy Conversion And Storage ◽  
Energy Application ◽  
The Impact

: Increasing energy crisis across the globe requires immediate solutions. Two-dimensional (2D) materials are in great significance because of its application in energy storage and conversion devices but the production process significantly impacts the environment thereby posing a severe problem in the field of pollution control. Green synthesis method provides an eminent way of reduction in pollutants. This article reviews the importance of green synthesis in the energy application sector. The focus of 2D materials like graphene, MoS2, VS2 in energy storage and conversion devices are emphasized based on supporting recent reports. The emerging Li-ion batteries are widely reviewed along with their promising alternatives like Zn, Na, Mg batteries and are featured in detail. The impact of green methods in the energy application field are outlined. Moreover, future outlook in the energy sector is envisioned by proposing an increase in 2D elemental materials research.

Advanced treatment of high strength opium alkaloid industry effluents

2002 ◽  
Vol 46 (9) ◽  
pp. 323-330 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.F. Aydin ◽  
M. Altinbas ◽  
M.F. Sevimli ◽  
I. Ozturk ◽  
H.Z. Sarikaya
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Treatment System ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Optimum Operating ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Fenton’S Oxidation ◽  
Fenton's Oxidation ◽  
Opium Alkaloid

The purpose of this study was to investigate an effective treatment system which can be applicable to treat opium alkaloid industry (OAI) effluents characterised with high COD, TKN, dark color and non-biodegradable organic pollutants. In the first phase of the study, lab-scale anaerobic (UASBR) + aerobic (SBR) treatability studies were carried out on opium processing industry effluents. Effluent CODs from the two staged biological treatment system were relatively high (∼700 mgl−1) and additional post treatment was required. Physico-chemical treatability studies previously carried out on the effluent of opium alkaloid wastewater treatment plant, were not effective in removing residual COD and color. In the second phase of the study, the refractory organics causing higher inert COD values in the SBR effluent were additionally treated by using Fenton's Oxidation. The batch tests were performed to determine the optimum operating conditions including pH, H2O2 dosage, molar ratio of Fe2+/H2O2 and reaction time. It was found that removal efficiencies of COD and color for 30 minutes reaction time were about 90% and 95%, respectively. The ratio of H2O2/FeSO4 was determined as 200 mgl−1/600 mgl−1 for the optimum oxidation and coagulation process at pH 4. Experimental results of the present study have clearly indicated that the Fenton's oxidation technology is capable to treat almost all parts of the organics which consist of both soluble initial and microbial inert fractions of COD for opium alkaloid industry effluents. Effluents from the Fenton's Oxidation process can satisfy effluent standards for COD and color in general.

scholarly journals Green synthesis of gold nanoparticles and its diverse applications in various fields

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (11) ◽  
pp. 1720
Author(s):  
Shiva Shirotiya ◽  
Bhanumati Singh ◽  
Chauhan V.S.
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Gold Nanoparticles ◽  
Green Synthesis ◽  
Technology Use ◽  
Biomedical Application ◽  
Synthesis Method ◽  
Methods Of Synthesis ◽  
Different Shapes ◽  
Great Surface ◽  
Great Surface Area

Nanobiotechnology is a growing field due to its wide variety of applications in many fields of science and technology. Use of Nanoparticles in biomedical and biotechnology is due to its great surface area, improved permeability, retention effect etc. Green synthesized gold nanoparticles are very much useful for different applications in nanobiotechnology because of its properties and ecofriendly nature. Because of its chemical and physical properties, Colloidal gold has different uses in biotechnology. There are many ways to synthesize gold nanoparticles but green synthesis method is more appropriate as compared to others. This review addressed basically on the different methods of synthesis of gold nanoparticles but is also focused on its green synthesis, different shapes, sizes and various applications in each and every field of life. To be concise, AuNPs are potent tool in targeting drug delivery and biomedical application.

scholarly journals Optimization study of adsorption of crystal violet and congo red onto sepiolite and clinoptiolite

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 336-343 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solution ◽  
Removal Efficiency ◽  
Crystal Violet ◽  
Congo Red ◽  
Adsorption Properties ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Suitable Material ◽  
Optimization Study ◽  
Red Dye ◽  
Central Composite

The purpose of this study was to investigate the adsorption properties of locally available sepiolite and clinoptilolite materials as adsorbents for the removal of crystal violet and congo red dye ions from aqueous solution. Previous experiments have revealed that two variables, concentration and adsorbent dosage, have a significant effect on removal efficiency. In order to find the set of operating conditions for these variables that result in the best removal efficiency, central composite design of experiments was utilized. The results showed that sepiolite is a suitable material with 99% removal efficiency for the adsorption of both crystal violet and congo red from aqueous solution. However, in spite of clinoptilolite is also a suitable adsorbent for crystal violet, removal efficiency of congo red is rather low.

scholarly journals Pengaruh Waktu Reaksi Terhadap Yield dan Kandungan Metil Ester Sintesis Biodiesel Ampas Tahu Metode Elektrokatalitik

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-64
Author(s):  
Elli Prastyo ◽  
Dian Farkhatus S ◽  
Puji Astuti Ibrahim
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Synthesis Method ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Acid Number ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Energy Separation ◽  
Homogeneous Catalyst ◽  
Biodiesel Synthesis ◽  
Time Variables

Abstrak Sintesis biodiesel umumnya melalui proses transesterifikasi suhu tinggi menggunakan katalis homogen yang membutuhkan energi cukup besar, pemisahan katalis yang cukup sulit dan terbuang sebagai limbah. Sintesis biodiesel metode elektrokatalitik memberi keuntungan efisiensi lebih daripada transesterifikasi suhu tinggi. Pada penelitian ini, sintesis biodiesel metode elektrokatalitik dilakukan menggunakan elektroda grafit suhu 28oC dan tegangan konstan 18,2 Volt. Variabel waktu reaksi selama 60 menit, 120 menit, dan 180 menit, rasio molar minyak – metanol 1:9, katalis BaO/CaO 2% b/b terimpregnasi dengan berat katalis 5% b/b terhadap minyak digunakan untuk mengevaluasi biodiesel yang dihasilkan. Produk biodiesel berupa metil ester asam lemak bebas dianalisis menggunakan GC-MS. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan yield yang dihasilkan dengan waktu reaksi 60 menit, 120 menit, dan 180 menit berturut – turut sebesar 88%, 94%, dan 90 dengan waktu reaksi optimum 120 menit. Dan terdapat empat kandungan utama metil ester di semua waktu reaksi yaitu: metil palmiat, metil oleat, metil linoleat, metil stearat. Karakteristik biodiesel yang dihasilkan dilihat dari nilai densitas, viskositas, dan bilangan asam memenuhi kualifikasi SNI Biodiesel 04-7182-2006. Abstract Synthesis of biodiesel generally uses a transesterification process at high temperature with homogeneous catalyst that requires a large amount of energy, separation of the catalyst is quite, and is wasted as waste. Electrocatalytic biodiesel synthesis method gives more advantages in high temperature transesterification. The reaction time variables were 60 minutes, 120 minutes, and 180 minutes, the oil-methanol molar ratio was 1: 9, the BaO / CaO 2% w / w catalyst was impregnated with a catalyst weight of 5% w / w to the oil used for the resulting biodiesel. The results showed that the results with a reaction time of 60 minutes, 120 minutes, and 180 minutes were 88%, 94%, and 90 minutes respectively with an optimal reaction time of 120 minutes. It showed that there were four main ingredients of methyl ester at all reaction times, namely: methyl palmyate, methyl oleate, methyl linoleate, methyl stearate. The characteristics of the resulting biodiesel seen from the density, viscosity, and acid number have met the SNI Biodiesel 04-7182-2006 qualifications.

scholarly journals Mineralization of Hazardous Waste Landfill Leachate using Photo-Fenton Process

2018 ◽  
Vol 65 ◽  
pp. 05012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pradeep Kumar Singa ◽  
Mohamed Hasnain Isa ◽  
Yeek-Chia Ho ◽  
Jun-Wei Lim
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Cod Removal ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Optimum Operating ◽  
Fenton Process ◽  
Batch Mode ◽  
Fenton Reagents ◽  
Uv Lamp ◽  
Fenton Oxidation Process

This study was conducted to evaluate the COD removal efficiency of Photo-Fenton oxidation process. The reagents used in the Photo-Fenton process are catalyst Fe2+ and H2O2 as oxidizing agent. A 16W UV lamp was used to carry out the experiments. All the experiments were performed in batch mode to investigate the influence of operating conditions viz., Fenton reagents dosage, molar ratio and reaction time. The maximum COD removal observed was 68% under optimum operating conditions. The operating conditions H2O2/Fe2+ molar ratio = 3 and reaction time = 90 minutes were found to optimum. The dosages of Fenton reagents i.e. hydrogen peroxide and Fe2+ were optimum at 0.09 mol/L and 0.03 mol/L respectively.

Optimization of Fenton Process for Removal Organic Substance in Landfill Leachate

2012 ◽  
Vol 518-523 ◽  
pp. 2165-2169
Author(s):  
Fu Geng Zha ◽  
Guo Chun Xu ◽  
Xiao Qing Chen ◽  
Ming Xu Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Landfill Leachate ◽  
Organic Substance ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Fenton Process ◽  
Optimal Conditions ◽  
Temperature Influence ◽  
Batch Mode ◽  
Fenton's Reagent

The treatment of landfill leachate by Fenton process was carried out in a batch mode. The effect of operating conditions such as reaction time, pH, dosage of H2O2 and [H2O2]/[Fe2+] molar ratio and temperature on the efficacy of Fenton process was investigated. It is demonstrated that Fenton’s reagent can effectively degrade leachate organics in 30 min. The optimal conditions were pH was 3, dosage of H2O2 was 2 times of theoretical stoichiometry, [H2O2]/[Fe2+] molar ratio was 5, temperature influence the removal efficency relatively small compared to other factors.

scholarly journals Synthesis of N-vinylpyrrolidone/Acrylic acid nanoparticles for drug delivery: Method optimization

2018 ◽  
Vol 192 ◽  
pp. 01020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chaiyakarn Pornpitchanarong ◽  
Theerasak Rojanarata ◽  
Praneet Opanasopit ◽  
Prasopchai Patrojanasophon ◽  
Tanasait Ngawhirunpat
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Acrylic Acid ◽  
Polymeric Nanoparticles ◽  
Drug Carrier ◽  
Synthesis Method ◽  
Physicochemical Characteristics ◽  
Vinyl Pyrrolidone ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Negative Surface ◽  
Drug Nanocarriers

There are various approaches to deliver therapeutic agents to the preferred target. Polymeric nanoparticles were found to have pleasing suitability as a drug carrier. The goal of this research was to optimize the synthesis method to obtain the desirable %yield and particle properties of the new biocompatible polymer-based nanoparticles. The non-toxic polymer, N-vinyl pyrrolidone (NVP) and a widely used hydrophilic biocompatible acrylic acid (AA) monomer were used to form the drug nanocarriers. The synthesis method was optimized by changing the types of initiator (KPS or V50) and the monomers molar ratio (NVP:AA). It was found that by varying both the monomer molar ratio and the type of reaction initiator, did not have significant effect on the physicochemical characteristics of the nanocarriers. The FTIR spectra of all products exhibited the peaks of carboxylic acid, carbonyl, and tertiary amine functional group vibration. The particle size of the nanocarriers was in the range of 173.6 ± 18.4 to 201.4 ± 17.1 nm with negative surface charge. However, the yield obtained increased as the initiator was altered from KPS to V50, and when the acrylic acid molar ratio was increased from 1:1 to 1:3. In conclusion, changing the initiator and monomer molar ratio may affect the physicochemical properties of the nanocarriers and the %yield of the nanocarrier product. Further investigations are essential to obtain the favorable drug nanocarriers for drug delivery.

scholarly journals IN SITU TRANSESTERIFIKASI MINYAK BIJI MAHONI MENJADI METIL ESTER DENGAN CO-SOLVENT THF (TETRAHYDROFURAN)

REAKTOR ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elvianto Dwi Daryono ◽  
Adrianus Chrisantus Rengga ◽  
Imaniar Safitri
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Methyl Oleate ◽  
Seed Oil ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
In Situ Transesterification ◽  
Process Solutions

Tujuan dari penelitian  adalah untuk mengkaji efektifitas penggunaan co-solvent THF pada reaksi transesterifikasi in situ minyak biji mahoni sebagai solusi proses pembuatan biodiesel yang efektif dan efisien. Variabel dan kondisi operasi  meliputi katalis NaOH, kecepatan pengadukan 450 rpm, suhu reaksi suhu kamar, rasio molar minyak:metanol = 1:101,39, rasio molar katalis:minyak = 0,5:1, % FFA minyak 1,42%, kadar air biji 0,8%, waktu reaksi 3, 8, 13, 18, dan 23 menit serta rasio molar minyak:THF 1:47,15, 1:57,85 dan 1:67,85. Biji mahoni yang telah dikeringkan dan dihaluskan ukuran +20/-30 mesh sebanyak 50 gram dimasukkan dalam labu leher tiga yang dilengkapi pendingin balik dan ditambahkan metanol, THF dan katalis NaOH serta dilakukan reaksi sesuai dengan variabel dan kondisi operasi penelitian. Setelah reaksi selesai dipisahkan antara ampas dan filtratnya. Filtrat didistilasi pada suhu ± 70oC dan residu hasil distilasi dimasukkan dalam corong pemisah dan didiamkan selama ± 12 jam agar terbentuk 2 lapisan. Lapisan atas sebagai metil ester kemudian dianalisis konsentrasi metil oleatnya dengan GC. Dari data hasil penelitian didapatkan hasil terbaik pada rasio molar minyak:THF = 1:67,85 dan waktu reaksi 23 menit dengan  konsentrasi metil oleat 59,10% dan yield metil ester 79,69%. Densitas metil ester 0,8791 g/cm3 memenuhi SNI 04-7182-2006 yaitu 0,85 – 0,89 g/cm3. Kata kunci : biodiesel, co-solvent, minyak biji mahoni, transesterifikasi in situ Abstract The purpose of this research was to assess the effectiveness of the use of co-solvent THF for in situ transesterification reaction mahogany seed oil as a biodiesel manufacturing process solutions that effectively and efficiently. Variables and operating conditions include catalyst NaOH, stirring speed of 450 rpm, room temperature the reaction temperature, molar ratio of oil: methanol = 1: 101.39, the molar ratio of catalyst: oil = 0.5: 1, % FFA oil is 1,42%,  moisture content seed of 0.8%, reaction time is 3, 8, 13, 18, and 23 minutes, and the molar ratio of oil: THF is 1: 47.15, 1: 57.85 and 1: 67.85. Mahogany seeds that have been dried and pulverized size +20/-30 mesh as much as 50 grams included in the three-neck flask equipped condenser and added methanol, THF and catalyst NaOH and the reaction carried out in accordance with the variables and operating conditions. After the reaction is complete, the filtrate and cake was separated. The filtrate is distilled at a temperature of ± 70°C and the residue distilled included in the separating funnel and allowed to stand for ± 12 hours in order to form two layers. The top layer as methyl esters were analyzed by GC to concentrations of methyl oleate. From the research data obtained the best results at a molar ratio of oil: THF = 1: 67.85 and reaction time 23 minutes with methyl oleate concentration of 59.10% and yield methyl ester of 79.69%. Methyl ester density 0.8791 g/cm3 meet SNI 04-7182-2006 from 0.85 to 0.89 g/cm3. Keywords : biodiesel, co-solvent, in situ transesterification, mahogany seed oil  

scholarly journals Intensification and optimization of biodiesel production using microwave-assisted acid-organo catalyzed transesterification process

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Moina Athar ◽  
Sadaf Zaidi ◽  
Saeikh Zaffar Hassan
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Organic Acid ◽  
Microwave Heating ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Acid Catalyst ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Conventional Heating ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Inorganic Acid

AbstractTo produce biodiesel cost-effective, low-cost, high free fatty acid (FFA) oil feedstock is desirable. But high FFA creates difficulty during the base-catalyzed transesterification process by yield loss due to the formation of soap. However, these problems are overcome by the use of an acid catalyst. The acid catalysts can directly convert both triglycerides and FFAs into biodiesel without the formation of soaps or emulsions. The shortcomings of mostly used inorganic acids are that they work well for esterification of FFA present in low-cost oil, but their kinetics for transesterification of triglycerides present in oils is considerably slower. Corrosion of equipment is another major problem associated with an inorganic acid catalyst. The usage of an organic acid catalyst of the alkyl benzene sulfonic type, like 4-dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid (DBSA) minimizes these disadvantages of inorganic acid-catalyzed transesterification. The aim of the present investigation was to reduce the reaction time of transesterification of triglycerides further by using microwaves as a heating source in the presence of DBSA catalyst to achieve higher conversions under mild operating conditions. To optimize the transesterification variables for the higher conversion of biodiesel, the response surface methodology was employed to design the experiment. By using the DBSA catalyst under microwave heating at a temperature of 76 °C, conversion close to 100% in only 30 min of reaction time was obtained using a 0.09 molar ratio of catalyst to oil and 9.0 molar ratio of methanol to oil. A modified polynomial model was developed and was adequately fitted with the experimental data and could be used for understanding the effect of various process parameters. The catalyst to oil molar ratio and reaction temperature created a stronger effect on the biodiesel production than that exhibited by the methanol to oil molar ratio. It was observed that the microwave heating process outperformed conventional heating, providing a rapid, easy method for biodiesel synthesis from triglycerides in the presence of DBSA, an organic acid catalyst. The produced biodiesel was of good quality, as all the properties were within the prescribed limits of the ASTM D6751 standard.

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