scholarly journals Overview of Popular Techniques of Raman Spectroscopy and Their Potential in the Study of Plant Tissues

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 1537
Author(s):  
Aneta Saletnik ◽  
Bogdan Saletnik ◽  
Czesław Puchalski
Keyword(s):  
Raman Spectroscopy ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Spatial Information ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Plant Tissues ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Identification Technique

Raman spectroscopy is one of the main analytical techniques used in optical metrology. It is a vibration, marker-free technique that provides insight into the structure and composition of tissues and cells at the molecular level. Raman spectroscopy is an outstanding material identification technique. It provides spatial information of vibrations from complex biological samples which renders it a very accurate tool for the analysis of highly complex plant tissues. Raman spectra can be used as a fingerprint tool for a very wide range of compounds. Raman spectroscopy enables all the polymers that build the cell walls of plants to be tracked simultaneously; it facilitates the analysis of both the molecular composition and the molecular structure of cell walls. Due to its high sensitivity to even minute structural changes, this method is used for comparative tests. The introduction of new and improved Raman techniques by scientists as well as the constant technological development of the apparatus has resulted in an increased importance of Raman spectroscopy in the discovery and defining of tissues and the processes taking place in them.

Characterization of Anisotropic and Irregularly-Shaped Materials by High-Sensitive Thermal Conductivity Measurements

2007 ◽  
Vol 124-126 ◽  
pp. 1641-1644 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Gustavsson ◽  
Hideaki Nagai ◽  
Takeshi Okutani
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Conductivity ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Bulk Material ◽  
Thermal Contact ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Conductivity Measurements ◽  
Destructive Testing ◽  
Analysis And Design ◽  
Wide Range

In modern thermal analysis and design involving thermal transport in solid components it is necessary to apply different modeling of the thermal heat flow in bulk material and across solid surface interfaces either in shape of a layer or a solid-solid interface. Similar differences occur when applying different measurement techniques. Some techniques have been developed specifically for the purpose of performing measurements of bulk properties by removing the influence from thermal contact resistance between the measurement probe and the sample material. Thermal conductivity measurements on metal and ceramic objects of various geometries such as thin bars, thin sheets as well as coatings or layers are here described when using the Transient Plane Source technique. A summary overview of the recent developments of this technique, including its ability to be applied in measurement situations covering a wide range of length and time scales, is also presented. Structural changes in anisotropy can be recorded with high sensitivity by comparative measurements. The technique may be applied in situations requiring non-destructive testing, e.g. samples of particular geometry used for mechanical or tensile testing.

High-Sensitivity Raman Spectroscopy of Supercritical Water and Methanol over a Wide Range of Density

2007 ◽  
Vol 80 (9) ◽  
pp. 1764-1769 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshiro Yasaka ◽  
Masahito Kubo ◽  
Nobuyuki Matubayasi ◽  
Masaru Nakahara
Keyword(s):  
Raman Spectroscopy ◽  
Supercritical Water ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Wide Range

scholarly journals Non-invasive chemically specific measurement of subsurface temperature in biological tissues using surface-enhanced spatially offset Raman spectroscopy

2016 ◽  
Vol 187 ◽  
pp. 329-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Gardner ◽  
Nicholas Stone ◽  
Pavel Matousek
Keyword(s):  
Raman Spectroscopy ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Biological Tissues ◽  
Temperature Monitoring ◽  
Subsurface Temperature ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Subsurface Monitoring ◽  
Mean Square Errors

Here we demonstrate for the first time the viability of characterising non-invasively the subsurface temperature of SERS nanoparticles embedded within biological tissues using spatially offset Raman spectroscopy (SORS). The proposed analytical method (T-SESORS) is applicable in general to diffusely scattering (turbid) media and features high sensitivity and high chemical selectivity. The method relies on monitoring the Stokes and anti-Stokes bands of SERS nanoparticles in depth using SORS. The approach has been conceptually demonstrated using a SORS variant, transmission Raman spectroscopy (TRS), by measuring subsurface temperatures within a slab of porcine tissue (5 mm thick). Root-mean-square errors (RMSEs) of 0.20 °C were achieved when measuring temperatures over ranges between 25 and 44 °C. This unique capability complements the array of existing, predominantly surface-based, temperature monitoring techniques. It expands on a previously demonstrated SORS temperature monitoring capability by adding extra sensitivity stemming from SERS to low concentration analytes. The technique paves the way for a wide range of applications including subsurface, chemical-specific, non-invasive temperature analysis within turbid translucent media including: the human body, subsurface monitoring of chemical (e.g. catalytic) processes in manufacture quality and process control and research. Additionally, the method opens prospects for control of thermal treatment of cancer in vivo with direct non-invasive feedback on the temperature of mediating plasmonic nanoparticles.

scholarly journals FT-Raman signatures of genomic DNA from plant tissues

2009 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 59-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina M. Muntean ◽  
Adela Halmagyi ◽  
Mircea D. Puia ◽  
Ioana Pavel
Keyword(s):  
Raman Spectroscopy ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Plant Tissues ◽  
Dendranthema Grandiflora ◽  
Drosera Rotundifolia ◽  
Ligand Interactions ◽  
Ft Raman Spectroscopy ◽  
Leaf Tissues ◽  
Genomic Dnas ◽  
Ft Raman

The vibrational spectra of eight genomic DNAs from leaf tissues (sword fern (Nephrolepis exaltataL.), chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandifloraRamat.), redwood (Sequoia sempervirensD. Don. Endl.), orchids (Cymbidium × hybrida), common sundew (Drosera rotundifoliaL.), potato (Solanum tuberosumL.) and scopolia (Scopolia carniolicaJacq.)) have been analyzed using FT-Raman spectroscopy, in the wavenumber range 500–1800 cm–1.FT-Raman signatures, spectroscopic assignments and structural interpretations for these plant genomic DNAs are reported. Spectral differences among two genomic DNAs, independently extracted from chrysanthemum leaves, are to be observed between 1000–1200 cm–1. Besides, similarities in the FT-Raman spectra of genomic DNAs from potato and scopolia leaves, respectively, have been found. This might be explained by their belonging to the same family (Solanaceae). Other spectral differences among genomic plant DNAs have also been observed.These findings demonstrate that Raman spectroscopy may be exploited to distinguish different plant genomic DNAs.The present study provides a basis for future use of Raman spectroscopy to analyze specific plant DNA–ligand interactions or DNA structural changes induced by plants' stress conditions associated with their natural environment.

scholarly journals Drop-casted Graphene Oxide Love wave sensor for detection of humidity and VOCs

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-56
Author(s):  
I. Nikolaou ◽  
H. Hallil ◽  
B. Plano ◽  
G. Deligeorgis ◽  
V. Conedera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Graphene Oxide ◽  
Detection Limit ◽  
Love Wave ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Fast Response ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Highly Sensitive Detection

The rising demand for sensitive analytical techniques have led to a great deal of research interest in the recent years, which has also generated much public awareness of health risks caused by environmental humidity and air pollution. This study reports advancements in highly-sensitive detection methods using Love wave devices fabricated from Graphene Oxide (GO). Under this, solutions of GO were prepared and used to achieve improved efficiency of the oxidation process and enhance the sensitivity of Relative Humidity (RH) and Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) detections. This work demonstrates that the detection limit of RH could be set very low due to the certain sensitivity levels. Similarly, GO prepared by us exhibited low detection limit for VOCs, proving the multi-functionality of GO rather than alternative sensing materials. The experiments conducted at room temperature and realized fast response and recovery times. This Love wave sensor provides high accuracy under full scale exposure of target analytes. Eventually, these ultrasensitive GO based devices can pave the way for a wide range of high-sensitivity detection applications.

scholarly journals Indoor and Outdoor Air Quality Detection using Programmable Microprocessor and Sensor Technologies

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (12) ◽  
pp. 8-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabir Rustemli ◽  
Cigdem P. Dautov ◽  
Leyla Gazigil
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Sensor Data ◽  
Microprocessor System ◽  
Airborne Pollutants ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Remote Sensing Systems

Most living forms of life need clean water, air and nutrient resources to maintain a healthy life. The increased population and industrial and technological development have caused more energy needs. This affects air quality (AQ) and hence human health negatively. Because AQ is critical for human health, various measurement and analysis methods are developed and the amount and variety of airborne pollutants are examined by today's methods such as passive and active samplers, automatic analyzers and remote sensors. In this study, AQ measurement is aimed to create an alternative to ready remote sensing systems by designing low cost and programmable microprocessor system which allows in place and instant data collection. Arduino, an electronic prototype platform, is used to collect, transfer and process sensor data. An interface was coded using the Visual Studio to make the data instantaneously analyzed by any program on the computer. The BEUHavaKalite device is a handheld AQ measurement device providing a wide range of measurements, gas diversity, calibrated according to the internal and external environment, high sensitivity and low cost. The other unit of this system is HavaKaliteSoft, the user interface for transferring and processing the sensor measurement results to the computer. This system tests have been carried out in Tatvan and Merkez districts of Bitlis province and the measurements confirm the accuracy of the device. The device is especially important because it allows scientists working in this field to collect data related to the field of AQ and carry out detailed studies.

Cryo analytical microscopy: Multiple applications for plant structure and physiology

1996 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 76-77
Author(s):  
C. X. Huang ◽  
L.E.C. Ling ◽  
M.E McCully ◽  
M.J Canny
Keyword(s):  
Cell Walls ◽  
Plant Tissues ◽  
Sugar Solution ◽  
Plant Structure ◽  
Tree Roots ◽  
Aeration System ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Analytical Microscopy ◽  
And Function ◽  
Opening Up

Carleton University’s cyo-analytical SEM facility deals with a very wide range of specimens from all the sciences. One of its major specializations is the study of plant structure and function, as illustrated by reference to particular research programs, for example: Stabilization of structures that cannot be preserved by conventional fixation and embedding methods. Many plant tissues are constructed of extremely fragile cell walls containing large vacuoles with high turgor pressures within, interspersed with large volumes of air or fluid. Plants which grow under water are a conspicuous example, requiring large internal open channels for the transport of gases to and from the roots. Other fragile tissues and those having cell walls that are impermeable to solvents and resins have been preserved in roots of desert monocotyledons, and in tree roots. Fluids in spaces between cells. We have pioneered the discovery that many intercellular spaces in plant tissues, always believed to contain air, are in fact filled with fluid. These spaces in sugarcane stems (Figs. 1 & 2) have been shown to contain both strong sugar solution, and an endophyte that lives on this sugar and fixes atmospheric nitrogen. The large air spaces (aerenchyma) in some roots, always considered an aeration system, have been shown to contain water some of the time, and to enhance diffusion of solutes in roots. We have also discovered that roots, always considered to be organs for collecting water from soil, also excrete water to the soil at night. Distribution of nutrient ions in plant tissues. Quantitative analysis of nutrient ions (especially potassium) in individual cells of roots, stems and leaves are opening up new perspectives on the acquisition, use and transport of ions in plants. Bubbles of air and water.

Cell wall and plasmalemma modifications in diseased and injured plant tissues

1974 ◽  
Vol 52 (5) ◽  
pp. 1005-1009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harry Wheeler
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Electron Micrographs ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Uranyl Acetate ◽  
Plant Roots ◽  
Plant Tissues ◽  
Diseased Plant ◽  
Localized Structures ◽  
Electrolyte Loss

Pathological modifications in structure at the cell wall – plasmalemma interface are common in diseased plant tissues. These modifications vary from small, localized structures which invaginate the protoplast to large, irregularly contoured elaborations which envelop haustoria. Some published electron micrographs suggest that the plasmalemma may be discontinuous in areas adjacent to modified cell walls. Structural changes in cell walls, similar to those in diseased plants, are common in plant roots exposed to uranyl acetate. In such roots, the plasmalemma appeared distinctly discontinuous in cells with highly modified walls, whereas it was continuous in adjacent cells with little or no wall modification. In both types of cells, internal membranes and organelles appeared normal. This suggests that the breaks seen in the plasmalemma were not fixation artifacts. In untreated roots, apparent discontinuities in the plasmalemma were observed only in secretory outer root cap cells which contained masses of mucilaginous material between the wall and protoplast. Since uranyl treatment does not increase the rate of electrolyte loss from tissue, these observations suggest that modified cell walls may assume some of the permeability functions usually attributed to the plasmalemma.

Recent Applications of High Resolution Electron Microscopy to Crystalline Arrays of Virus Particles

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 470-482 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.W. Horne
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Image Processing ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Staining Technique ◽  
High Resolution Electron Microscopy ◽  
Optical Diffraction ◽  
Full Potential ◽  
Virus Particles ◽  
Resolution Electron ◽  
Wide Range

The technique of surrounding virus particles with a neutralised electron dense stain was described at the Fourth International Congress on Electron Microscopy, Berlin 1958 (see Home & Brenner, 1960, p. 625). For many years the negative staining technique in one form or another, has been applied to a wide range of biological materials. However, the full potential of the method has only recently been explored following the development and applications of optical diffraction and computer image analytical techniques to electron micrographs (cf. De Hosier & Klug, 1968; Markham 1968; Crowther et al., 1970; Home & Markham, 1973; Klug & Berger, 1974; Crowther & Klug, 1975). These image processing procedures have allowed a more precise and quantitative approach to be made concerning the interpretation, measurement and reconstruction of repeating features in certain biological systems.

Cryosectioning plant roots prepared by high-pressure freezing

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 662-663
Author(s):  
R.E. Crang ◽  
M. Mueller ◽  
K. Zierold
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Plant Tissues ◽  
Ice Crystal ◽  
High Pressure Freezing ◽  
Vitreous State ◽  
Radial Depth ◽  
Irregular Topography ◽  
Considerable Depth ◽  
Conventional Freezing

Obtaining frozen-hydrated sections of plant tissues for electron microscopy and microanalysis has been considered difficult, if not impossible, due primarily to the considerable depth of effective freezing in the tissues which would be required. The greatest depth of vitreous freezing is generally considered to be only 15-20 μm in animal specimens. Plant cells are often much larger in diameter and, if several cells are required to be intact, ice crystal damage can be expected to be so severe as to prevent successful cryoultramicrotomy. The very nature of cell walls, intercellular air spaces, irregular topography, and large vacuoles often make it impractical to use immersion, metal-mirror, or jet freezing techniques for botanical material.However, it has been proposed that high-pressure freezing (HPF) may offer an alternative to the more conventional freezing techniques, inasmuch as non-cryoprotected specimens may be frozen in a vitreous, or near-vitreous state, to a radial depth of at least 0.5 mm.

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