scholarly journals Arthropod-Borne Disease Control at a Glance: What’s New on Drug Development?

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (21) ◽  
pp. 5175
Author(s):  
Giovanni Benelli ◽  
Riccardo Petrelli ◽  
Angelo Canale
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Human African Trypanosomiasis ◽  
Important Research ◽  
Major Research ◽  
Resistance Development ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Research Challenge ◽  
Effective Drugs

Discovering and validating effective drugs to manage arthropod-borne diseases (ABD) is a timely and important research challenge with major impacts on real-world control programs at the time of quick resistance development in the targeted pathogens. This editorial highlights major research advances in the development of drugs for the control of vector-borne diseases, with a significant focus on malaria, Chagas disease, dengue, human African trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and Zika. Broad reviews providing new insights on ABD recently published in Molecules have also been covered in “The Editors’ pick” section.

scholarly journals Human Cutaneous Leishmaniosis in Iran, Up to Date-2019

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamad Reza Razavi ◽  
Mohammad Reza Shirzad ◽  
Mehdi Mohebali ◽  
Mohammad Reza Yaghoobi-Ershadi ◽  
Hassan Vatandoost ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Surveillance System ◽  
Endemic Area ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
The World ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Cutaneous Leishmaniosis

Cutaneous leishmaniasis is a neglected and parasitic vector borne diseases that is endemic in tropical and subtropical countries, including Iran. The aim of this study was to explain the present status of CL in Iran. This report is based on data that recorded by cutaneous leishmaniasis surveillance system in 2019, and evalu­ated in Center for Communicable Diseases Management in Ministry of Health in Iran. Iran has been considered an endemic area for cutaneous leishmani­asis in the world. Dependent to activities for cutaneous leishmaniasis control the number of cases decreased from 23202 in 2008 (Incidence rate 32 per 100000) to 13124 in 2019 (Incidence rate 15.8 per 100000), more cases reported from September to December, in 2019, 46% of cases had one lesion and 21% had 2 lesions, 85% of cases diagnosed when the diameter of lesions had 3 centimeters and bellows. Although the Leishmania control program began in 1977, the incidence of the disease has dropped dramat­ically since 2008 when the new cutaneous leishmaniasis control program have been implemented. Although in some areas the inci­dence of the disease increased, but the implementation of the new program has reduced the number of cas­es, in order to continue reducing the disease, permanent support for the control programs is needed.

scholarly journals Dynamics of Zika virus outbreaks: an overview of mathematical modeling approaches

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e4526 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anuwat Wiratsudakul ◽  
Parinya Suparit ◽  
Charin Modchang
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Mathematical Models ◽  
Real World ◽  
Zika Virus ◽  
Real World Data ◽  
World Data ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Complex Models ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Simple Models

BackgroundThe Zika virus was first discovered in 1947. It was neglected until a major outbreak occurred on Yap Island, Micronesia, in 2007. Teratogenic effects resulting in microcephaly in newborn infants is the greatest public health threat. In 2016, the Zika virus epidemic was declared as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC). Consequently, mathematical models were constructed to explicitly elucidate related transmission dynamics.Survey MethodologyIn this review article, two steps of journal article searching were performed. First, we attempted to identify mathematical models previously applied to the study of vector-borne diseases using the search terms “dynamics,” “mathematical model,” “modeling,” and “vector-borne” together with the names of vector-borne diseases including chikungunya, dengue, malaria, West Nile, and Zika. Then the identified types of model were further investigated. Second, we narrowed down our survey to focus on only Zika virus research. The terms we searched for were “compartmental,” “spatial,” “metapopulation,” “network,” “individual-based,” “agent-based” AND “Zika.” All relevant studies were included regardless of the year of publication. We have collected research articles that were published before August 2017 based on our search criteria. In this publication survey, we explored the Google Scholar and PubMed databases.ResultsWe found five basic model architectures previously applied to vector-borne virus studies, particularly in Zika virus simulations. These include compartmental, spatial, metapopulation, network, and individual-based models. We found that Zika models carried out for early epidemics were mostly fit into compartmental structures and were less complicated compared to the more recent ones. Simple models are still commonly used for the timely assessment of epidemics. Nevertheless, due to the availability of large-scale real-world data and computational power, recently there has been growing interest in more complex modeling frameworks.DiscussionMathematical models are employed to explore and predict how an infectious disease spreads in the real world, evaluate the disease importation risk, and assess the effectiveness of intervention strategies. As the trends in modeling of infectious diseases have been shifting towards data-driven approaches, simple and complex models should be exploited differently. Simple models can be produced in a timely fashion to provide an estimation of the possible impacts. In contrast, complex models integrating real-world data require more time to develop but are far more realistic. The preparation of complicated modeling frameworks prior to the outbreaks is recommended, including the case of future Zika epidemic preparation.

scholarly journals Recent trends in global insecticide use for disease vector control and potential implications for resistance management

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Henk van den Berg ◽  
Haroldo Sergio da Silva Bezerra ◽  
Samira Al-Eryani ◽  
Emmanuel Chanda ◽  
Bhupender N. Nagpal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insecticide Resistance ◽  
Vector Control ◽  
Chagas Disease ◽  
Pyrethroid Resistance ◽  
Resistance Management ◽  
Insecticide Treated Nets ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Disease Vector ◽  
Vector Borne

AbstractInsecticides have played a major role in the prevention, control, and elimination of vector-borne diseases, but insecticide resistance threatens the efficacy of available vector control tools. A global survey was conducted to investigate vector control insecticide use from 2010 to 2019. Out of 140 countries selected as sample for the study, 87 countries responded. Also, data on ex-factory deliveries of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) were analyzed. Insecticide operational use was highest for control of malaria, followed by dengue, leishmaniasis and Chagas disease. Vector control relied on few insecticide classes with pyrethroids the most used overall. Results indicated that IRS programs have been slow to react to detection of pyrethroid resistance, while proactive resistance management using insecticides with unrelated modes of action was generally weak. The intensive use of recently introduced insecticide products raised concern about product stewardship regarding the preservation of insecticide susceptibility in vector populations. Resistance management was weakest for control of dengue, leishmaniasis or Chagas disease. Therefore, it will be vital that vector control programs coordinate on insecticide procurement, planning, implementation, resistance monitoring, and capacity building. Moreover, increased consideration should be given to alternative vector control tools that prevent the development of insecticide resistance.

scholarly journals ENTOMOLOGICAL PARAMETERS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF INSECTICIDE RESISTANCE IN DENGUE VECTOR AEDES AEGYPTI LARVAE FROM BENGKULU CITY, INDONESIA

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 96-102
Author(s):  
Dessy Triana ◽  
Fitaloca N Siregar ◽  
Eka Purnama Wulan Tri Utami ◽  
Tatik Suteky ◽  
Swandito Wicaksono
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Vector Population ◽  
Who 1999 Criteria ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Dengue Control ◽  
Breeding Place

In Bengkulu, as in other areas of Indonesia, dengue is one of the most important vector-borne diseases. The primary strategy to control dengue is by reducing the vector population using insecticides. However, applications of insecticides becomes a contributing factor in the development of vector resistance. As there is no effective dengue drug or safe vaccine available, vector control remains the most effective intervention to reduce incidence and prevent transmission and outbreak. This study aimed to determine the entomological parameters and resistance status to temephos of Aedes aegypti larvae from Lingkar Barat village and Jalan Gedang village (dengue endemic areas). This study used cross-sectional and experimental with post-control only design. The sampling refers to the guidelines for dengue entomology surveys according to WHO 1999 criteria. Aedes aegypti eggs were collected by ovitraps and reared to larvae stage. Susceptibility test of larvae to the temephos was estimated using standard WHO. Mortality of larvae Ae. aegypti after 24 hours with multiple concentration of temephos indicative of highly resistant.  Entomological parameters for house index (HI), container index (CI) and container pupa index (CPI) in Jalan Gedang village and Lingkar Barat village were estimated: 7%, 12% for HI and 1.97%, 3.43% for CI, and 5%, 2% for CPI, respectively. The proportion of controllable sites is higher than disposable sites, it has a high risk as breeding places for mosquitoes indicates a high potential risk as breeding place and transmission of dengue. Awareness sanitation in the home and surrounding environment must be possessed by each individual community in order to prevent and overcome the incidence of dengue. These data should be of value in formulating dengue control programs.

Pyrethroid Susceptibility in Culex quinquefasciatus Say. (Diptera: Culicidae) Populations from Delta State, Niger-Delta Region, Nigeria

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chioma C Ojianwuna ◽  
Ahmed I Omotayo ◽  
Victor N Enwemiwe ◽  
Fouad A Adetoro ◽  
Destiny N Eyeboka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Culex Quinquefasciatus ◽  
Niger Delta ◽  
World Health ◽  
Delta Region ◽  
Resistance Development ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Niger Delta Region ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract The development of insecticide resistance in different species of mosquitoes to Pyrethroids is a major challenge for vector-borne diseases transmitted by mosquitoes. Failure of Pyrethroids in control of mosquitoes would impact negatively on the gains recorded in control of mosquito-borne diseases in previous years. In anticipation of a country-wide deployment of Pyrethroid-treated nets for control of mosquito-borne diseases in Nigeria, this study assessed susceptibility of Culex quinquefasciatus Say. (Diptera: Culicidae) to Pyrethroids in Owhelogbo, Ejeme and Oria-Abraka communities in Delta State, Niger-Delta, Nigeria. Three to five day old Cx. quinquefasciatus were exposed to Deltamethrin (0.05%), Permethrin (0.75%), and Alphacypermethrin (0.05%) using World Health Organization bioassay method. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was employed in characterization of species and knockdown mutation. Results revealed that Cx. quinquefasciatus were generally susceptible (98-100%) to Deltamethrin, Permethrin, and Alphacypermethrin in the three communities with the exception of Owhelogbo where resistance to Deltamethrin (97%) was suspected. Knockdown time to Deltamethrin (11.51, 11.23, and 12.68 min), Permethrin (28.75, 13.26, and 14.49 min), and Alphacypermethrin (15.07, 12.50, and 13.03 min) were considerably low for Owhelogbo, Ejeme, and Oria-Abraka Cx. quinquefasciatus populations, respectively. Species identification result showed that all amplified samples were Cx. quinquefasciatus; however, no kdr allele was found in the three populations. Deployment of pyrethroid-treated nets for control of mosquito-borne diseases in Niger-Delta region of Nigeria is capable of reducing burden of diseases transmitted by Cx. quinquefasciatus as well as addressing nuisance value of the vector; however, caution must be entertained so as not to increase selection pressure thereby aiding resistance development.

scholarly journals A Review of Studies Evaluating Insecticide Barrier Treatments for Mosquito Control From 1944 to 2018

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 117863021985900 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig A Stoops ◽  
Whitney A Qualls ◽  
Thuy-Vi T Nguyen ◽  
Stephanie L Richards
Keyword(s):  
Mosquito Control ◽  
Mosquito Species ◽  
The United States ◽  
Pathogen Transmission ◽  
Control Efficacy ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Potential Development ◽  
Lambda Cyhalothrin ◽  
Vector Borne

Background and Purpose: Barrier insecticide treatments have a long history in mosquito control programs but have been used more frequently in the United States in recent years for control of invasive “backyard” species (eg, Aedes albopictus) and increases in incidence of vector-borne diseases (eg, Zika). Methods: We reviewed the published literature for studies investigating barrier treatments for mosquito control during the last 74 years (1944-2018). We searched databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar to retrieve worldwide literature on barrier treatments. Results: Forty-four studies that evaluated 20 active ingredients (AIs) and 21 formulated products against multiple mosquito species are included. Insecticides investigated for efficacy included organochlorines (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane [DDT], β-hexachlorocyclohexane [BHC]), organophosphates (malathion), and pyrethroids (bifenthrin, deltamethrin, permethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin) as AIs. Study design varied with multiple methods used to evaluate effectiveness of barrier treatments. Barrier treatments were effective at lowering mosquito populations although there was variation between studies and for different mosquito species. Factors other than AI, such as exposure to rainfall and application equipment used, also influenced control efficacy. Conclusions: Many of the basic questions on the effectiveness of barrier insecticide applications have been answered, but several important details still must be investigated to improve precision and impact on vector-borne pathogen transmission. Recommendations are made to assist future evaluations of barrier treatments for mosquito control and to limit the potential development of insecticide resistance.

scholarly journals Urban Populations of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) From Central Argentina: Dispersal Patterns Assessed by Bayesian and Multivariate Methods

2020 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 1069-1076
Author(s):  
Ana María Ayala ◽  
Noelia Soledad Vera ◽  
Marina Beatriz Chiappero ◽  
Walter Ricardo Almirón ◽  
Cristina Noemí Gardenal
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Isolation By Distance ◽  
Pathogen Transmission ◽  
Dispersal Pattern ◽  
Dispersal Patterns ◽  
Population Genetic Analysis ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
High Q ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Vector Borne

Abstract Aedes aegypti (L.), the main vector of dengue and other arboviruses, was declared eradicated from Argentina in 1964; however, in 1987, it was detected again and nowadays it occurs in most of the country territory. To understand the transmission of vector-borne diseases, knowledge of the dispersal of vector populations is essential to evaluate the risk of pathogen transmission. We conducted a population genetic analysis of Ae. aegypti in 20 neighborhoods from Córdoba, the second largest city in Argentina, using 10 microsatellite loci. High genetic differentiation and the absence of an isolation by distance pattern was found using Weir and Cockerham’s θ. Bayesian and multivariate clustering analyses showed that the studied sites included individuals with high membership coefficients (Q) in their populations, individuals with membership in another cluster, and admixed individuals. Individuals with high Q in clusters different from the population in which they were collected strongly suggests that passive transport is important in shaping the Ae. aegypti dispersal pattern in Córdoba city. Knowing the genetic structure of Ae. aegypti populations and their dispersal patterns would contribute to the implementation of vector control programs.

Parasitism of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) by water mite larvae (Acari: Hydrachnidia) in Amol, Mazandaran Province, northern Iran

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 423
Author(s):  
Mohsen Karami ◽  
Alireza Saboori ◽  
Mahdieh Asadi ◽  
Seyed Hassan Moosa-Kazemi ◽  
Mohammad Amin Gorouhi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mosquito Vector ◽  
Water Mites ◽  
Water Mite ◽  
Mazandaran Province ◽  
Northern Iran ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Anopheline Mosquitoes

Mosquitoes transmit a wide range of vector-borne diseases to humans and animal. Due to the increase in insecticide resistance, there is a need for novel mosquito vector control programs, including biocontrol. Some water mite larvae, such as those of Arrenurus genus, act as parasites of mosquitoes. Mosquito larvae, pupae and adults were collected from three locations in Amol County, Iran by dipping and hand-catch collection methods, from May to late September 2015. Then mites were removed from mosquitoes and identified to genus level using valid identification keys. A total of 873 adults of anopheline mosquitoes belonging to three species (Anopheles maculipennis s.lat., An. pseudopictus and An. hyrcanus) were collected. We only found Arrenurus sp. mites. From 873 anopheline mosquitoes captured, 11% were parasitized by 151 mites, with a mean rate of 1.59, ranging from 1 to 14. Parasitism was higher in lowlands. Water mites, as biocontrol agents of vectors, could impact fecundity, fertility and induce other harms on host. As this study is the first research on water mite parasitism on mosquitoes in Iran, more detailed studies are needed to increase our knowledge on biology and ecology of water mites parasitizing mosquitoes in Amol and other areas in Caspian sea region in Iran.

Biodiversity of Insect Vectors and Parasites: Prospects and Challenges in the 21st Century

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-21
Author(s):  
Georgina Samuel Mwansat
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Ecological Integrity ◽  
Insect Vector ◽  
Insect Vectors ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Insect Biodiversity ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
The Way

This paper examines diversity of insect vectors and parasites/vector-borne diseases also the successes and challenges in vector control in the 21st century and the way forward suggested. The generally accepted insect biodiversity is estimated to be 5.5 million worldwide with only about 1.5 million described. Generally, four insect orders: Coloeptera, Lepidopera, Hymenoptera and Odonata have been well studied and broadly described. Majority of insect species are known to be beneficial to man and the environment however, insect vectors which are fewer have been identified as causes of morbidity. Mosquitoes which are hematophagous insect vectors are known to be the leading vector for human infectious agents. Insecticides majorly dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT) were therefore used for the control of insect vectors. This succeeded only for a short while in the 19th century due to insect vector resistance and the widely condemned ecological disadvantages. This led to the development of safer and more effective insecticides such as the pyrethriods although also plagued with the tendencies of insect vector resistance. However, it has been strongly indicated that there are links between drivers of global biodiversity modification and vector-borne diseases. This is identified as the strongest reason for control programs that are all encompassing, engaging different fields and institutions, communities and individuals. The Integrated Vector Management (IVM) is therefore, advocated as the way forward for control of insect vector in the 21st century. It is encouraged to be practised putting the basic principles of biodiversity conservation which are ensuring biological diversity, ecological integrity and resilience in proper perspective.

scholarly journals The Role of the Private Sector in Supporting Malaria Control in Resource Development Settings

2020 ◽  
Vol 222 (Supplement_8) ◽  
pp. S701-S708
Author(s):  
Robert T Jones ◽  
Lucy S Tusting ◽  
Hugh M P Smith ◽  
Sylvester Segbaya ◽  
Michael B Macdonald ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Private Sector ◽  
Vector Control ◽  
Malaria Control ◽  
Local Resident ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
The Public ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Industrial Operations ◽  
Vector Borne

Abstract Industrial operations of the private sector, such as extraction, agriculture, and construction, can bring large numbers of people into new settlement areas and cause environmental change that promotes the transmission of vector-borne diseases. Industry-related workers and communities unduly exposed to infection risk typically lack the knowledge and means to protect themselves. However, there is a strong business rationale for protecting local resident employees through integrated vector control programs, as well as an ethical responsibility to care for these individuals and the affected communities. We discuss the role and challenges of the private sector in developing malaria control programs, which can include extensive collaborations with the public sector that go on to form the basis of national vector control programs or more broadly support local healthcare systems.

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