scholarly journals Ocular Delivery of Polyphenols: Meeting the Unmet Needs

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 370
Author(s):  
Luna Krstić ◽  
María J. González-García ◽  
Yolanda Diebold
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Polyphenolic Compounds ◽  
In Vivo Models ◽  
Structural Peculiarities ◽  
Inflammatory Processes ◽  
Delivery Strategies ◽  
Low Solubility ◽  
Ocular Therapy

Nature has become one of the main sources of exploration for researchers that search for new potential molecules to be used in therapy. Polyphenols are emerging as a class of compounds that have attracted the attention of pharmaceutical and biomedical scientists. Thanks to their structural peculiarities, polyphenolic compounds are characterized as good scavengers of free radical species. This, among other medicinal effects, permits them to interfere with different molecular pathways that are involved in the inflammatory process. Unfortunately, many compounds of this class possess low solubility in aqueous solvents and low stability. Ocular pathologies are spread worldwide. It is estimated that every individual at least once in their lifetime experiences some kind of eye disorder. Oxidative stress or inflammatory processes are the basic etiological mechanisms of many ocular pathologies. A variety of polyphenolic compounds have been proved to be efficient in suppressing some of the indicators of these pathologies in in vitro and in vivo models. Further application of polyphenolic compounds in ocular therapy lacks an adequate formulation approach. Therefore, more emphasis should be put in advanced delivery strategies that will overcome the limits of the delivery site as well as the ones related to the polyphenols in use. This review analyzes different drug delivery strategies that are employed for the formulation of polyphenolic compounds when used to treat ocular pathologies related to oxidative stress and inflammation.

scholarly journals Vascular Dysfunction Induced by Mercury Exposure

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (10) ◽  
pp. 2435 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tetsuya Takahashi ◽  
Takayoshi Shimohata
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Vascular Dysfunction ◽  
Brain Parenchyma ◽  
Transport Systems ◽  
Mehg Exposure ◽  
In Vivo Models ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

Methylmercury (MeHg) causes severe damage to the central nervous system, and there is increasing evidence of the association between MeHg exposure and vascular dysfunction, hemorrhage, and edema in the brain, but not in other organs of patients with acute MeHg intoxication. These observations suggest that MeHg possibly causes blood–brain barrier (BBB) damage. MeHg penetrates the BBB into the brain parenchyma via active transport systems, mainly the l-type amino acid transporter 1, on endothelial cell membranes. Recently, exposure to mercury has significantly increased. Numerous reports suggest that long-term low-level MeHg exposure can impair endothelial function and increase the risks of cardiovascular disease. The most widely reported mechanism of MeHg toxicity is oxidative stress and related pathways, such as neuroinflammation. BBB dysfunction has been suggested by both in vitro and in vivo models of MeHg intoxication. Therapy targeted at both maintaining the BBB and suppressing oxidative stress may represent a promising therapeutic strategy for MeHg intoxication. This paper reviews studies on the relationship between MeHg exposure and vascular dysfunction, with a special emphasis on the BBB.

scholarly journals Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Diabetic Kidney Disease: The Targets for SGLT2 Inhibitors and GLP-1 Receptor Agonists

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (19) ◽  
pp. 10822
Author(s):  
Agata Winiarska ◽  
Monika Knysak ◽  
Katarzyna Nabrdalik ◽  
Janusz Gumprecht ◽  
Tomasz Stompór
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Diabetic Kidney Disease ◽  
Kidney Injury ◽  
Organ Protection ◽  
In Vivo Models ◽  
Diabetic Kidney ◽  
And Oxidative Stress

The incidence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) has been increasing worldwide, and diabetic kidney disease (DKD) remains one of the leading long-term complications of T2D. Several lines of evidence indicate that glucose-lowering agents prevent the onset and progression of DKD in its early stages but are of limited efficacy in later stages of DKD. However, sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) antagonists were shown to exert nephroprotective effects in patients with established DKD, i.e., those who had a reduced glomerular filtration rate. These effects cannot be solely attributed to the improved metabolic control of diabetes. In our review, we attempted to discuss the interactions of both groups of agents with inflammation and oxidative stress—the key pathways contributing to organ damage in the course of diabetes. SGLT2i and GLP-1R antagonists attenuate inflammation and oxidative stress in experimental in vitro and in vivo models of DKD in several ways. In addition, we have described experiments showing the same protective mechanisms as found in DKD in non-diabetic kidney injury models as well as in some tissues and organs other than the kidney. The interaction between both drug groups, inflammation and oxidative stress appears to have a universal mechanism of organ protection in diabetes and other diseases.

scholarly journals In Vitro and In Vivo Inhibitory Effect of Citrus Junos Tanaka Peel Extract against Oxidative Stress-Induced Apoptotic Death of Lung Cells

Antioxidants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 1231
Author(s):  
Jin Woo Kim ◽  
Eun Hee Jo ◽  
Ji Eun Moon ◽  
Hanvit Cha ◽  
Moon Han Chang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Protective Effect ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Lung Cells ◽  
In Vivo Models ◽  
Citrus Junos ◽  
Induced Apoptosis ◽  
Peel Extract

Various stresses derived from both internal and external oxidative environments lead to the excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) causing progressive intracellular oxidative damage and ultimately cell death. The objective of this study was to evaluate the protective effects of Citrus junos Tanaka peel extract (CE) against oxidative-stress induced the apoptosis of lung cells and the associated mechanisms of action using in vitro and in vivo models. The protective effect of CE was evaluated in vitro in NCI-H460 human lung cells exposed to pro-oxidant H2O2. The preventive effect of CE (200 mg/kg/day, 10 days) against pulmonary injuries following acrolein inhalation (10 ppm for 12 h) was investigated using an in vivo mouse model. Herein, we demonstrated the inhibitory effect of CE against the oxidative stress-induced apoptosis of lung cells under a highly oxidative environment. The function of CE is linked with its ability to suppress ROS-dependent, p53-mediated apoptotic signaling. Furthermore, we evaluated the protective role of CE against apoptotic pulmonary injuries associated with the inhalation of acrolein, a ubiquitous and highly oxidizing environmental respiratory pollutant, through the attenuation of oxidative stress. The results indicated that CE exhibits a protective effect against the oxidative stress-induced apoptosis of lung cells in both in vitro and in vivo models.

Probiotic yeast Kluyveromyces marxianus CIDCA 8154 shows anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative stress properties in in vivo models

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.E. Romanin ◽  
S. Llopis ◽  
S. Genovés ◽  
P. Martorell ◽  
V.D. Ramón ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Kluyveromyces Marxianus ◽  
Intestinal Inflammation ◽  
In Vivo Models ◽  
Benzene Sulfonic Acid ◽  
Bowel Diseases ◽  
Probiotic Yeast ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are complex affections with increasing incidence worldwide. Multiple factors are involved in the development and maintenance of the symptoms including enhanced oxidative stress in intestinal mucosa. The conventional therapeutic approaches for IBDs are based on the use anti-inflammatory drugs with important collateral effects and partial efficacy. In the present work we tested the anti-inflammatory capacity of Kluyveromyces marxianus CIDCA 8154 in different models. In vitro, we showed that the pretreatment of epithelial cells with the yeast reduce the levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species. Furthermore, in a murine model of trinitro benzene sulfonic acid-induced colitis, yeast-treated animals showed a reduced histopathological score (P<0.05) and lower levels of circulating interleukin 6 (P<0.05). The capacity to modulate oxidative stress in vivo was assessed using a Caenorhabditis elegans model. The yeast was able to protect the nematodes from oxidative stress by modulating the SKN-1 transcription factor trough the DAF-2 pathway. These results indicate that K. marxianus CIDCA 8154 could control the intestinal inflammation and cellular oxidative stress. Deciphering the mechanisms of action of different probiotics might be useful for the rational formulation of polymicrobial products containing microorganisms targeting different anti-inflammatory pathways.

scholarly journals Chloroquine and Gemifloxacin Potentiate the Anticancer Effect of Doxorubicin: In-Vitro and In-Vivo Models

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (04) ◽  
pp. 1613-1620
Author(s):  
Sahar Ezeldien ◽  
Waleed F Khalil ◽  
Mostafa Fayez ◽  
Mohamed M. Abdel-Daim
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Cell Lines ◽  
Hematological Parameters ◽  
In Vivo Models ◽  
Doxorubicin Treatment ◽  
Blood Biochemical ◽  
Antitumor Properties ◽  
A549 Lung

Doxorubicin is one of the most effective anthracycline anticancer drugs, but it causes several adverse effects. Our study was designed to assess the consequences of combining doxorubicin with chloroquine or gemifloxacin. Drugs cytotoxicity was assessed on two different cell lines; A549 lung adenocarcinoma and MCF7 breast cancer. The in-vitro oxidative stress was also measured. In the in-vivo experiment, Ehrlich ascetis carcinoma-bearing mice, different treatments with doxorubicin, chloroquine, gemifloxacin and their combinations were evaluated. Survival indices (MST and ILS%) and blood biochemical parameters as well as the histopathological picture were studied. Results showed that, doxorubicin combinations were more cytotoxic on MCF7 and A549 cell lines than doxorubicin alone. The combinations significantly decreased the oxidative stress resulted from doxorubicin treatment. Furthermore, these combinations improved hematological parameters and histopathological pictures in the treated mice. In conclusion, chloroquine and gemifloxacin significantly enhance the antitumor properties of doxorubicin and reduce its toxicity.

scholarly journals Protein Hydrolysates from Anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) Waste: In Vitro and In Vivo Biological Activities

Marine Drugs ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessia Giannetto ◽  
Emanuela Esposito ◽  
Marika Lanza ◽  
Sabrina Oliva ◽  
Kristian Riolo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Protein Hydrolysates ◽  
Bioactive Molecules ◽  
Nutritional Properties ◽  
Fish Waste ◽  
In Vivo Models ◽  
Engraulis Encrasicolus

Fish waste utilization to obtain protein hydrolysates has been demonstrated to be a useful strategy to face both environmental and economic impacts while obtaining high-value products with remarkable biological and nutritional properties. In the present study, protein hydrolysates obtained from anchovy Engraulis encrasicolus (APH) by-products were assessed for their potential biological activities in both in vitro and in vivo models. The treatment with APH exerted a significant protection against LPS-induced inflammation in RAW 264.7 cells, decreasing the protein expression of pro-inflammatory mediators (i.e., COX-2) and inhibiting the nuclear translocation of NF-κB through IκB-α. Moreover, APH modulated the expression of iNOS, MnSOD and HO-1, thus decreasing the severity of oxidative stress. The supplementation of APH in the diet of ApoE knockout mice down-regulated the proinflammatory cytokines (i.e., TNF-α, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6) in both aorta and heart tissues, and modulated the expression of oxidative stress-related genes (Cu/ZnSod, MnSod, Cat, Gpx and Ho), indicating that APH can exert a beneficial role, having anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. The nutritional properties of APH, together with their biological activities herein reported, highlight the possibility of obtaining bioactive molecules from fish waste and encourage their use as potential nutraceuticals in food and pharmaceutical industries in the next future.

scholarly journals Characterizing the Role of Biologically Relevant Fluid Dynamics on Silver Nanoparticle Dependent Oxidative Stress in Adherent and Suspension In Vitro Models

Antioxidants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 832
Author(s):  
Katherine E. Burns ◽  
Robert F. Uhrig ◽  
Maggie E. Jewett ◽  
Madison F. Bourbon ◽  
Kristen A. Krupa
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Fluid Dynamics ◽  
In Vitro Models ◽  
Poor Correlation ◽  
Cellular Interactions ◽  
Dynamic Flow ◽  
In Vivo Models ◽  
And Oxidative Stress

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are being employed in numerous consumer goods and applications; however, they are renowned for inducing negative cellular consequences including toxicity, oxidative stress, and an inflammatory response. Nanotoxicological outcomes are dependent on numerous factors, including physicochemical, biological, and environmental influences. Currently, NP safety evaluations are carried out in both cell-based in vitro and animal in vivo models, with poor correlation between these mechanisms. These discrepancies highlight the need for enhanced exposure environments, which retain the advantages of in vitro models but incorporate critical in vivo influences, such as fluid dynamics. This study characterized the effects of dynamic flow on AgNP behavior, cellular interactions, and oxidative stress within both adherent alveolar (A549) and suspension monocyte (U937) models. This study determined that the presence of physiologically relevant flow resulted in substantial modifications to AgNP cellular interactions and subsequent oxidative stress, as assessed via reactive oxygen species (ROS), glutathione levels, p53, NFκB, and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Within the adherent model, dynamic flow reduced AgNP deposition and oxidative stress markers by roughly 20%. However, due to increased frequency of contact, the suspension U937 cells were associated with higher NP interactions and intracellular stress under fluid flow exposure conditions. For example, the increased AgNP association resulted in a 50% increase in intracellular ROS and p53 levels. This work highlights the potential of modified in vitro systems to improve analysis of AgNP dosimetry and safety evaluations, including oxidative stress assessments.

Oxidative Stress Monitoring in In Vitro and In Vivo Models

2020 ◽  
pp. 163-178
Author(s):  
Thania Rios Rossi Lima ◽  
Bianca Camargo Penteado Sales ◽  
Lilian Cristina Pereira
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Stress Monitoring ◽  
In Vivo Models

scholarly journals Camphene Attenuates Skeletal Muscle Atrophy by Regulating Oxidative Stress and Lipid Metabolism in Rats

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 3731
Author(s):  
Suji Baek ◽  
Jisu Kim ◽  
Byung Seok Moon ◽  
Sun Mi Park ◽  
Da Eun Jung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Muscle Atrophy ◽  
Gas Analysis ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Atrophy ◽  
Ros Scavenging ◽  
In Vivo Models

Sarcopenia- or cachexia-related muscle atrophy is due to imbalanced energy metabolism and oxidative stress-induced muscle dysfunction. Monoterpenes play biological and pharmacological reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging roles. Hence, we explored the effects of camphene, a bicyclic monoterpene, on skeletal muscle atrophy in vitro and in vivo. We treated L6 myoblast cells with camphene and then examined the ROS-related oxidative stress using Mito TrackerTM Red FM and anti-8-oxoguanine antibody staining. To investigate lipid metabolism, we performed real-time polymerase chain reactions, holotomographic microscopy, and respiratory gas analysis. Rat muscle atrophy in in vivo models was observed using 18F-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography and immunocytochemistry. Camphene reversed the aberrant cell size and muscle morphology of L6 myoblasts under starvation and in in vivo models. Camphene also attenuated E3 ubiquitin ligase muscle RING-finger protein-1, mitochondrial fission, and 8-oxoguanine nuclear expression in starved myotubes and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-treated cells. Moreover, camphene significantly regulated lipid metabolism in H2O2-treated cells and in vivo models. These findings suggest that camphene may potentially affect skeletal muscle atrophy by regulating oxidative stress and lipid metabolism.

scholarly journals Natural Nrf2 Activators from Juices, Wines, Coffee, and Cocoa

Beverages ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 68
Author(s):  
Mallique Qader ◽  
Jian Xu ◽  
Yuejun Yang ◽  
Yuancai Liu ◽  
Shugeng Cao
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Antioxidant Activities ◽  
Reactive Oxygen ◽  
Polyphenolic Compounds ◽  
Cellular Systems ◽  
In Vivo Studies

Juices, wine, coffee, and cocoa are rich sources of natural polyphenolic compounds that have potent antioxidant activities proven by in vitro and in vivo studies. These polyphenolic compounds quench reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) or reactive free radicals and act as natural antioxidants which are also able to protect against reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated oxidative damage, which elevates cellular antioxidant capacity to induce antioxidant defense mechanisms by modulating transcription factors. Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) is a transcription factor encoded in humans. It is activated as a result of oxidative stress and induces the expression of its target genes. This is one of the most important cellular defense mechanisms against oxidative stress. However, the oxidative stress alone is not enough to activate Nrf2. Hence phytochemicals, especially polyphenolics, act as natural Nrf2 activators. Herein, this review discusses the natural products identified in juices, coffee, cocoa and wines that modulate Nrf2 activity in cellular systems.

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