scholarly journals Nutritional Enhancement of Farmed Salmon Meat via Non-GMO Nannochloropsis Gaditana: Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA, 20:5 n-3), Docosapentaenoic Acid (DPA, 22:5 n-3) and Vitamin D3 for Human Health

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (20) ◽  
pp. 4615
Author(s):  
Ivonne Lozano-Muñoz ◽  
Susana Muñoz ◽  
Nelson F. Díaz ◽  
Alberto Medina ◽  
Jazmín Bazaes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Vitamin D3 ◽  
Docosapentaenoic Acid ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Human Diet ◽  
Nannochloropsis Gaditana ◽  
Commercial Diet ◽  
Farmed Salmon ◽  
Essential Components

Omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC PUFAs) and vitamin D3 are essential components of human nutrition. A regular human diet is highly deficient in n-3 LC PUFAs. Fish like salmon are highly recommended in the human diet as they are a major source of high-value n-3 LC PUFAs and vitamin D3. The levels of these nutrients have been decreasing over the last few years in farmed salmon, whose production urgently needs sustainable sources of these nutrients. The microalga Nannochloropsis gaditana (NG) is known for its naturally high potential for the production of eicosapentaenoic (EPA, 20:5 n-3) fatty acid. A commercial diet for Atlantic salmon was supplemented with 1% and 10% of spray-dried NG grown under controlled conditions for a high EPA content. Salmon were harvested on day 49, following which, boneless and skinless salmon meat was recovered from fish and analyzed for the fatty acid profile, total fat, and vitamin D3. Vitamin D3, EPA, and docosapentaenoic fatty acid (DPA, 22:5 n-3) levels were significantly increased (p < 0.05) by supplementing the basal diet with 10% NG, thus, NG represents a novel, functional, natural ingredient and a sustainable source of n-3 LC-PUFAs that can raise the levels of healthy fats and vitamin D3 in farmed salmon meat.

scholarly journals Salmonids as Natural Functional Food Rich in Omega-3 PUFA

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 2409
Author(s):  
Wojciech Kolanowski
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Functional Food ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Salmonid Fish ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Pufa Content ◽  
Human Diet ◽  
Fish Fillets ◽  
Food Market

Salmonids are valuable fish in the human diet due to their high content of bioactive omega-3 very long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (VLC PUFA). The aim of this study was to assess the omega-3 VLC PUFA content in selected salmonid fish present on the food market regarding whether they were farm-raised or wild. It was assumed that farm-raised fish, by eating well-balanced feed enriched with omega-3 PUFA, might contain omega-3 VLC PUFA in levels similar to that of wild fish. Fat content, fatty acid composition and omega-3 VLC PUFA content in fish fillets were measured. Farm-raised salmon from Norway, wild Baltic salmon, farm-raised rainbow trout and brown trout were bought from a food market whereas wild trout (rainbow and brown) were caught alive. The fat content in fish ranged from 3.3 to 8.0 g/100 g of fillet. It was confirmed that although wild salmonid fish contain 10–25% more omega-3 VLC PUFA in lipid fraction, the farm-raised ones, due to the 60–100% higher fat content, are an equally rich source of these desirable fatty acids in the human diet. One serving (130 g) of salmonid fish fillets might provide a significant dose of omega-3 VLC PUFA, from 1.2 to 2.5 g. Thus, due to very high content of bioactive fatty acids eicosapentaenoic (EPA), docosapentaenoic (DPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) in their meat, salmonid fish currently present on the food market, both sea and freshwater as well as wild and farm-raised, should be considered as natural functional food.

scholarly journals Valuable Fatty Acids in Bryophytes—Production, Biosynthesis, Analysis and Applications

Plants ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 524 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lu ◽  
Eiriksson ◽  
Thorsteinsdóttir ◽  
Simonsen
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Aqueous Environment ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Human Diet ◽  
Omega 3 Fatty Acid ◽  
Algae Oil ◽  
Fatty Acid Compositions

Bryophytes (mosses, liverworts and hornworts) often produce high amounts of very long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (vl-PUFAs) including arachidonic acid (AA, 20:4 △5,8,11,14) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5 △5,8,11,14,17). The presence of vl-PUFAs is common for marine organisms such as algae, but rarely found in higher plants. This could indicate that bryophytes did not lose their marine origin completely when they landed into the non-aqueous environment. Vl-PUFA, especially the omega-3 fatty acid EPA, is essential in human diet for its benefits on healthy brain development and inflammation modulation. Recent studies are committed to finding new sources of vl-PUFAs instead of fish and algae oil. In this review, we summarize the fatty acid compositions and contents in the previous studies, as well as the approaches for qualification and quantification. We also conclude different approaches to enhance AA and EPA productions including biotic and abiotic stresses.

scholarly journals Genome Sequencing and Analysis of Thraustochytriidae sp. SZU445 Provides Novel Insights into the Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Biosynthesis Pathway

Marine Drugs ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xingyu Zhu ◽  
Shuangfei Li ◽  
Liangxu Liu ◽  
Siting Li ◽  
Yanqing Luo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid Synthase ◽  
Polyketide Synthase ◽  
Fatty Acid Biosynthesis ◽  
Docosapentaenoic Acid ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Gene Ontology Database ◽  
Fatty Acid Biosynthesis Pathway ◽  
Fas Pathway ◽  
Acid Pathway

Thraustochytriidae sp. have broadly gained attention as a prospective resource for the production of omega-3 fatty acids production in significant quantities. In this study, the whole genome of Thraustochytriidae sp. SZU445, which produces high levels of docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), was sequenced and subjected to protein annotation. The obtained clean reads (63.55 Mb in total) were assembled into 54 contigs and 25 scaffolds, with maximum and minimum lengths of 400 and 0.0054 Mb, respectively. A total of 3513 genes (24.84%) were identified, which could be classified into six pathways and 44 pathway groups, of which 68 genes (1.93%) were involved in lipid metabolism. In the Gene Ontology database, 22,436 genes were annotated as cellular component (8579 genes, 38.24%), molecular function (5236 genes, 23.34%), and biological process (8621 genes, 38.42%). Four enzymes corresponding to the classic fatty acid synthase (FAS) pathway and three enzymes corresponding to the classic polyketide synthase (PKS) pathway were identified in Thraustochytriidae sp. SZU445. Although PKS pathway-associated dehydratase and isomerase enzymes were not detected in Thraustochytriidae sp. SZU445, a putative DHA- and DPA-specific fatty acid pathway was identified.

The fatty acid composition of grass silages

1998 ◽  
Vol 1998 ◽  
pp. 35-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.J. Dewhurst ◽  
P.J. King
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid Composition ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Linolenic Acid ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Fish Oils ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Human Diet ◽  
Omega 3 Fatty Acid ◽  
Grass Silage

Ruminant products have been criticised for the possible adverse effects of their saturated fatty acids on human health. Conversely, the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, notably those in fish oils, have been identified as beneficial components of the human diet. Earlier studies have shown that a small, but useful, amount of forage α-linolenic acid (C18:3), an omega-3 fatty acid, appears in ruminant products (Wood and Enser, 1996). The objective of the current work was to evaluate the range of α-linolenic acid concentrations in laboratory grass silages in order to assess the opportunities to modify ensiling techniques to increase the natural delivery of omega-3 fatty acid from grass silage to milk or meat.

scholarly journals Effect of dietary supplementation of Albizia Lebbeck seed oil on the fatty acid composition of weaner rabbits

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (10) ◽  
pp. 137-143
Author(s):  
Alagbe, J.O ◽  
Akintayo - Balogun Omolere. M
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid Composition ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Acid Composition ◽  
Seed Oil ◽  
Dietary Supplementation ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Albizia Lebbeck ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Omega 6 ◽  
Rabbit Meat

An experiment was carried out to determine the effects of dietary supplementation of Albizia lebbeck seed oil (ALO) on the fatty acid composition of weaner rabbits.50 weaned rabbits of mixed breed and sexes, aged between 6-7 weeks with an average initial body weight of 460 ± 1.3 were randomly assigned into five dietary treatments of ten rabbits per group; each group was further divided into 5 replicates consisting of two rabbits each. Basal diet was formulated to meet the nutritional requirements of rabbits according to NRC (1977). Rabbits in treatment 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 were supplemented with ALO at 0 %, 0.1%, 0.2 %, 0.3 % and 0.4 % respectively. Feed and water was given ad libitum and the experiment lasted for 12 weeks.The results showed that significant differences (P<0.05) were observed in saturated fatty acid (SFA), polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) and omega-6/omega -3 ratio (n-6:n-3) values obtained. Rabbits fed diet containing 0.4 % ALO had the highest PUFA value (54.17 %), followed by T4 (53.01 %), T3 (45.13 %), T2 (37.61 %) and T1 (26.93 %) respectively. Similarly (n-6:n-3) composition in T5 (3.65 %) increased in T5 fed 0.4 % ALO compared with T1 (1.38 %) fed 0% ALO.Antherogenic index were significantly (P<0.05) different among the treatments. It can be concluded that supplementation of ALO at 0.4 % highly influenced the composition of fatty acid in rabbit meat.

scholarly journals Two step-production of acylglycerols containing a high proportion of docosapentaenoic acid from marine omega-3 oil and their oxidative stability

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhongshui Yu ◽  
Jiankang Wang ◽  
Fereidoon Shahidi
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Oxidative Stability ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Docosapentaenoic Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid Esters ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Seal Blubber Oil ◽  
Temperature Time ◽  
Acid Esters

The objective of this study was to concentrate polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) from seal blubber oil in an innovative manner to produce a high content of docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) in the resultant product. It also aimed at investigating the use of lipases as catalysts for synthesizing acylglycerols from glycerol and polyunsaturated fatty acid concentrates. Additionally, study of the oxidative stability of acylglycerols synthesized by lipases was intended. A two-stage urea complexation process was used to concentrate PUFA from seal blubber oil, giving rise to a DPA content of up to 24.0% in the product. Enzymatic synthesis of acyglycerols directly from glycerol and fatty acid concentrate was studied. Three lipases were used as biocatalysts for esterification. Lipase SP435 from Candida antarctica showed the highest activity for esterification. Effects of reaction parameters, namely temperature, time course and mole ratio of glycerol to fatty acid were followed with all three lipases. The optimal reaction time was 24 hr at 30 °C at a mole ratio of glycerol to fatty acid of 14:1. The maximum degree of acylglycerol synthesis was > 90%. The effect of time course and mole ratio of glycerol to fatty acid on acylglycerols distribution was also determined. The oxidative stability of different samples under Schaal-oven conditions at 60 °C showed that the oxidative stability of acylglycerols was better than that of the corresponding fatty acid esters.

The fatty acid composition of grass silages

1998 ◽  
Vol 1998 ◽  
pp. 35-35
Author(s):  
R.J. Dewhurst ◽  
P.J. King
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid Composition ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Linolenic Acid ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Fish Oils ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Human Diet ◽  
Omega 3 Fatty Acid ◽  
Grass Silage

Ruminant products have been criticised for the possible adverse effects of their saturated fatty acids on human health. Conversely, the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, notably those in fish oils, have been identified as beneficial components of the human diet. Earlier studies have shown that a small, but useful, amount of forage α-linolenic acid (C18:3), an omega-3 fatty acid, appears in ruminant products (Wood and Enser, 1996). The objective of the current work was to evaluate the range of α-linolenic acid concentrations in laboratory grass silages in order to assess the opportunities to modify ensiling techniques to increase the natural delivery of omega-3 fatty acid from grass silage to milk or meat.

scholarly journals Time-dependent transcriptome profile of genes involved in triacylglycerol (TAG) and polyunsaturated fatty acid synthesis in Nannochloropsis gaditana during nitrogen starvation

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 1153-1164
Author(s):  
Jorijn H. Janssen ◽  
Jacco Spoelder ◽  
Jasper J. Koehorst ◽  
Peter J. Schaap ◽  
René H. Wijffels ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Nitrogen Starvation ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Membrane Lipids ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Nannochloropsis Gaditana ◽  
Expression Levels ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Δ9 Desaturase

AbstractIn this research, the gene expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism of the eustigmatophyte alga Nannochloropsis gaditana was measured by transcriptomic data. This microalga can be used as a source of triacylglycerol (TAG) and the omega-3 fatty acid eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). Insight in TAG and EPA production and regulation are needed to improve their productivity. Nitrogen starvation induces TAG accumulation in N. gaditana. Previous research showed that during nitrogen starvation, EPA was translocated from the polar lipids to TAG and de novo synthesized in N. gaditana. Therefore, the expression levels of genes involved in fatty acid translocation and de novo TAG synthesis were measured. Furthermore, the genes involved in de novo EPA synthesis such as elongases and desaturases were studied. The expression levels were measured during the first hours of nitrogen starvation and the subsequent period of 14 days. One phospholipid:diacylglycerol acyltransferase (PDAT) gene involved in translocation of fatty acids from membrane lipids to TAG was upregulated. In addition, several lipases were upregulated, suggesting that these enzymes might be responsible for the translocation of EPA to TAG. Most desaturases and elongases involved in de novo EPA synthesis were downregulated during nitrogen starvation, except for Δ9 desaturase which was upregulated. This upregulation correlates with the increase in oleic acid. Due to the presence of many hypothetical genes, improvement in annotation is needed to increase our understanding of these pathways and their regulation.

scholarly journals Suplementasi L-Karnitin dan Asam Lemak PUFA Terproteksi dalam Ransum Limbah Pasar Organik Terfermentasi Pengaruhnya Terhadap Komposisi Kimiawi Air Susu Kambing

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Sudibya Sudibya ◽  
Aqni Hanifa ◽  
Eka Handayanta ◽  
Ayu Intansari ◽  
Rendi Fathoni Hadi
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Fish Oil ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Dairy Goats ◽  
Tuna Fish ◽  
Dairy Milk ◽  
Tuna Fish Oil

<p>The experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of transfer protection PUFA and L-carnitin on the ration on chemist composition of dairy milk In total, 15 female dairy goats of 2-4 year this old Peranakan Etawah (PE) with body weight of 25-55 kg were used in this experiment. The assay diets included a basal diet (control) based on yellow corn, rice bran, soy bean meal and coconut meal, mineral, tuna fish oil and lemuru fish oil. The method of the research was experimental in vivo using Completely Randomized Blok Design (RAK). There were 5 treatment in each treatment and 3 replication. Treatment consisted of P0 = control ration, P1 = P0 +50% market waste subtition grass on the ration, P2 = P1+500 ppm L-karnitin on the ration, P3 = P1+protection tuna fish oil 5% in the ration and P4 = P1+ protection lemuru fish oil 5% in the ration. The variables measuared content composition dairy milk goat. The results of variance analysis showed that the effect of suplementation protection PUFA in the rations on market waste contain 500 ppm L-carnitine were significantly (P&lt;0.01) of acid goats milk composition. The conclusion of this research shows that the suplementation protection PUFA in the ration contain 500 ppm L-carnitine, can decrease milk cholesterol from 0,482% to 0,420%, LDL from 45,30 to 33,13 mg/dl. There for to increase HDL from 54,70 to 66,87 mg/dl, omega-3 fatty acid from 1,10% to 4,04%, omega-6 fatty acid from 1,46% to 18,80 percent.</p><p> </p><p>Keywords: composition dairy milk goats, L-carnitine, protection PUFA fatty acid</p>

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