scholarly journals Coupling of HSP72 α-Helix Subdomains by the Unexpected Irreversible Targeting of Lysine-56 over Cysteine-17; Coevolution of Covalent Bonding

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (18) ◽  
pp. 4239
Author(s):  
Aimen Aljoundi ◽  
Ahmed El Rashedy ◽  
Patrick Appiah-Kubi ◽  
Mahmoud E. S. Soliman
Keyword(s):  
Conformational Changes ◽  
Conformational Dynamics ◽  
Salt Bridge ◽  
Structural Basis ◽  
Irreversible Inhibitor ◽  
Closed Conformation ◽  
Covalent Inhibition ◽  
Covalent Inhibitors ◽  
Biological Target ◽  
Α Helix

Covalent inhibition has recently gained a resurgence of interest in several drug discovery areas. The expansion of this approach is based on evidence elucidating the selectivity and potency of covalent inhibitors when bound to particular amino acids of a biological target. The unexpected covalent inhibition of heat shock protein 72 (HSP72) by covalently targeting Lys-56 instead of Cys-17 was an interesting observation. However, the structural basis and conformational changes associated with this preferential coupling to Lys-56 over Cys-17 remain unclear. To resolve this mystery, we employed structural and dynamic analyses to investigate the structural basis and conformational dynamics associated with the unexpected covalent inhibition. Our analyses reveal that the coupling of the irreversible inhibitor to Lys-56 is intrinsically less dynamic than Cys-17. Conformational dynamics analyses further reveal that the coupling of the inhibitor to Lys-56 induced a closed conformation of the nucleotide-binding subdomain (NBD) α-helices, in contrast, an open conformation was observed in the case of Cys-17. The closed conformation maintained the crucial salt-bridge between Glu-268 and Lys-56 residues, which strengthens the interaction affinity of the inhibitor nearly identical to adenosine triphosphate (ADP/Pi) bound to the HSP72-NBD. The outcome of this report provides a substantial shift in the conventional direction for the design of more potent covalent inhibitors.

Structural basis of the transactivation deficiency of the human PPARγ F360L mutant associated with familial partial lipodystrophy

2014 ◽  
Vol 70 (7) ◽  
pp. 1965-1976 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clorinda Lori ◽  
Alessandra Pasquo ◽  
Roberta Montanari ◽  
Davide Capelli ◽  
Valerio Consalvi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Structure ◽  
Conformational Changes ◽  
Partial Agonist ◽  
Salt Bridge ◽  
Van Der Waals Interactions ◽  
Structural Basis ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Partial Lipodystrophy ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Familial Partial Lipodystrophy

The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are transcription factors that regulate glucose and lipid metabolism. The role of PPARs in several chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes, obesity and atherosclerosis is well known and, for this reason, they are the targets of antidiabetic and hypolipidaemic drugs. In the last decade, some rare mutations in human PPARγ that might be associated with partial lipodystrophy, dyslipidaemia, insulin resistance and colon cancer have emerged. In particular, the F360L mutant of PPARγ (PPARγ2 residue 388), which is associated with familial partial lipodystrophy, significantly decreases basal transcriptional activity and impairs stimulation by synthetic ligands. To date, the structural reason for this defective behaviour is unclear. Therefore, the crystal structure of PPARγ F360L together with the partial agonist LT175 has been solved and the mutant has been characterized by circular-dichroism spectroscopy (CD) in order to compare its thermal stability with that of the wild-type receptor. The X-ray analysis showed that the mutation induces dramatic conformational changes in the C-terminal part of the receptor ligand-binding domain (LBD) owing to the loss of van der Waals interactions made by the Phe360 residue in the wild type and an important salt bridge made by Arg357, with consequent rearrangement of loop 11/12 and the activation function helix 12 (H12). The increased mobility of H12 makes the binding of co-activators in the hydrophobic cleft less efficient, thereby markedly lowering the transactivation activity. The spectroscopic analysis in solution and molecular-dynamics (MD) simulations provided results which were in agreement and consistent with the mutant conformational changes observed by X-ray analysis. Moreover, to evaluate the importance of the salt bridge made by Arg357, the crystal structure of the PPARγ R357A mutant in complex with the agonist rosiglitazone has been solved.

scholarly journals Structural basis for adenylation and thioester bond formation in the ubiquitin E1

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 (31) ◽  
pp. 15475-15484 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zachary S. Hann ◽  
Cheng Ji ◽  
Shaun K. Olsen ◽  
Xuequan Lu ◽  
Michaelyn C. Lux ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Conformational Changes ◽  
Biochemical Analysis ◽  
Bond Formation ◽  
Structural Basis ◽  
Closed Conformation ◽  
Open Conformation ◽  
Thioester Bond ◽  
Catalytic Cysteine ◽  
Conjugating Enzymes ◽  
Insight Into

The ubiquitin (Ub) and Ub-like (Ubl) protein-conjugation cascade is initiated by E1 enzymes that catalyze Ub/Ubl activation through C-terminal adenylation, thioester bond formation with an E1 catalytic cysteine, and thioester bond transfer to Ub/Ubl E2 conjugating enzymes. Each of these reactions is accompanied by conformational changes of the E1 domain that contains the catalytic cysteine (Cys domain). Open conformations of the Cys domain are associated with adenylation and thioester transfer to E2s, while a closed conformation is associated with pyrophosphate release and thioester bond formation. Several structures are available for Ub E1s, but none has been reported in the open state before pyrophosphate release or in the closed state. Here, we describe the structures ofSchizosaccharomyces pombeUb E1 in these two states, captured using semisynthetic Ub probes. In the first, with a Ub-adenylate mimetic (Ub-AMSN) bound, the E1 is in an open conformation before release of pyrophosphate. In the second, with a Ub-vinylsulfonamide (Ub-AVSN) bound covalently to the catalytic cysteine, the E1 is in a closed conformation required for thioester bond formation. These structures provide further insight into Ub E1 adenylation and thioester bond formation. Conformational changes that accompany Cys-domain rotation are conserved for SUMO and Ub E1s, but changes in Ub E1 involve additional surfaces as mutational and biochemical analysis of residues within these surfaces alter Ub E1 activities.

scholarly journals Conformational Transition Pathways in Major Facilitator Superfamily Transporters

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dylan Ogden ◽  
Kalyan Immadisetty ◽  
Mahmoud Moradi
Keyword(s):  
Conformational Changes ◽  
Glucose Transporter ◽  
Conformational Transition ◽  
Conformational Dynamics ◽  
Salt Bridge ◽  
Md Simulations ◽  
Major Facilitator Superfamily ◽  
Glucose Transporter 1 ◽  
Major Facilitator ◽  
Mfs Transporters

AbstractMajor facilitator superfamily (MFS) of transporters consists of three classes of membrane transporters: symporters, uniporters, and antiporters. Despite such diverse functions, MFS transporters are believed to undergo similar conformational changes within their distinct transport cycles. While the similarities between conformational changes are noteworthy, the differences are also important since they could potentially explain the distinct functions of symporters, uniporters, and antiporters of MFS superfamily. We have performed a variety of equilibrium, non-equilibrium, biased, and unbiased all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of bacterial proton-coupled oligopeptide transporter GkPOT, glucose transporter 1 (GluT1), and glycerol-3-phosphate transporter (GlpT) to compare the similarities and differences of the conformational dynamics of three different classes of transporters. Here we have simulated the apo protein in an explicit membrane environment. Our results suggest a very similar conformational transition involving interbundle salt-bridge formation/disruption coupled with the orientation changes of transmembrane (TM) helices, specifically H1/H7 and H5/H11, resulting in an alternation in the accessibility of water at the cyto- and periplasmic gates.

scholarly journals Structural Models for the Dynamic Effects of Loss-of-Function Variants in the Human SIM1 Protein Transcriptional Activation Domain

Biomolecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1314
Author(s):  
Mathew A. Coban ◽  
Patrick R. Blackburn ◽  
Murray L. Whitelaw ◽  
Mieke M. van Haelst ◽  
Paldeep S. Atwal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Conformational Changes ◽  
Transcriptional Activation ◽  
Protein Function ◽  
Structural Model ◽  
Protein Complexes ◽  
Conformational Dynamics ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Structural Basis ◽  
Loss Of Function

Single-minded homologue 1 (SIM1) is a transcription factor with numerous different physiological and developmental functions. SIM1 is a member of the class I basic helix-loop-helix-PER-ARNT-SIM (bHLH–PAS) transcription factor family, that includes several other conserved proteins, including the hypoxia-inducible factors, aryl hydrocarbon receptor, neuronal PAS proteins, and the CLOCK circadian regulator. Recent studies of HIF-a-ARNT and CLOCK-BMAL1 protein complexes have revealed the organization of their bHLH, PASA, and PASB domains and provided insight into how these heterodimeric protein complexes form; however, experimental structures for SIM1 have been lacking. Here, we describe the first full-length atomic structural model for human SIM1 with its binding partner ARNT in a heterodimeric complex and analyze several pathogenic variants utilizing state-of-the-art simulations and algorithms. Using local and global positional deviation metrics, deductions to the structural basis for the individual mutants are addressed in terms of the deleterious structural reorganizations that could alter protein function. We propose new experiments to probe these hypotheses and examine an interesting SIM1 dynamic behavior. The conformational dynamics demonstrates conformational changes on local and global regions that represent a mechanism for dysfunction in variants presented. In addition, we used our ab initio hybrid model for further prediction of variant hotspots that can be engineered to test for counter variant (restoration of wild-type function) or basic research probe.

scholarly journals Structural basis of pH-dependent client binding by ERp44, a key regulator of protein secretion at the ER–Golgi interface

2017 ◽  
Vol 114 (16) ◽  
pp. E3224-E3232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satoshi Watanabe ◽  
Manami Harayama ◽  
Shingo Kanemura ◽  
Roberto Sitia ◽  
Kenji Inaba
Keyword(s):  
Conformational Changes ◽  
Low Ph ◽  
Structural Basis ◽  
Secretory Proteins ◽  
Hydrogen Bonding Pattern ◽  
Mixed Disulfides ◽  
Loop Regions ◽  
Ph Dependent ◽  
Α Helix ◽  
Dynamics Simulations

ERp44 retrieves some endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident enzymes and immature oligomers of secretory proteins from the Golgi. Association of ERp44 with its clients is regulated by pH-dependent mechanisms, but the molecular details are not fully understood. Here we report high-resolution crystal structures of human ERp44 at neutral and weakly acidic pH. These structures reveal key regions in the C-terminal tail (C tail) missing in the original crystal structure, including a regulatory histidine-rich region and a subsequent extended loop. The former region forms a short α-helix (α16), generating a histidine-clustered site (His cluster). At low pH, the three Trx-like domains of ERp44 (“a,” “b,” and “b′”) undergo significant rearrangements, likely induced by protonation of His157 located at the interface between the a and b domains. The α16-helix is partially unwound and the extended loop is disordered in weakly acidic conditions, probably due to electrostatic repulsion between the protonated histidines in the His cluster. Molecular dynamics simulations indicated that helix unwinding enhances the flexibility of the C tail, disrupting its normal hydrogen-bonding pattern. The observed pH-dependent conformational changes significantly enlarge the positively charged regions around the client-binding site of ERp44 at low pH. Mutational analyses showed that ERp44 forms mixed disulfides with specific cysteines residing on negatively charged loop regions of Ero1α. We propose that the protonation states of the essential histidines regulate the ERp44–client interaction by altering the C-tail dynamics and surface electrostatic potential of ERp44.

scholarly journals Conformational dynamics of androgen receptors bound to agonists and antagonists

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyo Jin Gim ◽  
Jiyong Park ◽  
Michael E. Jung ◽  
K. N. Houk
Keyword(s):  
Conformational Changes ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Structural Integrity ◽  
Structural Information ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Conformational Dynamics ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Binding Pocket ◽  
Structural Basis ◽  
Accelerated Molecular Dynamics

AbstractThe androgen receptor (AR) is critical in the progression of prostate cancer (PCa). Small molecule antagonists that bind to the ligand binding domain (LBD) of the AR have been successful in treating PCa. However, the structural basis by which the AR antagonists manifest their therapeutic efficacy remains unclear, due to the lack of detailed structural information of the AR bound to the antagonists. We have performed accelerated molecular dynamics (aMD) simulations of LBDs bound to a set of ligands including a natural substrate (dihydrotestosterone), an agonist (RU59063) and three antagonists (bicalutamide, enzalutamide and apalutamide) as well as in the absence of ligand (apo). We show that the binding of AR antagonists at the substrate binding pocket alter the dynamic fluctuations of H12, thereby disrupting the structural integrity of the agonistic conformation of AR. Two antagonists, enzalutamide and apalutamide, induce considerable structural changes to the agonist conformation of LBD, when bound close to H12 of AR LBD. When the antagonists bind to the pocket with different orientations having close contact with H11, no significant conformational changes were observed, suggesting the AR remains in the functionally activated (agonistic) state. The simulations on a drug resistance mutant F876L bound to enzalutamide demonstrated that the mutation stabilizes the agonistic conformation of AR LBD, which compromises the efficacy of the antagonists. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the structural fluctuations shows that the binding of enzalutamide and apalutamide induce conformational fluctuations in the AR, which are markedly different from those caused by the agonist as well as another antagonist, bicalutamide. These fluctuations could only be observed with the use of aMD.

scholarly journals Structural basis for two-way communication between dynein and microtubules

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noritaka Nishida ◽  
Yuta Komori ◽  
Osamu Takarada ◽  
Atsushi Watanabe ◽  
Satoko Tamura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disulfide Bond ◽  
Conformational Changes ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Coiled Coil ◽  
Cytoplasmic Dynein ◽  
Structural Basis ◽  
Atpase Domain ◽  
Directional Bias ◽  
Α Helix ◽  
Half Turn

AbstractThe movements of cytoplasmic dynein on microtubule (MT) tracks is achieved by two-way communication between the microtubule-binding domain (MTBD) and the ATPase domain of dynein via an a-helical coiled-coil stalk, but the structural basis of this communication remains elusive. Here, we regulated MTBD either in high-affinity or low-affinity states by introducing a disulfide bond between the coiled-coils and analyzed the resulting structures by NMRand cryo-EM. In the MT-unbound state, the affinity changes of MTBD were achieved by sliding of the N-terminal α-helix by one half-turn, which suggests that structural changes propagate from the ATPase-domain to MTBD. In addition, cryo-EM analysis showed that MT binding induced further sliding of the N-terminal α-helix even without the disulfide bond, which suggests the MT-induced conformational changes propagate toward the ATPase domain. Based on differences in the MT-binding surface between the high- and low-affinity states, we propose a potential mechanism for the directional bias of dynein movement on MT tracks.

scholarly journals Conformational dynamics of active site loops 5, 6 and 7 of enzyme Triosephosphate Isomerase: A molecular dynamics study

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarath Chandra Dantu ◽  
Gerrit Groenhof
Keyword(s):  
Conformational Changes ◽  
Active Site ◽  
Triosephosphate Isomerase ◽  
Conformational Dynamics ◽  
Md Simulations ◽  
Glycolytic Enzyme ◽  
Dihedral Angles ◽  
Dihydroxyacetone Phosphate ◽  
Closed Conformation ◽  
N Terminus

AbstractTriosephosphate Isomerase is a glycolytic enzyme catalyzing the interconversion of Dihydroxyacetone phosphate to Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate. The active site is comprised of three distinct loops loop-6, loop-7 and loop-8. Based on loop-6 and loop-7 conformation we describe the enzyme as Open TIM and Closed TIM. Various NMR, X-ray crystallography and QM/MM simulation techniques have provided glimpses of individual events of what is essentially a dynamic process. We studied the conformational changes of two distinct loops (loop-6 and loop-7) enveloping the active site, in the presence of natural substrate, reaction intermediates and inhibitor molecules, by means of microsecond atomistic MD simulations in solution and crystal environment. Our studies have revealed that loop-6 samples open and closed conformations in both apo and holo TIM structures. As seen in solution state NMR experiments, we also observe that loop-6 N-terminus and C-terminus move independently. In our simulations we have also observed that backbone dihedrals of loop-7 residues G210 (G210-phi, G210-psi) and G211 (G211-phi) sample open and closed states in both apo and holo TIM structures. Whereas backbone dihedral angles of G211 (G211-psi) and S212 (S212-phi) adopt closed conformation only when the ligand is bound to the active site. As observed in chain-B of 1R2R crystal structures, we also observe that water molecules can also initiate flip of G211-psi and S212-phi dihedral angles into closed conformation. Except, loop-5, which has a dominant effect on the conformational behaviour of loop-6 N-terminus, we do not observe any influence of either loop-6 or loop-7 on the conformational dynamics of the other.

Electron Microscopy and image reconstruction reveal the structural basis for spectrin's elastic properties

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 510-511
Author(s):  
Amy M. McGough ◽  
Robert Josephs
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Elastic Properties ◽  
Conformational Changes ◽  
Quaternary Structure ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Membrane Skeleton ◽  
Projection Algorithm ◽  
Structural Basis ◽  
Iterative Approximation ◽  
Membrane Skeletons

The remarkable deformability of the erythrocyte derives in large part from the elastic properties of spectrin, the major component of the membrane skeleton. It is generally accepted that spectrin's elasticity arises from marked conformational changes which include variations in its overall length (1). In this work the structure of spectrin in partially expanded membrane skeletons was studied by electron microscopy to determine the molecular basis for spectrin's elastic properties. Spectrin molecules were analysed with respect to three features: length, conformation, and quaternary structure. The results of these studies lead to a model of how spectrin mediates the elastic deformation of the erythrocyte.Membrane skeletons were isolated from erythrocyte membrane ghosts, negatively stained, and examined by transmission electron microscopy (2). Particle lengths and end-to-end distances were measured from enlarged prints using the computer program MACMEASURE. Spectrin conformation (straightness) was assessed by calculating the particles’ correlation length by iterative approximation (3). Digitised spectrin images were correlation averaged or Fourier filtered to improve their signal-to-noise ratios. Three-dimensional reconstructions were performed using a suite of programs which were based on the filtered back-projection algorithm and executed on a cluster of Microvax 3200 workstations (4).

Crystal structures of Magnaporthe oryzae trehalose-6-phosphate synthase (MoTps1) suggest a model for catalytic process of Tps1

2019 ◽  
Vol 476 (21) ◽  
pp. 3227-3240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shanshan Wang ◽  
Yanxiang Zhao ◽  
Long Yi ◽  
Minghe Shen ◽  
Chao Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Structures ◽  
Conformational Changes ◽  
Magnaporthe Oryzae ◽  
Structural Information ◽  
Complex Structure ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Catalytic Process ◽  
Structural Basis ◽  
Salt Bridges ◽  
Terminal Domain

Trehalose-6-phosphate (T6P) synthase (Tps1) catalyzes the formation of T6P from UDP-glucose (UDPG) (or GDPG, etc.) and glucose-6-phosphate (G6P), and structural basis of this process has not been well studied. MoTps1 (Magnaporthe oryzae Tps1) plays a critical role in carbon and nitrogen metabolism, but its structural information is unknown. Here we present the crystal structures of MoTps1 apo, binary (with UDPG) and ternary (with UDPG/G6P or UDP/T6P) complexes. MoTps1 consists of two modified Rossmann-fold domains and a catalytic center in-between. Unlike Escherichia coli OtsA (EcOtsA, the Tps1 of E. coli), MoTps1 exists as a mixture of monomer, dimer, and oligomer in solution. Inter-chain salt bridges, which are not fully conserved in EcOtsA, play primary roles in MoTps1 oligomerization. Binding of UDPG by MoTps1 C-terminal domain modifies the substrate pocket of MoTps1. In the MoTps1 ternary complex structure, UDP and T6P, the products of UDPG and G6P, are detected, and substantial conformational rearrangements of N-terminal domain, including structural reshuffling (β3–β4 loop to α0 helix) and movement of a ‘shift region' towards the catalytic centre, are observed. These conformational changes render MoTps1 to a ‘closed' state compared with its ‘open' state in apo or UDPG complex structures. By solving the EcOtsA apo structure, we confirmed that similar ligand binding induced conformational changes also exist in EcOtsA, although no structural reshuffling involved. Based on our research and previous studies, we present a model for the catalytic process of Tps1. Our research provides novel information on MoTps1, Tps1 family, and structure-based antifungal drug design.

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