scholarly journals Industrial Applications of Ionic Liquids

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (21) ◽  
pp. 5207
Author(s):  
Adam J. Greer ◽  
Johan Jacquemin ◽  
Christopher Hardacre
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Liquids ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Research Activity ◽  
Physiochemical Properties ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Extensive Range ◽  
Significant Research ◽  
Patent Literature ◽  
Solvent Chemistry

Since their conception, ionic liquids (ILs) have been investigated for an extensive range of applications including in solvent chemistry, catalysis, and electrochemistry. This is due to their designation as designer solvents, whereby the physiochemical properties of an IL can be tuned for specific applications. This has led to significant research activity both by academia and industry from the 1990s, accelerating research in many fields and leading to the filing of numerous patents. However, while ILs have received great interest in the patent literature, only a limited number of processes are known to have been commercialised. This review aims to provide a perspective on the successful commercialisation of IL-based processes, to date, and the advantages and disadvantages associated with the use of ILs in industry.

scholarly journals Cholinium amino acid-based ionic liquids

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Le Donne ◽  
Enrico Bodo
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Liquids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Computational Chemistry ◽  
Special Class ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Research Activity ◽  
Intensive Research ◽  
Low Toxicity ◽  
Molecular Components

AbstractBoosted by the simplicity of their synthesis and low toxicity, cholinium and amino acid-based ionic liquids have attracted the attention of researchers in many different fields ranging from computational chemistry to electrochemistry and medicine. Among the uncountable IL variations, these substances occupy a space on their own due to their exceptional biocompatibility that stems from being entirely made by metabolic molecular components. These substances have undergone a rather intensive research activity because of the possibility of using them as greener replacements for traditional ionic liquids. We present here a short review in the attempt to provide a compendium of the state-of-the-art scientific research about this special class of ionic liquids based on the combination of amino acid anions and cholinium cations.

The United States Navy “Standard Day” for Marine Gas Turbines

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Hartranft ◽  
Bruce Thompson ◽  
Dan Groghan
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
United States Navy ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
The United States ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Jet Engines ◽  
Jet Engine ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Power Capability

Following the successful development of aircraft jet engines during World War II (WWII), the United States Navy began exploring the advantages of gas turbine engines for ship and boat propulsion. Early development soon focused on aircraft derivative (aero derivative) gas turbines for use in the United States Navy (USN) Fleet rather than engines developed specifically for marine and industrial applications due to poor results from a few of the early marine and industrial developments. Some of the new commercial jet engine powered aircraft that had emerged at the time were the Boeing 707 and the Douglas DC-8. It was from these early aircraft engine successes (both commercial and military) that engine cores such as the JT4-FT4 and others became available for USN ship and boat programs. The task of adapting the jet engine to the marine environment turned out to be a substantial task because USN ships were operated in a completely different environment than that of aircraft which caused different forms of turbine corrosion than that seen in aircraft jet engines. Furthermore, shipboard engines were expected to perform tens of thousands of hours before overhaul compared with a few thousand hours mean time between overhaul usually experienced in aircraft applications. To address the concerns of shipboard applications, standards were created for marine gas turbine shipboard qualification and installation. One of those standards was the development of a USN Standard Day for gas turbines. This paper addresses the topic of a Navy Standard Day as it relates to the introduction of marine gas turbines into the United States Navy Fleet and why it differs from other rating approaches. Lastly, this paper will address examples of issues encountered with early requirements and whether current requirements for the Navy Standard Day should be changed. Concerning other rating approaches, the paper will also address the issue of using an International Organization for Standardization, that is, an International Standard Day. It is important to address an ISO STD DAY because many original equipment manufacturers and commercial operators prefer to rate their aero derivative gas turbines based on an ISO STD DAY with no losses. The argument is that the ISO approach fully utilizes the power capability of the engine. This paper will discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the ISO STD DAY approach and how the USN STD DAY approach has benefitted the USN. For the future, with the advance of engine controllers and electronics, utilizing some of the features of an ISO STD DAY approach may be possible while maintaining the advantages of the USN STD DAY.

scholarly journals ANALYSIS OF EXISTING METHODS FOR URANIUM-PLUTONIUM MIXED NITRIDE FUEL FAB-RICATION IN RUSSIA AND ABROAD

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (6) ◽  
pp. 12-18
Author(s):  
Maxim S. Fedorov ◽  
Nikolay A. Baydakov ◽  
Alexander N. Zhiganov ◽  
Dmitry V. Zozulya
Keyword(s):  
High Voltage ◽  
Electric Pulse ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Ceramic Technology ◽  
Laboratory Methods ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Nitride Fuel ◽  
Powder Pressing ◽  
Uranium Nitride ◽  
Uranium Plutonium

This paper presents a review and a brief analysis of existing methods for producing mixed uranium nitride and plutonium, developed by both Russian and foreign scientists. The main parameters of the processes are considered, and their advantages and disadvantages are studied. Currently, the main areas of nitride fuel production are the metal hydride method and carbothermic reduction from the starting oxides. The methods are traditional ceramic technology. The starting products for the manufacture of nitride fuel powder can be either oxides (uranium dioxide and plutonium dioxide) or metals (uranium, plutonium and their alloys). To date, the technology for the manufacture of nitride fuel powder has not been finally selected. When considering existing methods, significant emphasis was placed on industrial applications and the simplicity of the hardware design processes. The laboratory methods are reflected in the work, which make it possible to simplify the process and reduce the costs of obtaining powders of mixed uranium and plutonium nitrides. However, they have significant difficulties in the technological implementation and low productivity of the processes. Of special interest among laboratory methods for producing mixed uranium and plutonium nitrides is the method of high-voltage electric pulse consolidation. This method allows sintering of tablets at the stage of powder pressing from mixed uranium and plutonium nitrides by passing a short high-voltage discharge with a power of several kW directly through the powder.

scholarly journals Post-traumatic stress disorder and major depression in conflict-affected populations: an epidemiological model and predictor analysis

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. J. Charlson ◽  
A. Flaxman ◽  
A. J. Ferrari ◽  
T. Vos ◽  
Z. Steel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Major Depression ◽  
Epidemiological Model ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Pooled Prevalence ◽  
Extensive Range ◽  
Significant Research ◽  
Age Patterns ◽  
Analyse Data ◽  
General Populations ◽  
Disease Study

BackgroundDespite significant research examining mental health in conflict-affected populations we do not yet have a comprehensive epidemiological model of how mental disorders are distributed, or which factors influence the epidemiology in these populations. We aim to derive prevalence estimates specific for region, age and sex of major depression, and PTSD in the general populations of areas exposed to conflict, whilst controlling for an extensive range of covariates.MethodsA systematic review was conducted to identify epidemiological estimates of depression and PTSD in conflict-affected populations and potential predictors. We analyse data using Bayesian meta-regression techniques.ResultsWe identified 83 studies and a list of 34 potential predictors. The age-standardised pooled prevalence of PTSD was 12.9% (95% UI 6.9–22.9), and major depression 7.6% (95% UI 5.1–10.9) – markedly lower than estimated in previous research but over two-times higher than the mean prevalence estimated by the Global Burden of Disease Study [3.7% (95% UI 3.0–4.5) and 3.5% (95% UI 2.9–4.2) for anxiety disorders and MDD, respectively]. The age-patterns reveal sharp prevalence inclines in the childhood years. A number of ecological variables demonstrated associations with prevalence of both disorders. Symptom scales were shown to significantly overestimate prevalence of both disorders. Finding suggests higher prevalence of both disorders in females.ConclusionThis study provides, for the first time, age-specific estimates of PTSD and depression prevalence adjusted for an extensive range of covariates and is a significant advancement on our current understanding of the epidemiology in conflict-affected populations.

Industrial uses and applications of ionic liquids

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith E. Gutowski
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Liquid ◽  
Ionic Liquids ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Chemical Processing ◽  
Vapor Pressures ◽  
Thermal Stabilities ◽  
Packaged Goods ◽  
Consumer Packaged Goods

Abstract Ionic liquids are salts that melt at low temperatures (usually defined as less than 100 °C) and have a number of interesting properties that make them useful for industrial applications. Typical ionic liquid properties include high thermal stabilities, negligible vapor pressures, wide liquidus ranges, broad electrochemical windows, and unique solvation properties. Furthermore, the potential combinations of cations and anions provide nearly unlimited chemical tunability. This article will describe the diverse industrial uses of ionic liquids and how their unique properties are leveraged, with examples ranging from chemical processing to consumer packaged goods.

Ekologia interdyscyplinarności

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Element ◽  
Academic Disciplines ◽  
Research Activity ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Collective Work

A collective work of the researchers representing various academic disciplines, areas of expertise and fields of science as well as different generations, which aims to present interdisciplinarity as an essential element of research activity. The scholars share their experience and thoughts relating – directly or indirectly – to advantages and disadvantages of interdisciplinary practices.

Game Theoretic Approaches for Wireless Cooperative Content-Sharing

2015 ◽  
pp. 399-426
Author(s):  
Leonardo Militano ◽  
Antonio Iera ◽  
Francesco Scarcello ◽  
Antonella Molinaro ◽  
Giuseppe Araniti
Keyword(s):  
Common Interest ◽  
Design Strategies ◽  
Research Activity ◽  
Content Sharing ◽  
Transfer Delay ◽  
Significant Research ◽  
Game Theoretic ◽  
Expected Benefits ◽  
Utility Distribution ◽  
Valid Solution

This chapter provides an overview of game theoretic solutions in a wireless application of particular interest for multimedia and social interactions in modern telecommunication systems. In particular, coalitional games, bargaining solutions and fairness and stability issues will be investigated within wireless cooperative content-sharing. According to this paradigm, users download portions of data of common interest over long-range cellular links while exchanging the downloaded portions over short-range radio links. Expected benefits, which are natural incentives to cooperation, may be in terms of content price, energy consumption, and transfer delay reduction. Significant research activity has been conducted to design strategies that simultaneously exploit the multiple radio interfaces of modern wireless devices and maximize the gain. A valid solution for the cooperative content-sharing application should be based on fairness in the utility distribution among the involved nodes which can be eased by exploiting the game theoretic approaches presented in this chapter.

Ionic Liquids in Surface Protection of Aluminum and Its Alloys

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joaquin Arias-Pardilla ◽  
Tulia Espinosa ◽  
José Sanes ◽  
Ana Eva Jiménez ◽  
Ginés Martínez-Nicolás ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wear Resistance ◽  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Ionic Liquid ◽  
Ionic Liquids ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Energy Storage Devices ◽  
New Techniques ◽  
Surface Protection ◽  
Storage Devices ◽  
Potential Applications

Aluminum and its alloys are used in an increasing number of applications but the development of surface coatings and new techniques for corrosion resistance enhancement and for increasing wear resistance will be determinant for applications under aggressive environments. Ionic liquids have already found many industrial applications, including their use in surface protection. The present article will focus on the use of ionic liquids in aluminum and its alloys surface protection applications, including corrosion protection and inhibition, anodization and passivation processes, wear resistance, and potential applications of ionic liquid electrolytes in energy storage devices.

scholarly journals Novel Microwave-Assisted Method of Y2Ti2O7 Powder Synthesis

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (24) ◽  
pp. 5621
Author(s):  
Vladimir Chishkala ◽  
Serhiy Lytovchenko ◽  
Bohdan Mazilin ◽  
Edwin Gevorkyan ◽  
Vladimir Shkuropatenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Savings ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Powder Synthesis ◽  
Microwave Assisted ◽  
Pyrochlore Type ◽  
Size And Morphology ◽  
Solvent Chemistry ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Microwave Assisted Method

In the paper, a novel technique for highly dispersed pyrochlore Y2Ti2O7 is proposed. The experimental results proved that the application of microwave irradiation at a certain stage of calcination allowed synthesizing of Y2Ti2O7 in much shorter time, which ensured substantial energy savings. An increase up to 98 wt.% in the content of the preferred phase with a pyrochlore-type structure Y2Ti2O7 was obtained after 25 h of yttrium and titanium oxides calcination at a relatively low temperature of 1150 °C, while the microwave-supported process took only 9 h and provided 99 wt.% of pyrochlore. The proposed technology is suitable for industrial applications, enabling the fabrication of large industrial amounts of pyrochlore without solvent chemistry and high-energy mills. It reduced the cost of both equipment and energy and made the process more environmentally friendly. The particle size and morphology did not change significantly; therefore, the microwave-assisted method can fully replace the traditional one.

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