scholarly journals Triazole Fungicide Residues and Their Inhibitory Effect on Some Trichothecenes Mycotoxin Excretion in Wheat Grains

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 1784
Author(s):  
Tamer M. A. Thabit ◽  
Eman M. Abdelkareem ◽  
Nahla A. Bouqellah ◽  
Shokr A. Shokr
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Multiple Reaction Monitoring ◽  
Microtiter Plate ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Wheat Grains ◽  
Triazole Derivatives ◽  
Fungicide Residues ◽  
Random Samples ◽  
Multiple Reaction Monitoring Mode

Wheat is one of the global strategic crops and ranks third in terms of cereals production. Wheat crops are exposed to many fungal infections during their cultivation stages, some of which have the ability to secrete a number of toxic secondary metabolites that threaten the quality of the grains, consumer health, producer economics, and global trade exchange. Fifty-four random samples were collected from wheat which originated from different countries. The samples included 14 types of soft wheat to study the extent of their contamination with deoxynivalenol (DON) and T-2 toxin by auto-ELISA technology and r-biopharm microtiter plate. All samples were contaminated with DON toxin except one sample, and the values ranged between 40.7 and 1018.8 µg/kg−1. The highest contamination rates were in Lithuanian wheat and the lowest was in Indian wheat. Meanwhile, the highest average level of T-2 toxin contamination was in Lithuanian wheat grains with 377.4 µg/kg−1, and the lowest average was 115.3 µg/kg−1 in Polish wheat. GC-MS/MS and multiple reaction monitoring mode (MRM) were used to detect 15 triazole derivatives in the collected samples, which may be used to combat fungal diseases on wheat during the growing season. Only 9 derivatives were found: simeconazole, penconazole, hexaconazole, cyproconazole, diniconazole, tebuconazole, metconazole, fenbuconazole, and difenoconazole. These derivatives varied according to the origin of the wheat samples as well as their concentration, whereas another 6 derivatives were not detected in any samples. A direct inverse relationship was found between the DON concentration in the samples and the residues of simeconazole, penconazole, diniconazole, tebuconazole, metconazole, fenbuconazole, and difenoconazole, and the T-2 toxin showed the same relationship except for tebuconazole. The safe and rational use of some triazole derivatives may be a new approach and a promising strategy to not only reduce plant diseases and their problems, but also to get rid of some mycotoxins as grain contaminants.

scholarly journals Triazole Fungicides Residues and Their Inhibitory Effect on Some Trichothecenes Mycotoxins Excretion in Wheat Grains

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamer M.A. Thabit ◽  
Eman M. Abdelkareem ◽  
Nahla A. Bouqellah ◽  
Shokr A. Shokr
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Multiple Reaction Monitoring ◽  
Microtiter Plate ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Wheat Grains ◽  
Triazole Derivatives ◽  
Random Samples ◽  
Multiple Reaction Monitoring Mode

Wheat is one of the global strategic crops and ranks third in terms of cereals production. Wheat crop is exposed to many fungal infections during the cultivation stages, some of which have the ability to secrete numbers of toxic secondary metabolites that threaten the quality of grains, consumer health, producer economics and global trade exchange. Fifty-four random samples were collected from wheat which originated from different countries. The samples included 14 of soft wheat to study the extent of their contamination with Deoxynivalenol (DON) and T-2 toxin by auto-ELISA technology and r-biopharm Microtiter plate. All samples were contaminated with DON toxin except one sample, and the contamination average ranged between 40.7 and 1018.8 µg kg-1. The highest contamination rates were in Lithuanian and the lowest in Indian wheat. Meanwhile the highest average level of T-2 toxin contamination was in Lithuanian wheat grains with a rate of 377.4µg kg-1 and the lowest in Polish wheat with an average of 115.3µg kg-1. GC-MS/MS and multiple reaction monitoring mode (MRM), was used to detect 15 triazole derivatives in collected samples, which may be used to combat fungal diseases on wheat during the growing season. Only 9 derivatives were found; Simeconazole, Penconazole, Hexaconazole, Cyproconazole, Diniconazole, Tebuconazole, Metconazole, Fenbuconazole and Difenoconazole. These derivatives varied according to the origin of wheat samples as well as their its concentration whereas, another 6 derivatives were not detected in all samples. A direct inverse relationship was found between the DON concentration in the samples and the residues of Simeconazole, Penconazole, Diniconazole, Tebuconazole, Metconazole, Fenbuconazole and Difenoconazole and the T-2 toxin showed the same relationship except for Tebuconazole. The safe and rational use of some triazole derivatives may be a new approach and a promising strategy not only to reduce plant diseases and their problems, but also to get rid of some mycotoxins as contaminates.

Synthesis and Biological Activity of 3-(substitutedphenyl)-6-(4-methoxyphenyl)-7H-[1,2,4]triazolo[3,4-b][1,3,4]thiadiazine: Part II

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niranjan Kaushik ◽  
Nitin Kumar ◽  
Anoop Kumar ◽  
Vikas Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Antifungal Activity ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Mass Spectral Data ◽  
Triazole Derivatives ◽  
Mass Spectral ◽  
Fungal Strains ◽  
Antifungal Properties ◽  
Antifungal Potential ◽  
Spectral Data Analysis

Background: Fungal infections are opportunistic infections that become a serious problem to human health. Objective: Considering the antifungal potential of triazole nucleus, the study was carried out with the objective to synthesize some novel triazole derivatives with antifungal potential. Method: 1,2,4-triazole derivatives were synthesized via a two step reaction (reported earlier). The first step involves reaction of substituted benzoic acid with thiocarbohydrazide to form 4-amino-3-(substituted phenyl)-5-mercapto-1, 2, 4-triazole derivatives (1a-1k) while in second step, synthesized compounds (1a-1k) were then subsequently treated with substituted acetophenone to yield substituted (4-methoxyphenyl-7H-[1, 2, 4] triazolo [3, 4-b][1,3,4] thiadiazine derivatives (2a-2k). All synthesized compounds were characterized by IR, 1H NMR, and Mass spectral data analysis and were screened for their antifungal properties against different fungal strains i.e. Candida tropicalis (ATCC-13803, ATCC-20913), Candida albicans (ATCC-60193), Candida inconspicua (ATCC-16783) and Candida glabrata (ATCC-90030, ATCC-2001). Results: Compound 2d displayed better percentage inhibition (26.29%, 24.81%) than fluconazole (24.44%, 22.96%) against ATCC-16783, ATCC-2001 fungal strains respectively at 100µg/ml. Compound 2f also displayed better percentage inhibition (28.51%) against ATCC-90030 as compared to fluconazone (27.4%) at 200 µg/ml. Similarly, compounds 2e and 2j also exhibited better antifungal properties than fluconazole at 200µg/ml. Compound 2e was found most potent against ATCC13803 (30.37%) and ATCC-90030 (30.37%) fungal strains as compared to fluconazole (28.14%, 27.4%) at 200 µg/ml respectively whereas compound 2j exhibited better antifungal activity (28.51%) against ATCC-60193 than fluconazole (27.7%) at 200 µg/ml. Conclusion: The results were in accordance with our assertions for triazole derivatives, as all compounds displayed moderate to good antifungal activity.

scholarly journals The Role of Fungi in the Cocoa Production Chain and the Challenge of Climate Change

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 202
Author(s):  
Johannes Delgado-Ospina ◽  
Junior Bernardo Molina-Hernández ◽  
Clemencia Chaves-López ◽  
Gianfranco Romanazzi ◽  
Antonello Paparella
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Close Association ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Production Chain ◽  
Cocoa Production

Background: The role of fungi in cocoa crops is mainly associated with plant diseases and contamination of harvest with unwanted metabolites such as mycotoxins that can reach the final consumer. However, in recent years there has been interest in discovering other existing interactions in the environment that may be beneficial, such as antagonism, commensalism, and the production of specific enzymes, among others. Scope and approach: This review summarizes the different fungi species involved in cocoa production and the cocoa supply chain. In particular, it examines the presence of fungal species during cultivation, harvest, fermentation, drying, and storage, emphasizing the factors that possibly influence their prevalence in the different stages of production and the health risks associated with the production of mycotoxins in the light of recent literature. Key findings and conclusion: Fungi associated with the cocoa production chain have many different roles. They have evolved in a varied range of ecosystems in close association with plants and various habitats, affecting nearly all the cocoa chain steps. Reports of the isolation of 60 genera of fungi were found, of which only 19 were involved in several stages. Although endophytic fungi can help control some diseases caused by pathogenic fungi, climate change, with increased rain and temperatures, together with intensified exchanges, can favour most of these fungal infections, and the presence of highly aggressive new fungal genotypes increasing the concern of mycotoxin production. For this reason, mitigation strategies need to be determined to prevent the spread of disease-causing fungi and preserve beneficial ones.

scholarly journals Tyrosol and Hydroxytyrosol Determination in Extra Virgin Olive Oil with Direct Liquid Electron Ionization–Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Separations ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 173
Author(s):  
Veronica Termopoli ◽  
Maurizio Piergiovanni ◽  
Achille Cappiello ◽  
Pierangela Palma ◽  
Giorgio Famiglini
Keyword(s):  
Olive Oil ◽  
Matrix Effects ◽  
Multiple Reaction Monitoring ◽  
Virgin Olive Oil ◽  
Standard Addition ◽  
Extra Virgin Olive Oil ◽  
Electron Ionization ◽  
Free Form ◽  
Multiple Reaction Monitoring Mode ◽  
Health Promoting

Extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) is one of the main ingredients of the Mediterranean diet. It is claimed as a functional food for its unique content of health-promoting compounds. Tyrosol (Tyr), Hydroxytyrosol (Htyr), and their phenolic derivatives present in EVOO show beneficial properties, and their identification and quantification, both in their free form and after the hydrolysis of more complex precursors, are important to certify its quality. An alternative method for quantifying free and total Tyr and Htyr in EVOO is presented using an LC–MS interface based on electron ionization (EI), called liquid electron ionization (LEI). This method requires neither sample preparation nor chromatography; the sample is diluted and injected. The selectivity and sensitivity were assessed in multiple reaction monitoring mode (MRM), obtaining confirmation and quantification in actual samples ranging from 5 to 11 mg/Kg for the free forms and from 32 to 80 mg/Kg for their total amount after hydrolysis. Two MS/MS transitions were acquired for both compounds using the Q/q ratios as confirmatory parameters. Standard addition calibration curves demonstrated optimal linearity and negligible matrix effects, allowing a correct quantification even without expensive and difficult to find labeled internal standards. After several weeks of operation, the system’s repeatability was excellent, with an intraday RSD (%) spanning from five to nine and an interday RSD (%) spanning from 9 to 11.

scholarly journals Alpha-Amylase Inhibitory Effect and Docking Studies of Some New Curcumin-Triazole Derivatives

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (11) ◽  
pp. 124-129
Author(s):  
Eman Elattar ◽  
Amal A Galala ◽  
Hassan -Elrady A Saad ◽  
Farid A Badria
Keyword(s):  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Docking Studies ◽  
Alpha Amylase ◽  
Triazole Derivatives

scholarly journals Identification and Predictions Regarding the Biosynthesis Pathway of Polyene Macrolides Produced by Streptomyces roseoflavus Men-myco-93-63

2021 ◽  
Vol 87 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xing Han ◽  
Jiao Wang ◽  
Lianna Liu ◽  
Fengying Shen ◽  
Qingfang Meng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fermentation Broth ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Biosynthetic Gene Cluster ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Active Metabolites ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Polyene Macrolides ◽  
Alternative Agent

ABSTRACT A group of polyene macrolides mainly composed of two constituents was isolated from the fermentation broth of Streptomyces roseoflavus Men-myco-93-63, which was isolated from soil where potato scabs were repressed naturally. One of these macrolides was roflamycoin, which was first reported in 1968, and the other was a novel compound named Men-myco-A, which had one methylene unit more than roflamycoin. Together, they were designated RM. This group of antibiotics exhibited broad-spectrum antifungal activities in vitro against 17 plant-pathogenic fungi, with 50% effective concentrations (EC50) of 2.05 to 7.09 μg/ml and 90% effective concentrations (EC90) of 4.32 to 54.45 μg/ml, which indicates their potential use in plant disease control. Furthermore, their biosynthetic gene cluster was identified, and the associated biosynthetic assembly line was proposed based on a module and domain analysis of polyketide synthases (PKSs), supported by findings from gene inactivation experiments. IMPORTANCE Streptomyces roseoflavus Men-myco-93-63 is a biocontrol strain that has been studied in our laboratory for many years and exhibits a good inhibitory effect in many crop diseases. Therefore, the identification of antimicrobial metabolites is necessary and our main objective. In this work, chemical, bioinformatic, and molecular biological methods were combined to identify the structures and biosynthesis of the active metabolites. This work provides a new alternative agent for the biological control of plant diseases and is helpful for improving both the properties and yield of the antibiotics via genetic engineering.

Production and roles of IAA and ABA during development of superior and inferior rice grains

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (8) ◽  
pp. 716 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather M. Nonhebel ◽  
Karina Griffin
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Reaction Monitoring ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Signalling Pathway ◽  
Hormone Production ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Cis Element ◽  
Rice Grains ◽  
Cereal Grain ◽  
Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass ◽  
Multiple Reaction Monitoring Mode

Current understanding of the role of plant hormones during cereal grain filling is confounded by contradictory reports on hormone production that is based on poor methodology. We report here on the accurate measurement of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and abscisic acid (ABA) by combined liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in multiple reaction-monitoring mode with heavy isotope labelled internal standards. ABA and IAA contents of superior versus inferior rice grains (ABA maxima 159 ng g–1 FW and 109 ng g–1 FW, IAA maxima 2 µg g–1 FW and 1.7 µg g–1 FW respectively) correlated with the expression of biosynthetic genes and with grain fill. Results confirm that grain ABA is produced primarily by OsNCED2(5), but suggest that ABA import and metabolism also play important roles in ABA regulation. The IAA content of grains is primarily influenced by OsYUC9 and OsYUC11. However, the distinct expression profile of OsYUC12 suggests a specific role for IAA produced by this enzyme. Co-expression of OsYUC12 with OsIAA29 indicates their involvement in a common signalling pathway. Co-expression and cis-element analysis identified several aleurone-specific transcriptional regulators as well as glutelin as strong candidates for detailed investigation for direct regulation by the auxin-signalling pathway.

scholarly journals Ultrasound-Assisted Solvent Extraction of a Porous Membrane Packed Sample for the Determination of Tobacco-Specific Nitrosamines in the Replacement Liquids for E-Cigarettes

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (24) ◽  
pp. 4618 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paweł Kubica
Keyword(s):  
Solvent Extraction ◽  
Sample Preparation ◽  
Electronic Cigarettes ◽  
Multiple Reaction Monitoring ◽  
Porous Membrane ◽  
Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass ◽  
Multiple Reaction Monitoring Mode ◽  
Ultrasound Assisted ◽  
Tobacco Specific Nitrosamines

The content of tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs) possessing carcinogenic properties has been an important area of research since replacement liquids were introduced for e-cigarettes. A method for determining N′-nitrosonornicotine (NNN), 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), N′-nitrosoanatabine (NAT), and N′-nitrosoanabasine (NAB) in replacement liquids for electronic cigarettes was developed using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry with electrospray ionisation (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS) in the multiple reaction monitoring mode. The sample preparation of replacement liquids was accomplished via the ultrasound-assisted solvent extraction of a porous membrane packed sample. The sample preparation proved to be successful in extracting the analytes, with recoveries from 87% to 105%, with coefficients of variation < 4.9%. Moreover, the linearity and limits of detection and quantitation (LOD, LOQ), together with repeatability and accuracy, were determined for the developed method. The proposed sample preparation and developed chromatographic method were successfully applied to the determination of TSNAs in 9 replacement liquid samples. The NNK and NNN were found to be most frequently detected (89 and 67%, respectively), with concentration ranges from 1.2–54.3 ng/mL and 4.1–30.2 ng/mL, respectively, while NAT was detected with frequency of 22% with range 1.7–2.5 ng/mL and NAB were found to be below the LOD in all samples.

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