scholarly journals Valorization of Winemaking By-Products as a Novel Source of Antibacterial Properties: New Strategies to Fight Antibiotic Resistance

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (8) ◽  
pp. 2331
Author(s):  
Adriana Silva ◽  
Vanessa Silva ◽  
Gilberto Igrejas ◽  
Isabel Gaivão ◽  
Alfredo Aires ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Combined Therapy ◽  
Antibacterial Properties ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Wine Industry ◽  
Alternative Solutions ◽  
By Products

The emergence of antibiotic-resistance in bacteria has limited the ability to treat bacterial infections, besides increasing their morbidity and mortality at the global scale. The need for alternative solutions to deal with this problem is urgent and has brought about a renewed interest in natural products as sources of potential antimicrobials. The wine industry is responsible for the production of vast amounts of waste and by-products, with associated environmental problems. These residues are rich in bioactive secondary metabolites, especially phenolic compounds. Some phenolics are bacteriostatic/bactericidal against several pathogenic bacteria and may have a synergistic action towards antibiotics, mitigating or reverting bacterial resistance to these drugs. Complex phenolic mixtures, such as those present in winemaking residues (pomace, skins, stalks, leaves, and especially seeds), are even more effective as antimicrobials and could be used in combined therapy, thereby contributing to management of the antibiotic resistance crisis. This review focuses on the potentialities of winemaking by-products, their extracts, and constituents as chemotherapeutic antibacterial agents.

scholarly journals COVID-19 Lockdowns May Reduce Resistance Genes Diversity in the Human Microbiome and the Need for Antibiotics

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (13) ◽  
pp. 6891
Author(s):  
João S. Rebelo ◽  
Célia P. F. Domingues ◽  
Francisco Dionisio ◽  
Manuel C. Gomes ◽  
Ana Botelho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Human Microbiome ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Small World ◽  
Physical Contact ◽  
Hygiene Measures

Recently, much attention has been paid to the COVID-19 pandemic. Yet bacterial resistance to antibiotics remains a serious and unresolved public health problem that kills hundreds of thousands of people annually, being an insidious and silent pandemic. To contain the spreading of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, populations confined and tightened hygiene measures. We performed this study with computer simulations and by using mobility data of mobile phones from Google in the region of Lisbon, Portugal, comprising 3.7 million people during two different lockdown periods, scenarios of 40 and 60% mobility reduction. In the simulations, we assumed that the network of physical contact between people is that of a small world and computed the antibiotic resistance in human microbiomes after 180 days in the simulation. Our simulations show that reducing human contacts drives a reduction in the diversity of antibiotic resistance genes in human microbiomes. Kruskal–Wallis and Dunn’s pairwise tests show very strong evidence (p < 0.000, adjusted using the Bonferroni correction) of a difference between the four confinement regimes. The proportion of variability in the ranked dependent variable accounted for by the confinement variable was η2 = 0.148, indicating a large effect of confinement on the diversity of antibiotic resistance. We have shown that confinement and hygienic measures, in addition to reducing the spread of pathogenic bacteria in a human network, also reduce resistance and the need to use antibiotics.

scholarly journals Bacteriophages: A Revisited Strategy for the Treatment of Severe Bacterial Infections

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 78-79
Author(s):  
Roberto Badaro
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Phage Therapy ◽  
Bacterial Pathogen ◽  
Severe Infection ◽  
Current Increase ◽  
Therapeutic Alternative ◽  
The Ideal

Bacteriophages are viruses that infect and parasitize bacteria. The current increase in the incidence of antibiotic resistance in human bacteria has favoredthe study of phages as a therapeutic alternative (phage therapy). Phage therapy is defined as the administration of virulent phages directly to a patient to lyse the bacterial pathogen that is causing a clinically severe infection. The ideal route of administration and modification of bacteriopaghes genetically to deactivate bacterial resistance genes is the next future to antibiotic recovery sensitivity of MDR organisms.

scholarly journals Synthesis of Chitosan/Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Stabilized by Chitosan via Microwave Heating

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 450 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nurul Amira Ahmad Yusof ◽  
Norashikin Mat Zain ◽  
Norlin Pauzi
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Oxide ◽  
Microwave Heating ◽  
Zno Nanoparticles ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Antibacterial Properties ◽  
Inhibition Zone ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Average Crystalline Size ◽  
Xrd Patterns

Nowadays, zinc oxide (ZnO) has attracted attention in research and development because of its remarkable antibacterial properties. Chitosan/ZnO nanoparticles were successfully synthesized via microwave heating. The objectives of this work were to investigate the effect of stabilizer, power heating and time heating on size of chitosan/ZnO nanoparticles and to determine antibacterial activity against pathogenic bacteria, where chitosan was used as a stabilizing agent. Chitosan/ZnO nanoparticles were analyzed  by Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), and Zetasizer instrument. The power heating and time heating were varied from 400 to 800 Watt and 4 to 8 minutes, respectively. The presence of chitosan has role on preventing the nanoparticles from agglomeration by producing a milky solution of chitosan/ZnO nanoparticles without any suspensions. The increase of power  and time heating improved the size of nanoparticles. The peak in FTIR spectrum at around 427 cm-1 was confirmed the existence of the ZnO phase. XRD patterns showed that the chitosan/ZnO nanoparticles materials were pure phase with average crystalline size is 130 nm. FESEM revealed that chitosan/ZnO nanoparticles were uniformly distributed with the mean value of size is 70 nm and spherical shaped. Further impact of power and time heating on the size of the chitosan/ZnO nanoparticles can be shown by a nanoparticles size distribution with the average of 30 to 90 nm. The results showed that chitosan/ZnO nanoparticles have displayed an antibacterial inhibition zone against Gram-positive S. aureus and Gram-negative E. coli which 16.0 and 13.3 mm, respectively. Chitosan/ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized in this work presented have potential application to prevent bacterial infections. Copyright © 2019 BCREC Group. All rights reserved 

Bacteria-specific phototoxic reactions triggered by blue light and phytochemical carvacrol

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (575) ◽  
pp. eaba3571
Author(s):  
Min Lu ◽  
Shen Wang ◽  
Tao Wang ◽  
Sisi Hu ◽  
Brijesh Bhayana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blue Light ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Combined Therapy ◽  
Combined Treatment ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Skin Wound ◽  
Bacterial Colony ◽  
Phototoxic Reaction

Development of alternatives to antibiotics is one of the top priorities in the battle against multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial infections. Here, we report that two naturally occurring nonantibiotic modalities, blue light and phytochemical carvacrol, synergistically kill an array of bacteria including their planktonic forms, mature biofilms, and persisters, irrespective of their antibiotic susceptibility. Combination but not single treatment completely or substantially cured acute and established biofilm-associated Acinetobacter baumannii and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections of full thickness murine third-degree burn wounds and rescued mice from lethal Pseudomonas aeruginosa skin wound infections. The combined therapy diminished bacterial colony-forming units as high as 7.5 log10 within 30 min and introduced few adverse events in the survival of cocultured mammalian cells, wound healing, or host DNA. Mechanistic studies revealed that carvacrol was photocatalytically oxidized into a series of photoreactive substrates that underwent photolysis or additional photosensitization reactions in response to the same blue light, forming two autoxidation cycles that interacted with each other resulting in robust generation of cytotoxic reactive oxygen species. This phototoxic reaction took place exclusively in bacteria, initiated by blue light excitation of endogenous porphyrin-like molecules abundantly produced in bacteria compared with mammalian cells. Moreover, no bacterial resistance developed to the combined treatment after 20 successive passages. This highly selective phototoxic reaction confers a unique strategy to combat the growing threat of MDR bacteria.

scholarly journals Phages as a Cohesive Prophylactic and Therapeutic Approach in Aquaculture Systems

Antibiotics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 564 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maciej Żaczek ◽  
Beata Weber-Dąbrowska ◽  
Andrzej Górski
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Natural Habitat ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Complex Approach ◽  
Promising Solution ◽  
Phage Treatment

Facing antibiotic resistance has provoked a continuously growing focus on phage therapy. Although the greatest emphasis has always been placed on phage treatment in humans, behind phage application lies a complex approach that can be usefully adopted by the food industry, from hatcheries and croplands to ready-to-eat products. Such diverse businesses require an efficient method for combating highly pathogenic bacteria since antibiotic resistance concerns every aspect of human life. Despite the vast abundance of phages on Earth, the aquatic environment has been considered their most natural habitat. Water favors multidirectional Brownian motion and increases the possibility of contact between phage particles and their bacterial hosts. As the global production of aquatic organisms has rapidly grown over the past decades, phage treatment of bacterial infections seems to be an obvious and promising solution in this market sector. Pathogenic bacteria, such as Aeromonas and Vibrio, have already proved to be responsible for mass mortalities in aquatic systems, resulting in economic losses. The main objective of this work is to summarize, from a scientific and industry perspective, the recent data regarding phage application in the form of targeted probiotics and therapeutic agents in aquaculture niches.

scholarly journals Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Different Animal Manure and their Derived Organic Fertilizer

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Xu ◽  
Houyu Li ◽  
Rongguang Shi ◽  
Jiapei Lv ◽  
Bihan Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Organic Fertilizer ◽  
Poultry Manure ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽  
Animal Manure ◽  
Procrustes Analysis ◽  
Organic Fertilizers

Abstract Background: The prevalence of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in animal manure poses threats to the environmental safety. Organic fertilizers fermented by livestock and poultry manure are directly applied to farmland, which would cause the potential outbreak of bacterial resistance in agricultural environment. This study investigated the composition of ARGs in different animal manure and their derived organic fertilizers. Results: Results showed that the abundance of several ARGs, such as sul 2, Tet B-01, Tet G-01 and Tet M-01 in organic fertilizer samples was 12%~96% lower than in animal manure. However, there was an increasing of Tet K and erm C abundance from animal manure to the organic fertilizers. No correlation between ARGs and environmental factors such as pH, TN, antibiotics was observed by Redundancy analysis (RDA). Procrustes analysis revealed the significant correlation between bacterial community structures and the ARGs abundance (r=0.799, p<0.01). Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) analysis suggested that microorganisms in organic fertilizer may be derived from animal manure. Additional, pathogenic bacteria (especially Actinomadura ) would proliferate rather than decrease from manure to organic fertilizer. Conclusion: Overall, this research suggests that the composting treatment of manure could effectively reduce these ARGs and pathogens,even cause partial ARGs and pathogens proliferation. It also shows that the microorganism might significantly influence ARGs profiles in composting.

scholarly journals Antibacterial properties of capsaicin and its derivatives and their potential to fight antibiotic resistance – A literature survey

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel Füchtbauer ◽  
Soraya Mousavi ◽  
Stefan Bereswill ◽  
Markus M. Heimesaat
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Antibacterial Properties ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Natural Compounds ◽  
Literature Survey ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Antibacterial Effects

AbstractAntibiotic resistance is endangering public health globally and gives reason for constant fear of virtually intractable bacterial infections. Given a limitation of novel antibiotic classes brought to market in perspective, it is indispensable to explore novel, antibiotics-independent ways to fight bacterial infections. In consequence, the antibacterial properties of natural compounds have gained increasing attention in pharmacological sciences. We here performed a literature survey regarding the antibacterial effects of capsaicin and its derivatives constituting natural compounds of chili peppers. The studies included revealed that the compounds under investigation exerted i.) both direct and indirect antibacterial properties in vitro depending on the applied concentrations and the bacterial strains under investigation; ii.) synergistic antibacterial effects in combination with defined antibiotics; iii.) resistance-modification via inhibition of bacterial efflux pumps; iv.) attenuation of bacterial virulence factor expression; and v.) dampening of pathogen-induced immunopathological responses. In conclusion, capsaicin and its derivatives comprise promising antimicrobial molecules which could complement or replace antibiotic treatment strategies to fight bacterial infections. However, a solid basis for subsequent clinical trials requires future investigations to explore the underlying molecular mechanisms and in particular pharmaceutical evaluations in animal infection models.

scholarly journals Trends, Epidemiology, and Management of Multi-Drug Resistant Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections in the Hospitalized Setting

Antibiotics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabrina Morris ◽  
Elizabeth Cerceo
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
Resistance Patterns ◽  
Evolution Of Resistance ◽  
Current Guidelines

The increasing prevalence of antibiotic resistance is a threat to human health, particularly within vulnerable populations in the hospital and acute care settings. This leads to increasing healthcare costs, morbidity, and mortality. Bacteria rapidly evolve novel mechanisms of resistance and methods of antimicrobial evasion. Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Acinetobacter baumannii have all been identified as pathogens with particularly high rates of resistance to antibiotics, resulting in a reducing pool of available treatments for these organisms. Effectively combating this issue requires both preventative and reactive measures. Reducing the spread of resistant pathogens, as well as reducing the rate of evolution of resistance is complex. Such a task requires a more judicious use of antibiotics through a better understanding of infection epidemiology, resistance patterns, and guidelines for treatment. These goals can best be achieved through the implementation of antimicrobial stewardship programs and the development and introduction of new drugs capable of eradicating multi-drug resistant Gram-negative pathogens (MDR GNB). The purpose of this article is to review current trends in MDR Gram-negative bacterial infections in the hospitalized setting, as well as current guidelines for management. Finally, new and emerging antimicrobials, as well as future considerations for combating antibiotic resistance on a global scale are discussed.

Antibacterial Activity of Arum Cyrenicum Hurby Corms

2021 ◽  
pp. 147-152
Author(s):  
Laila Ben Ramadan ◽  
Abdurzag Zwawi ◽  
Mohamed Salem ◽  
Abdurzag Auzi ◽  
Ahmed El Marghani
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Petroleum Ether ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Methanolic Extract ◽  
Petroleum Ether Extract ◽  
Antibacterial Properties ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Ether Extract ◽  
Methanolic Extracts

Bacterial resistance develops due to overuse of antibiotics in addition to the adverse effects of these chemicals. This urges the scientists to exchange these antibiotics with alternatives from natural products. The study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial efficiency of Arum cyrenicum Hruby against a number of medically important pathogenic bacteria. A. cyreniacum corms extracted with petroleum ether, chloroform and methanol, and tested for antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli BTC3, Salmonella typhi BTC10, Pseudomonas aeruginosa BTC4, and Staphylococcus aureus BTC15. A considerable bactericidal efficiency of petroleum ether extract of A. cyrenaicum corms were specifically against gram-positive bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus BTC15 at (100 mg/ml) petroleum ether and bacteriostatic at (50 mg/ml) of petroleum Ether extract. Whereas, the methanolic extract of A. cyrenaicum corms had bactricidal effect against gram-negative bacteria, Pseudomonas auregenosa BTC4 at (100mg/ml) of methanolic extract. Herby our results indicate that petroleum ether and methanolic extracts of A. cyrenaicum possess significant antibacterial properties. Keywords: Arum cyrenicum, Efficiency, Antibacterial

Neonatal Bacteremia: Patterns of Antibiotic Resistance

2001 ◽  
Vol 22 (12) ◽  
pp. 767-770 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruben Bromiker ◽  
Ilan Arad ◽  
Ofra Peleg ◽  
Aviya Preminger ◽  
Dan Engelhard
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Early Onset ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Late Onset ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Live Births ◽  
Gram Negative Organisms

AbstractObjective:To determine the incidence and evaluate the antimicrobial-susceptibility patterns of bacterial infections in our neonatal units.Design:Retrospective surveillance study.Setting:The neonatal units of the Hadassah University Hospitals, Jerusalem, Israel.Patients:All newborns admitted from January 1994 through February 1999.Methods:The records of all patients with positive blood and cerebrospinal fluid cultures were reviewed. Bacteremia was considered early-onset (vertical) when occurring within the first 72 hours of life and late-onset (nosocomial) when occurring later. The prevalence and antibiotic-resistance patterns of vertically transmitted and nosocomially acquired strains were compared and studied over time.Results:219 of 35,691 newborn infants had at least one episode of bacteremia (6.13/1,000 live births). There were 305 identified organisms, of which 21% (1.29/1,000 live births) were considered vertically transmitted and 79% nosocomially acquired. The most common organism causing early-onset disease (29.2%) was group B streptococcus (0.38/1,000 live births), whereas coagulase-negative staphylococci (51%) were the most prevalent in late-onset disease. All gram-positive bacteria were susceptible to vancomycin. Most gram-positive organisms other than staphylococci were susceptible to ampicillin. Gram-negative organisms represented 31% of all isolates. Generally, there was a trend of increasing resistance to commonly used antibiotics among nosocomially acquired gram-negative organisms, compared to those vertically transmitted, with statistically significant differences for ampicillin and mezlocillin (P<.05 andP<.01, respectively). Over the years, a trend toward an increasing resistance to antibiotics was observed among gram-negative organisms.Conclusions:The trend of increasing bacterial resistance to commonly used antibiotics necessitates the implementation of a rational empirical treatment strategy, based on local susceptibility data, reserving certain agents for emerging resistant pathogens.

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