scholarly journals Nanocarbon-Iridium Oxide Nanostructured Hybrids as Large Charge Capacity Electrostimulation Electrodes for Neural Repair

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (14) ◽  
pp. 4236
Author(s):  
Nieves Casañ-Pastor
Keyword(s):  
Electric Fields ◽  
Hybrid Materials ◽  
Growth Models ◽  
Substrate Material ◽  
Clinical Applications ◽  
Charge Capacity ◽  
Neural Repair ◽  
Neural Growth ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Large Charge

Nanostructuring nanocarbons with IrOx yields to material coatings with large charge capacities for neural electrostimulation, and large reproducibility in time, that carbons do not exhibit. This work shows the contributions of carbon and the different nanostructures present, as well as the impact of functionalizing graphene with oxygen and nitrogen, and the effects of including conducting polymers within the hybrid materials. Different mammalian neural growth models differentiate the roles of the substrate material in absence and in presence of applied electric fields and address optimal electrodes for the future clinical applications.

scholarly journals Short-term electrostimulation enhancing neural repair in vitro using large charge capacity nanostructured electrodes

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 29-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.P. Lichtenstein ◽  
E. Pérez ◽  
L. Ballesteros ◽  
C. Suñol ◽  
N. Casañ-Pastor
Keyword(s):  
Short Term ◽  
Charge Capacity ◽  
Neural Repair ◽  
Nanostructured Electrodes ◽  
Large Charge

Challenges and Issues in the Design of Micro-Machined Antennas - A Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashish Kumar ◽  
Amar Partap Singh Pharwaha
Keyword(s):  
Patch Antenna ◽  
Ground Plane ◽  
Substrate Material ◽  
Review Article ◽  
High Index ◽  
Performance Characteristics ◽  
Machining Process ◽  
Patch Antennas ◽  
Micro Machining ◽  
The Impact

Background: Patch antennas are composed of the substrate material with patch and ground plane on the both sides of the substrate. The dimensions and performance characteristics of the antenna are highly influenced by the choice of the appropriate substrate depending upon the value of their dielectric constant. Generally, low index substrate materials are used to design the patch antenna but there are also some of the applications, which require the implementation of patch antenna design on high index substrate like silicon and gallium arsenide. Objective: The objective of this article is to review the design of antennas developed on high index substrate and the problems associated with the use of these materials as substrate. Also, main challenges and solutions have been discussed to improve the performance characteristics while using the high index substrates. Method: The review article has divided into various sections including the solution of the problems associated with the high index substrates in the form of micro-machining process. Along with this, types of micro machining and their applications have discussed in detail. Results: This review article investigates the various patch antennas designed with micro-machining technology and also discusses the impact of micro-machining process on the performance parameters of the patch antennas designed on high index substrates. Conclusion: By using the micro-machining process, the performance of patch antenna improves drastically but fabrication and tolerances at such minute structures is very tedious task for the antenna designers.

scholarly journals Peculiarities of Neurostimulation by Intense Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Fields: How to Avoid Firing in Peripheral Nerve Fibers

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (13) ◽  
pp. 7051
Author(s):  
Vitalii Kim ◽  
Emily Gudvangen ◽  
Oleg Kondratiev ◽  
Luis Redondo ◽  
Shu Xiao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Electric Fields ◽  
Pulsed Electric Fields ◽  
Opposite Polarity ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Excitation Threshold ◽  
Compound Action Potentials ◽  
Supramaximal Stimulation ◽  
The Impact

Intense pulsed electric fields (PEF) are a novel modality for the efficient and targeted ablation of tumors by electroporation. The major adverse side effects of PEF therapies are strong involuntary muscle contractions and pain. Nanosecond-range PEF (nsPEF) are less efficient at neurostimulation and can be employed to minimize such side effects. We quantified the impact of the electrode configuration, PEF strength (up to 20 kV/cm), repetition rate (up to 3 MHz), bi- and triphasic pulse shapes, and pulse duration (down to 10 ns) on eliciting compound action potentials (CAPs) in nerve fibers. The excitation thresholds for single unipolar but not bipolar stimuli followed the classic strength–duration dependence. The addition of the opposite polarity phase for nsPEF increased the excitation threshold, with symmetrical bipolar nsPEF being the least efficient. Stimulation by nsPEF bursts decreased the excitation threshold as a power function above a critical duty cycle of 0.1%. The threshold reduction was much weaker for symmetrical bipolar nsPEF. Supramaximal stimulation by high-rate nsPEF bursts elicited only a single CAP as long as the burst duration did not exceed the nerve refractory period. Such brief bursts of bipolar nsPEF could be the best choice to minimize neuromuscular stimulation in ablation therapies.

Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation (MALDI) mass spectrometry (MS): basics and clinical applications

2020 ◽  
Vol 58 (6) ◽  
pp. 883-896 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Zubair Israr ◽  
Dennis Bernieh ◽  
Andrea Salzano ◽  
Shabana Cassambai ◽  
Yoshiyuki Yazaki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Laser Desorption ◽  
Maldi Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Clinical Applications ◽  
Clinical Diagnostics ◽  
Maldi Ms ◽  
Therapeutic Drug ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Matrix Assisted Laser ◽  
Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption

AbstractBackgroundMatrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation (MALDI) mass spectrometry (MS) has been used for more than 30 years. Compared with other analytical techniques, it offers ease of use, high throughput, robustness, cost-effectiveness, rapid analysis and sensitivity. As advantages, current clinical techniques (e.g. immunoassays) are unable to directly measure the biomarker; rather, they measure secondary signals. MALDI-MS has been extensively researched for clinical applications, and it is set for a breakthrough as a routine tool for clinical diagnostics.ContentThis review reports on the principles of MALDI-MS and discusses current clinical applications and the future clinical prospects for MALDI-MS. Furthermore, the review assesses the limitations currently experienced in clinical assays, the advantages and the impact of MALDI-MS to transform clinical laboratories.SummaryMALDI-MS is widely used in clinical microbiology for the screening of microbial isolates; however, there is scope to apply MALDI-MS in the diagnosis, prognosis, therapeutic drug monitoring and biopsy imaging in many diseases.OutlookThere is considerable potential for MALDI-MS in clinic as a tool for screening, profiling and imaging because of its high sensitivity and specificity over alternative techniques.

scholarly journals Restraining Surface Charge Accumulation and Enhancing Surface Flashover Voltage through Dielectric Coating

Coatings ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 750
Author(s):  
Jixing Sun ◽  
Sibo Song ◽  
Xiyu Li ◽  
Yunlong Lv ◽  
Jiayi Ren ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Charge Transfer ◽  
Electric Field ◽  
Electric Fields ◽  
Transition Process ◽  
Metallic Particle ◽  
Particle Charging ◽  
Insulating Surfaces ◽  
Surface Flashover ◽  
Charging Time ◽  
The Impact

A conductive metallic particle in a gas-insulated metal-enclosed system can charge through conduction or induction and move between electrodes or on insulating surfaces, which may lead to breakdown and flashover. The charge on the metallic particle and the charging time vary depending on the spatial electric field intensity, the particle shape, and the electrode surface coating. The charged metallic particle can move between the electrodes under the influence of the spatial electric field, and it can discharge and become electrically conductive when colliding with the electrodes, thus changing its charge. This process and its factors are mainly affected by the coating condition of the colliding electrode. In addition, the interface characteristics affect the particle when it is near the insulator. The charge transition process also changes due to the electric field strength and the particle charging state. This paper explores the impact of the coating material on particle charging characteristics, movement, and discharge. Particle charging, movement, and charge transfer in DC, AC, and superimposed electric fields are summarized. Furthermore, the effects of conductive particles on discharge characteristics are compared between coated and bare electrodes. The reviewed studies demonstrate that the coating can effectively reduce particle charge and thus the probability of discharge. The presented research results can provide theoretical support and data for studying charge transfer theory and design optimization in a gas-insulated system.

Carbon Nanotube-Induced Planarization of Conjugated Polymers in Solution

2004 ◽  
Vol 858 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jian Chen ◽  
Rajagopal Ramasubramaniam ◽  
Haiying Liu
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Carbon Nanotube ◽  
Conjugated Polymers ◽  
Spectroscopic Study ◽  
Surface Quality ◽  
Hybrid Materials ◽  
Conjugated Polymer ◽  
Visible Absorption ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Conformational Interaction

ABSTRACTThe understanding of the conformational interaction between conjugated polymers and carbon nanotubes in solution is essential to develop the applications of carbon nanotubes, particularly conjugated polymer-carbon nanotube hybrid materials. The visible absorption spectroscopic study shows that curved carbon nanotube surfaces can induce the planarization of individual conjugated polymers such as poly(p-phenyleneethynylene)s and poly(3-alkylthiophene)s in solution. The impact of nanotube surface quality on the interaction between carbon nanotubes and conjugated polymers is investigated.

Ephaptic Coupling in Hybrid Neuronal Model

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriel Moreno Cunha ◽  
Gilberto Corso ◽  
José Garcia Vivas Miranda ◽  
Gustavo Zampier Dos Santos Lima
Keyword(s):  
Electric Fields ◽  
Action Potentials ◽  
Population Vector ◽  
Input Stimulus ◽  
Circular Statistic ◽  
Coupling Behavior ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Ephaptic Coupling ◽  
Phase Differences

Abstract In recent decades, there has been growing interest in the impact of electric fields generated in the brain. Transmembrane ionic currents originate electric fields in the extracellular space and are capable of affecting nearby neurons, a phenomenon called ephaptic neuronal communication. In the present work, the Quadratic Integrate-and-Trigger model (QIF-E) underwent an adjustment/improvement to include the ephaptic coupling behavior between neurons and their results are compared to the empirical results. In this way, the analysis tools are employed according to the neuronal activity regime: (i) for the subthreshold regime, the circular statistic is used to describe the phase differences between the input stimulus signal and the modeled membrane response; (ii) in the suprathreshold regime, the Population Vector and the Spike Field Coherence are employed to estimate phase preferences and the coupling intensity between the input stimulus and the Action Potentials. The results observed are i) in the subthreshold regime the values of the phase differences change with distinct frequencies of an input stimulus; ii) in the supra-threshold regime the preferential phase of Action Potentials changes for different frequencies. In addition, we explore other parameters of the model, such as noise and membrane characteristic-time, in order to understand different types of neurons and extracellular environment related to ephaptic communication. Such results are consistent with results observed in empirical experiments based on ephaptic coupling behavior. In addition, the QIF-E model allows further studies on the physiological importance of ephaptic coupling in the brain, and its simplicity can open a door to simulating ephaptic coupling in neuron networks and evaluating the impact of ephaptic communication in such scenarios.

scholarly journals The Impact of Magnetic Field Temporal Sampling on Modeled Surface Electric Fields

Space Weather ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (11) ◽  
pp. 1721-1739 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew A. Grawe ◽  
Jonathan J. Makela ◽  
Mark D. Butala ◽  
Farzad Kamalabadi
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Electric Fields ◽  
Temporal Sampling ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals In Situ SEM Observation of Structured Si/C Anodes Reactions in an Ionic-Liquid-Based Lithium-Ion Battery

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 956 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huifeng Shi ◽  
Xianqiang Liu ◽  
Rui Wu ◽  
Yijing Zheng ◽  
Yonghe Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Evolution ◽  
Structural Evolution ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Composite Electrodes ◽  
Charge Capacity ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
3D Electrode ◽  
Large Charge ◽  
Scanning Electron

In situ scanning electron microscopy (SEM) offers a good way to investigate the structural evolution during lithiation and delithiation processes. In this paper, the dynamical morphological evolution of 3D-line-structured/unstructured Si/C composite electrodes was observed by in situ SEM. The investigation revealed the microstructural origin of large charge capacity for 3D-line-structured anodes. Based on this proposed mechanism, a coarse optimization of 3D-line-structured anodes was proposed. These results shed light on the unique advantages of using an in situ SEM technique when studying realistic bulk batteries and designing 3D electrode structures.

scholarly journals Two-dimensional based hybrid materials for photocatalytic conversion of carbon dioxide into hydrocarbon fuels: A mini review

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 132-140
Author(s):  
Kannan Karthik ◽  
Devi Radhika ◽  
D. Gnanasangeetha ◽  
K. Gurushankar ◽  
Md Enamul Hoque
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Metal Oxide ◽  
Hybrid Materials ◽  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Materials Science ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Conversion ◽  
Two Dimensional Materials ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Material Composite

Carbon dioxide conversion to chemicals and fuels based on two-dimensional based hybrid materials will present a thorough discussion of the physics, chemistry, and electrochemical science behind the new and important area of materials science, energy, and environmental sustainability. The tremendous opportunities for two-dimensional based hybrid materials in the photocatalytic carbon dioxide conversion field come up from their huge number of applications. In the carbon dioxide conversion field, nanostructured metal oxide with a two-dimensional material composite system must meet assured design and functional criteria, as well as electrical and mechanical properties. The whole content of the proposed review is anticipated to build on what has been learned in elementary courses about synthesizing two-dimensional nanomaterials, metal oxide with composites, carbon dioxide conversion requirements, uses of two-dimensional materials with nanocomposites in carbon dioxide conversion as well as fuels and the major mechanisms involved during each application. The impact of hybrid materials and synergistic composite mixtures which are used extensively or show promising outcomes in the photocatalytic carbon dioxide conversion field will also be discussed.

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