scholarly journals Regiospecific Positioning of Palmitic Acid in Triacylglycerol Structure of Enzymatically Modified Lipids Affects Physicochemical and In Vitro Digestion Properties

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (13) ◽  
pp. 4015
Author(s):  
Hyeon-Jun Chang ◽  
Jeung-Hee Lee
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Palmitic Acid ◽  
In Vitro Digestion ◽  
Lower Content ◽  
Melting Points ◽  
Fat Crystals ◽  
Triacylglycerol Structure ◽  
Acetone Fractionation

Tripalmitin-(PPP, 81.2%), 1,3-dipalmitoyl-2-oleoylglycerol-(POP, 64.4%), 1,2-dipalmitoyl-3-oleoylglycerol-(PPO, 86.5%), and 1,3-dioleoyl-2-palmitoylglycerol-(OPO, 50.2%)-rich lipids with different regiospecific positions of palmitic acid (P) were synthesized via acetone fractionation and lipase-catalyzed acidolysis, and their physicochemical and hydrolytic characteristics were compared. Triacylglycerols (TAGs) with higher content of P, wherein P was at the sn-1 (or 3) position, had higher melting points, crystallization temperatures, and packing densities of fat crystals compared to those with a lower content of P, and with P at the sn-2 position. The in vitro digestion degree calculated as released fatty acid (FA) (%) at 30, 60, and 120 min was in the following order: OPO-rich > PPO-rich > POP-rich lipids. At 120 min, in vitro digestion of the OPO-rich lipid released 92.6% of fatty acids, resulting in the highest digestibility, while 89.7% and 87.2% of fatty acids were released from the OPO-rich and PPO-rich lipids, respectively. Over the digestion period, the TAG and monoacylglycerol (MAG) contents decreased, while the diacylglycerol (DAG) content initially increased and then decreased, and the 1,2-DAG content exceeded the 1,3-DAG content. Therefore, the content and stereospecific position of P attached to a specific TAG affected the physicochemical and in vitro digestion characteristics of the lipids.

Palmitic acid uptake by the rat soleus muscle in vitro

2001 ◽  
Vol 79 (4) ◽  
pp. 419-424 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Górecka ◽  
M Synak ◽  
L Budohoski ◽  
J Langfort ◽  
S Moskalewski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Palmitic Acid ◽  
Soleus Muscle ◽  
Fatty Acid Uptake ◽  
Cellular Fatty Acid ◽  
Acid Uptake ◽  
Acid Complex ◽  
Rat Soleus Muscle

The rate of fatty acid uptake, oxidation, and deposition in skeletal muscles in relation to total and unbound to albumin fatty acids concentration in the medium were investigated in the incubated rat soleus muscle. An immunohistochemical technique was applied to demonstrate whether the albumin-bound fatty acid complex from the medium penetrates well within all areas of the muscle strips. It was found that the percentage of incorporation of palmitic acid into intramuscular lipids was fairly constant, independently of the fatty acid concentration in the medium, and amounted to 63–72% for triacylglycerols, 7–12% for diacylglycerols-monoacylglycerols, and 19–26% for phospholipids. Both palmitic acid incorporation into the muscle triacylglycerol stores and its oxidation to CO2closely correlated with an increase in both total and unbound to albumin fatty acid concentrations in the incubation medium. Under conditions of increased total but constant unbound to albumin palmitic acid concentrations, the incorporation of palmitic acid into triacylglycerols and its oxidation to CO2were also increased, but to a lower extent. This supports the hypothesis that the cellular fatty acid metabolism depends not only on the availability of fatty acids unbound to albumin, but also on the availability of fatty acids complexed to albumin.Key words: skeletal muscle, fatty acids, triacylglycerols, phospholipids.

scholarly journals In Vitro and In Vivo Digestibility of Soybean, Fish, and Microalgal Oils, and Their Influences on Fatty Acid Distribution in Tissue Lipid of Mice

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (22) ◽  
pp. 5357
Author(s):  
Bo-Ram Na ◽  
Jeung-Hee Lee
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid Distribution ◽  
Docosapentaenoic Acid ◽  
In Vitro Digestion ◽  
Fish Oils ◽  
Microalgal Oil ◽  
Mouse Tissues

The digestion rates of microalgal (docosahexaenoic acid, DHA, 56.8%; palmitic acid, 22.4%), fish (DHA, 10.8%; eicosapentaenoic acid, EPA, 16.2%), and soybean oils (oleic, 21.7%; linoleic acid, 54.6%) were compared by coupling the in vitro multi-step and in vivo apparent digestion models using mice. The in vitro digestion rate estimated based on the released free fatty acids content was remarkably higher in soybean and fish oils than in microalgal oil in 30 min; however, microalgal and fish oils had similar digestion rates at longer digestion. The in vivo digestibility of microalgal oil (91.49%) was lower than those of soybean (96.50%) and fish oils (96.99%). Among the constituent fatty acids of the diet oils, docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) exhibited the highest digestibility, followed by EPA, DHA, palmitoleic, oleic, palmitic, and stearic acid, demonstrating increased digestibility with reduced chain length and increased unsaturation degree of fatty acid. The diet oils affected the deposition of fatty acids in mouse tissues, and DHA concentrations were high in epididymal fat, liver, and brain of mice fed microalgal oil. In the present study, microalgal oil showed lower in vitro and in vivo digestibility, despite adequate DHA incorporation into major mouse organs, such as the brain and liver.

The metabolism of exogenous fatty acids by preimplantation mouse embryos developing in vitro

Development ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 157-168
Author(s):  
Thomas J. Flynn ◽  
Nina Hillman
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Palmitic Acid ◽  
Neutral Lipid ◽  
Polar Lipid ◽  
Mouse Embryos ◽  
Exogenous Fatty Acid ◽  
Preimplantation Mouse Embryos ◽  
Preimplantation Mouse

The utilization of fatty acids from the culture medium has been examined in preimplantation mouse embryos developing in vitro. Incorporation of exogenous fatty acid into embryo lipids was examined by culturing 8-cell mouse embryos for 2 h in a medium containing 0·1 HIM [9, 10-3H]palmitic acid (900 mCi/mmol). Lipids were extracted from the embryos, and the total lipid extract was fractionated into various neutral lipid and polar lipid classes by thin-layer chromatography. Most of the radioactivity, over 93 %, was recovered in neutral glycerides (mono- di-, and triacylglycerols). about 2% of the total radioactivity was recovered in other neutral lipid species including fatty acids, fatty alcohols, and sterol esters. The remainder of the radioactivity was recovered in polar lipids. Seventy-four per cent of the polar lipid radioactivity was present in the choline phosphatides. Other labelled phospholipid and glycolipid species included ethanolamine phosphatides, inositol and/or serine phosphatides, sphingomyelin, choline lysophosphatides, sulfatides, cerebrosides, and monoglycosylglycerides. Chemical degradation studies of labelled embryo lipids indicated that the tritium label was entering into embryo lipids as the fatty acid and not via metabolic recycling. The oxidation of exogenous fatty acids by mouse embryos was assessed by incubating variously staged embryos for 4h in medium containing 0·1 mM [U-14C]palmitic acid (50 mCi/mmol) and quantitating the production of 14CO2. The rate of fatty acid oxidation was found to be relatively constant from the unfertilized egg up to the 8-cell stage and then increase significantly between the 8-cell and late blastocyst stages. The results suggest that preimplantation mouse embryos developing in vitro can utilize fatty acids from the medium both for incorporation into embryo lipids and for energy production via oxidation.

scholarly journals Focusing on fatty acid profile in milk from different species after in vitro digestion

2018 ◽  
Vol 85 (2) ◽  
pp. 257-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonella Santillo ◽  
Lucia Figliola ◽  
Maria G Ciliberti ◽  
Mariangela Caroprese ◽  
Rosaria Marino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Fatty Acid Profile ◽  
In Vitro Digestion ◽  
Milk Formula ◽  
Formula Milk ◽  
Caprine Milk ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

We report the fatty acid profile of raw milk and of the corresponding digested milk from different sources (human milk, formula milk and donkey, bovine, ovine and caprine milk) to gain information on the nutritional quality of different milk sources in infant nutrition.Short chain fatty acids (SC-FA) were higher in bovine and caprine milk, intermediate in ovine and donkey and lower in human and formula milk. Medium chain fatty acids (MC-FA) showed the highest values for bovine and caprine milk and the lowest for donkey and formula milk, whereas long chain fatty acids (LC-FA) were the highest in donkey and formula milk and intermediate in human milk.The percentage distribution of fatty acids liberated after in vitro digestion did not reflect the patterns found in the corresponding milk sources. In particular, MC free fatty acids (MC-FFA) showed the highest and the lowest values in donkey and in formula milk, LC-FFA showed the highest value in human milk. The total FFA was highest in human milk, lowest in formula milk and intermediate in donkey, bovine, ovine, and caprine milk.

scholarly journals Stereospecific distribution of plamitic acid in the triacylglycerols of rat adipocytes. Effects of varying the composition of the substrate fatty acid in vitro

1980 ◽  
Vol 191 (2) ◽  
pp. 637-643 ◽  
Author(s):  
William W. Christie ◽  
Margaret L. Hunter
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Stearic Acid ◽  
Palmitic Acid ◽  
Myristic Acid ◽  
Relative Proportion ◽  
Rat Adipocytes

The effects of inclusion of different fatty acids in the medium on the rate of esterification of palmitic acid and its stereospecific distribution among the three positions of the triacyl-sn-glycerols by preparations of rat adipocytes in vitro have been determined. Myristic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid and linoleic acid were used as diluents and the concentration of the combined unesterified fatty acids in the medium was held constant; only the proportion of palmitic acid was varied. The amount of palmitic acid esterified was always linearly related to its relative concentration in the medium and was not significantly affected by the nature of the diluent fatty acid chosen. Constant relative proportions were recovered in triacylglycerols and in intermediates in each instance. The amount of palmitic acid esterified to each of the positions of the triacyl-sn-glycerols was linearly dependent on the relative proportion in the medium but the nature of the relationship was markedly influenced by which fatty acid was present. When stearic acid was present, simple relationships were found over the whole range tested. When either myristic acid, oleic acid or linoleic acid was present, abrupt changes in the manner of esterification of palmitic acid were observed in position sn-1 when the relative concentrations of palmitic acid and the diluent reached critical values, which differed with each fatty acid. In position sn-2 when oleic acid or linoleic acid was present, a similar change was observed, and in position sn-3 it was obtained with myristic acid as diluent. The results are discussed in terms of changes in the relative affinities of the acyltransferases for palmitic acid. Palmitic acid was esterified into various molecular species in proportions that indicated acylation with non-correlative specificity at higher relative concentrations but not at lower.

scholarly journals An Analysis of Oxidative Changes and the Fatty Acid Profile in Stored Poultry Sausages with Liquid and Microencapsulated Fish Oil Additives

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (14) ◽  
pp. 4293
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Kawecki ◽  
Jerzy Stangierski ◽  
Piotr Konieczny
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Fish Oil ◽  
Fatty Acid Profile ◽  
In Vitro Digestion ◽  
Negative Influence ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Epa And Dha ◽  
Microencapsulated Fish Oil

This study deals with the fatty acid profile and oxidative changes (TBARS) in vacuum-packed (VP) or modified-atmosphere-packed (MAP) finely-comminuted poultry sausages with liquid fish oil and microencapsulated fish oil (MC) additives. An analysis of omega-3 fatty acids (EPA and DHA) showed that their content in the samples with the fish oil additive decreased from the initial value of 0.22 g∙100 g−1 of the product to 0.18 g∙100 g−1 (MAP) and 0.17 g∙100 g−1 (VP), respectively. After in vitro digestion, the total EPA and DHA content in the sample with microencapsulated oil amounted to 0.17 g∙100 g−1 of the product. The TBARS values showed the VP samples with both forms of the fish oil additive had the lowest values on the first day of storage. Storage of the samples for 21 days caused a slight increase in the degree of lipid oxidation. The research indicated that the forms of the oil additive did not have a negative influence on the sensory features or the physicochemical properties of the sausages. The EPA and DHA levels in samples with liquid fish oil and those with oil microcapsules were sufficient for the sausage producer to declare high content of these fatty acids in accordance with the current EC regulation.

scholarly journals Free fatty acid release from vegetable and bovine milk fat-based infant formulas and human milk during two-phase in vitro digestion

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 2102-2113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeske H. J. Hageman ◽  
Jaap Keijer ◽  
Trine Kastrup Dalsgaard ◽  
Lara W. Zeper ◽  
Frédéric Carrière ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Bovine Milk ◽  
In Vitro Digestion ◽  
Infant Formulas ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Fatty Acid Release ◽  
Acid Release

The profile of fatty acids released during in vitro digestion of vegetable and bovine milk fat-based infant formula differ.

scholarly journals Age castration of Nellore males on the profile of fatty acids of meat

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 3739
Author(s):  
Regis Luis Missio ◽  
João Restle ◽  
Aline Kelherman de Freitas ◽  
Moacir Evandro Lage ◽  
Paulo Santana Pacheco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Experimental Design ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Palmitic Acid ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Cholesterol Content ◽  
Lower Content ◽  
Different Ages

This study aimed to evaluate the cholesterol content, ?-tocopherol and fatty acids in the meat of Nellore young bulls or steers castrated at different ages, 13 or 18 months. The animals were confined for 100 days and slaughtered at 22 months of age. The experimental design was completely randomized with three treatments, using 12 repetitions. The levels of palmitic acid (26.39%), stearic (24.39%), myristic (3.01%) and total saturated fatty acids were not altered by sexual condition or castration age. Oleic was the fatty acid with the highest average participation in the meat (34.54%), and lower content in the meat of young bulls in relation to the castrated. The content of total unsaturated fatty acids was lower in the young bulls in relation to castrated at 18 months, which did not differ from castrated at 12 months. The content of total polyunsaturated fatty acids was increased by elevation of the castration age, being similar between young bulls and castrated at 18 months. The ratio ?6/?3 was not altered by sexual condition or castration age. Castration at the beginning of the finishing period increases the content of beneficial fatty acids to health in relation to castrated in the first third of backgrounding.

scholarly journals Oleic Acid Protects Against Insulin Resistance by Regulating the Genes Related to the PI3K Signaling Pathway

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 2615
Author(s):  
Carlos López-Gómez ◽  
Concepción Santiago-Fernández ◽  
Sara García-Serrano ◽  
Eva García-Escobar ◽  
Carolina Gutiérrez-Repiso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Morbid Obesity ◽  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Palmitic Acid ◽  
Signaling Pathway ◽  
Pi3k Signaling ◽  
Pi3k Signaling Pathway

Background: The effects of different types of fatty acids on the gene expression of key players in the IRS1/PI3K signaling pathway have been poorly studied. Material and Methods: We analyzed IRS1, p85α, and p110β mRNA expression and the fatty acid composition of phospholipids in visceral adipose tissue from patients with morbid obesity and from non-obese patients. Moreover, we analyzed the expression of those genes in visceral adipocytes incubated with oleic, linoleic, palmitic and dosahexaenoic acids. Results: We found a reduced IRS1 expression in patients with morbid obesity, independent of insulin resistance, and a reduced p110β expression in those with lower insulin resistance. A positive correlation was found between p85α and stearic acid, and between IRS1 and p110β with palmitic and dosahexaenoic acid. In contrast, a negative correlation was found between p85α and oleic acid, and between IRS1 and p110β with linoleic, arachidonic and adrenic acid. Incubation with palmitic acid decreased IRS1 expression. p85α was down-regulated after incubation with oleic and dosahexaenoic acid and up-regulated with palmitic acid. p110β expression was increased and decreased after incubation with oleic and palmitic acid, respectively. The ratio p85α/p110β was decreased by oleic and dosahexaenoic acid and increased by palmitic acid. Conclusions: Our in vitro results suggest a detrimental role of palmitic acid on the expression of gene related to insulin signaling pathway, with oleic acid being the one with the higher and more beneficial effects. DHA had a slight beneficial effect. Fatty acid-induced regulation of genes related to the IRS1/PI3K pathway may be a novel mechanism by which fatty acids regulate insulin sensitivity in visceral adipocytes.

TetR-family transcriptional repressor Thermus thermophilus FadR controls fatty acid degradation

Microbiology ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 157 (6) ◽  
pp. 1589-1601 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshihiro Agari ◽  
Kazuko Agari ◽  
Keiko Sakamoto ◽  
Seiki Kuramitsu ◽  
Akeo Shinkai
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Thermus Thermophilus ◽  
Acyl Chain ◽  
Metabolic Energy ◽  
Straight Chain ◽  
Fatty Acid Degradation ◽  
Acid Degradation

In the extremely thermophilic bacterium Thermus thermophilus HB8, one of the four TetR-family transcriptional regulators, which we named T. thermophilus FadR, negatively regulated the expression of several genes, including those involved in fatty acid degradation, both in vivo and in vitro. T. thermophilus FadR repressed the expression of the target genes by binding pseudopalindromic sequences covering the predicted −10 hexamers of their promoters, and medium-to-long straight-chain (C10–18) fatty acyl-CoA molecules were effective for transcriptional derepression. An X-ray crystal structure analysis revealed that T. thermophilus FadR bound one lauroyl (C12)-CoA molecule per FadR monomer, with its acyl chain moiety in the centre of the FadR molecule, enclosed within a tunnel-like substrate-binding pocket surrounded by hydrophobic residues, and the CoA moiety interacting with basic residues on the protein surface. The growth of T. thermophilus HB8, with palmitic acid as the sole carbon source, increased the expression of FadR-regulated genes. These results indicate that in T. thermophilus HB8, medium-to-long straight-chain fatty acids can be used for metabolic energy under the control of FadR, although the major fatty acids found in this strain are iso- and anteiso-branched-chain (C15 and 17) fatty acids.

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