scholarly journals Preparation, Characterization, Morphological and Particle Properties of Crystallized Palm-Based Methyl Ester Sulphonates (MES) Powder

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (11) ◽  
pp. 2629
Author(s):  
Zulina Abd Maurad ◽  
Luqman Chuah Abdullah ◽  
Mohd Shamsul Anuar ◽  
Nor Nadiah Abdul Karim Shah ◽  
Zainab Idris
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Salt Content ◽  
Flow Characteristics ◽  
Crystallinity Index ◽  
Particle Properties ◽  
Carbon Chains ◽  
Green Surfactant ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Lateral Structure ◽  
Active Content

Methyl ester sulphonates (MES) have been considered as an alternative green surfactant for the detergent market. Investigation on the purification of methyl ester sulphonates (MES) with various carbon chains of C12, C14, C16 and C16–18 derived from palm methyl ester is of great interest. These MES powders have been repeatedly crystallized with ethanol and the purity of MES has increased to a maximum of 99% active content and 96% crystallinity index without changing the structure. These crystallized MES with high active content have 1.0% to 2.3% moisture content and retained its di-salt content in the range of 5%. The crystallized MES C16 and C16–18 attained excellent flow characteristics. Morphology, structural and its crystallinity analyses showed that the crystals MES had good solubility properties, stable crystal structure (β polymorphic) and triclinic lateral structure when it is in high active content. The brittleness of MES crystals increased from a β’ to a β subcell. Crystal with high brittleness has the potential to ease production of powder, which leads to a reduction in the cost of production and improves efficiency.

Characterisation of Static Strip Seal Flow

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arash Farahani ◽  
Peter Childs
Keyword(s):  
Gas Flow ◽  
Pressure Ratio ◽  
Flow Characteristics ◽  
Main Stream ◽  
Cfd Modelling ◽  
Height Range ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Nozzle Guide ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Cooling Air

Strip seals are used in gas turbine engines between two static elements or between components which do not move relative to each other, such as Nozzle Guide Vanes (NGVs). The key role of a strip seal between NGV segments is sealing between the flow through the main stream annulus and the internal air system, a further purpose is to limit the inter-segmental movements. In general the shape of the strip seal is a rectangular strip that fits into two slots in adjacent components. The minimum clearance required for static strip seals must be found by accounting for thermal expansion, misalignment, and application, to allow correct fitment of the strip seals. Any increase in leakage raises the cost due to an increase in the cooling air use, which is linked to specific fuel consumption, and it can also alter gas flow paths and performance. The narrow path within the seal assembly, especially the height has the most significant affect on leakage. The height range of the narrow path studied in this paper is 0.01–0.06 mm. The behaviour of the flow passing through the narrow path has been studied using CFD modelling and measurements in a bespoke rig. The CFD and experimental results show that normalized leakage flow increases with pressure ratio before reaching a maximum. The main aim of this paper is to provide new experimental data to verify the CFD modelling for static strip seals. The typical flow characteristics validated by CFD modelling and experiments can be used to predict the flow behaviour for future static strip seal designs.

scholarly journals RESOURCE-SAVING TECHNOLOGIES FOR SOYBEAN CULTIVATION ON DEGRADED SOILS OF THE ALMATY OBLAST

REPORTS ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (334) ◽  
pp. 103-108
Author(s):  
T. Atakulov ◽  
◽  
N. Alipbekov ◽  
A. Smanov ◽  
U. Kalymbetov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Humus Content ◽  
Salt Content ◽  
Soybean Seed ◽  
Soil Horizon ◽  
Average Yield ◽  
Resource Saving ◽  
Sudan Grass ◽  
Effective Use ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Intensive Growth

The article presents data on the effective use of secondary saline irrigated land in Almaty oblast. The use of salt-resistant phytomeliorants and an adoptogen contributed to a decrease in the salt content in the soil, along with an increase in yield and improvement of the soil structure. The results showed that in the upper layers of the soil (0-20 cm), the content of agronomically valuable aggregates is higher and ranges from 64 to 73%, and with a depth (20-40 cm) it decreases and ranges from 39 to 66%. The content of water-bearing aggregates increases by 2-5% with depth, and the volume mass of the soil increases with depth and averaged 1.24-1.30 g/cm3. The humus content ranges from 0.54 to 1.16%. The results of observations of the growth and development of phytomeliorants showed that phytomeliorants intensively grew, developed and accumulated aboveground masses, especially in variants with adaptogen treatment. The height of plants reached up to 266 cm (Sudan grass), and on the variant without treatment was 257 cm. Accumulated aboveground masses from 950 to 2013 gr. Intensive growth of phytomeliorants was suppressed by weeds, and their contents were insignificant from 19 to 22 pcs/m2, and in the variant with adaptogen treatment was from 18-20 pcs/m2. The average yield of sorghum green mass ranged from 740.4 centner/ha in the variant without adaptogen treatment, and in the variant with treatment was 777.4 centner/ha. The average yield of sudan grass was 947.0-990.3 centner/ha, and soybean seed yield was in the range from 54.7-56.4 centner/ha. Intensive development of phytomeliorants contributed to an increase in yield and a decrease in salts on the upper soil horizon (0-20 cm) from 0.06 to 0.27%. The largest decrease in salts by 0.27% was observed under soybean crops. The use of the recommended technology contributed to saving irrigation water up to 70% due to drip irrigation, reducing the cost of washing and chemical reclamation – gypsum.

scholarly journals Improvement of anisotropic porosity models with a merging technique

2018 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 06023
Author(s):  
Martin Bruwier ◽  
Pierre Archambeau ◽  
Sébastien Erpicum ◽  
Michel Pirotton ◽  
Benjamin Dewals
Keyword(s):  
Shallow Water ◽  
Flow Characteristics ◽  
Threshold Value ◽  
Computational Grid ◽  
Computational Time ◽  
Time Step ◽  
Shallow Water Models ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Porosity Model

Anisotropic porosity shallow-water models are used to take into account detailed topographic information through porosity parameters multiplying the various terms of the shallow-water equations. A storage porosity is assigned to each cell to reflect the void fraction in the cell and a conveyance porosity is used at each edge to reproduce the impact of subgrid obstacles on the flux terms. To guaranty the numerical stability, the time step depends on the value of the porosity parameters. This may hamper severely the computational efficiency in the presence of cells with low values of storage porosity. Cartesian grids are particularly sensitive to such a case since the meshing stems directly from the choice of the grid size. In this paper, this problem is addressed by using an original merging technique consisting in merging cells with a storage porosity lower than a threshold value with neighbouring cells. The model was tested for modelling a prismatic channel with different orientations between the Cartesian computational grid and the channel direction. The results show that the standard anisotropic porosity model (without merging) improves the reproduction of the flow characteristics; but at the cost of a significantly higher computational time. In contrast, the computational time is drastically reduced and the accuracy preserved when the merging technique is used with the porosity model.

Analysis on the Convection of Highway in Permafrost Regions

2012 ◽  
Vol 204-208 ◽  
pp. 1644-1647
Author(s):  
Xiao Yu Sun ◽  
Zhen Qing Wang ◽  
Hong Tao Xing ◽  
Yong Heng Tong
Keyword(s):  
Flow Characteristics ◽  
Theoretical Development ◽  
Construction Costs ◽  
Rural Highways ◽  
Percent Time ◽  
Traffic Volumes ◽  
Percent Time Spent Following ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Permafrost Regions ◽  
Key Parameter

The purpose of this study was to evaluate flow characteristics on two-lane rural highways and to develop criteria for highway widening The study is conducted on two tracks: theoretical development of delay models and use of a simulation model to estimate the effect of certain parameters on delay and percent-time-spent-following. Models of delay are presented, as are the regions in which the traffic is stable or unstable. It was also possible from the simulation to obtain the percent-time-spent-following, which is a key parameter in determining level-of-service on two-lane highways.The accrued delay over the usable life of a two-lane highway pavement, assumed to be 20 years, was discounted to present monetary value This was then compared to four typical construction costs for different terrain types. The threshold average daily traffic volumes were determined at the points where the present value of the accumulated delay was equal to the cost of constructing two more lanes. These threshold values can be used as criteria for widening a two-lane highway and converting it into a four-lane facility. Additional criteria, based on percent-time-spent-following, are also presented.

scholarly journals SOCIO-HYGIENIC MONITORING IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE REGIONAL STRATEGY FOR PREVENTION OF IODINE DEFICIENCY

2019 ◽  
Vol 98 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-230
Author(s):  
Ludmila A. Suplotova ◽  
G. V. Sharuho ◽  
L. C. Kovalzhina ◽  
O. B. Makarova
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Regional Policy ◽  
Salt Content ◽  
State Standards ◽  
Iodized Salt ◽  
Regional Strategy ◽  
Sociological Study ◽  
Retail Markets ◽  
The Cost

Purpose. The purpose of this study was to consider the role of socio-hygienic monitoring in the implementation of the regional strategy for prevention of iodine deficiency. Materials and methods. The samples of salt from the market (2010-17) and salt which used by households of the Tyumen region (2013, 2016, 2017) were analyzed. Monitoring of retail markets in different municipalities was conducted to the analysis of the cost and assortment of iodized salt; Results of a representative sociological study of the behavior of families schoolchildren of grades 5-11 of the Tyumen region were examined. Results. The regional program for the prevention of iodine deficiency is being implemented in the Tyumen region for 20 years. This system of social and hygienic monitoring makes it possible to obtain objective data on the effectiveness of prevention and identify its weaknesses. At present, the need of the population of the region for iodized high-quality salt is provided completely: 0.17% of unsatisfactory samples of iodized salt was registered in 2016, unsatisfactory samples were not detected in 2017. A sociological study of the consumer behavior of parents of schoolchildren in the Tyumen region showed an increase in the number of parents who daily consume iodized salt in their home meals, from 53% in 2013 to 67% in 2017. In accordance with the analysis of salt samples from households in 2013, 26% of samples were content of iodine was in accordance with State Standards (GOST) R 51574-2000, in 2016 - 33%, in 2017 in all samples, the salt content of iodine met the requirements. The implemented regional policy of preventing iodine deficiency in the region is effective and requires further work with the population.

scholarly journals Biofuel Production from Waste Cooking Oils and its Physicochemical Properties in Comparison to Petrodiesel

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 87-94
Author(s):  
Ganesh Lamichhane ◽  
Sujan Khadka ◽  
Sanjib Adhikari ◽  
Niranjan Koirala ◽  
Dhruba Prasad Poudyal
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Suitable Alternative ◽  
Waste Cooking Oils ◽  
Cooking Oils ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Astm D6751

Haphazard mining and consumption of fossil fuels have reduced petroleum reserves causing fossil fuel depletion and environmental degradation; thus, reflecting the need of the cheaper, renewable and eco-friendly alternative source of petroleum to meet the fuel demand. Million liters of edible oil used for cooking foods and date expired oils from oil manufacturers are discarded into sewage. This study primarily intends to study the feasibility of biodiesel production using such waste oils. In this work, biodiesel was prepared from waste cooking oils by a process called transesterification with NaOH as a catalyst. Our results showed that methyl ester (biodiesel) (92.67±0.90%), soap materials (1.33±0.224%) and glycerol (6±0.68%) were obtained after the transesterification of waste cooking oil. The physicochemical properties of biodiesel such as density, viscosity, volatility, surface tension and flashpoint were analyzed, which were found to be 0.862±0.006 g/cm3, 2.23±0.021 cP, 0.327×10-3±4.5×10-6 g/s, 32.03±0.138 dyne/cm, 169.67±0.810°C, respectively. These properties were compared with that of commercial diesel as well as with the values specified by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) D6751. The density and the surface tension of the biodiesel were found similar to that of petrodiesel but its volatility was 3 times lower. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra of the biodiesel showed methyl ester functional group at 1436 cm-1. Based on the cost of the materials used for production, the cost of biodiesel was estimated to be about 81 Nepalese rupees (0.67 USD) per liter. The properties of biodiesel also met the standard values of ASTM D6751. These findings indicate that waste oil is one of the feasible biodiesel sources and it can be used as a suitable alternative to petrodiesel.

A Note on the Comparative Analysis Between Rectangular and Modified Duct Heat Exchanger

2020 ◽  
Vol 142 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajneesh Kumar ◽  
Varun Goel ◽  
Anoop Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Reynolds Number ◽  
Flow Characteristics ◽  
Radius Of Curvature ◽  
Transfer Enhancement ◽  
Rectangular Array ◽  
Flow Passage ◽  
Rounded Corner ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Similar Combination

Abstract The plate fin heat exchangers usually have either rectangular or triangular shaped flow passage. In comparison to triangular flow passage, rectangular flow passage gives comparatively higher heat transfer at the cost of higher pumping power. In the present investigation, flow passage is modified by rounding the corner of triangular passage to investigate the heat and flow characteristics of air flowing through it. Comparison of performance between modified and rectangular flow passage has also been presented and discussed. The radius of curvature of the rounded corner has been kept constant with value of 0.49 times duct height (H). The dimple was also fabricated at the inner side of the flow passage and arranged in rectangular array. Distance between them was defined by two different dimensionless parameters, relative transverse width (x/h), and relative streamwise length (z/h), whereas, dimensionless height of the protrusion is defined by relative dimple height (h/D). Noticeable increment in both heat transfer and friction factor has been observed by modifying the duct corners and 2.98 times increment in Nusselt number resulted due to dimples in modified duct for h/D, x/h, and y/h value of 0.44, 10, and 10, respectively, in comparison to smooth duct at Reynolds number of 19,500. For similar combination of roughness parameters, highest frictional penalty was estimated with value of 4.46 times that of the smooth duct at Reynolds number of 4400. Additionally, the comparative assessment of heat transfer enhancement (Nuenh), frictional penalty (fpenalty), and thermohydraulic performance index (THPi) has also been carried out to understand the suitability of round cornered duct. In comparison to protruded rectangular duct, 28% higher THPi is obtained in modified duct under similar conditions.

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