scholarly journals Hypergolics in Carbon Nanomaterials Synthesis: New Paradigms and Perspectives

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 2207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikolaos Chalmpes ◽  
Konstantinos Spyrou ◽  
Konstantinos C. Vasilopoulos ◽  
Athanasios B. Bourlinos ◽  
Dimitrios Moschovas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Nanomaterials ◽  
Product Formation ◽  
Spontaneous Ignition ◽  
Sodium Peroxide ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Materials Synthesis ◽  
Carbon Nanosheets ◽  
Released Energy ◽  
Nanomaterials Synthesis

Recently we have highlighted the importance of hypergolic reactions in carbon materials synthesis. In an effort to expand this topic with additional new paradigms, herein we present novel preparations of carbon nanomaterials, such-like carbon nanosheets and fullerols (hydroxylated fullerenes), through spontaneous ignition of coffee-sodium peroxide (Na2O2) and C60-Na2O2 hypergolic mixtures, respectively. In these cases, coffee and fullerenes played the role of the combustible fuel, whereas sodium peroxide the role of the strong oxidizer (e.g., source of highly concentrated H2O2). The involved reactions are both thermodynamically and kinetically favoured, thus allowing rapid product formation at ambient conditions. In addition, we provide tips on how to exploit the released energy of such highly exothermic reactions in the generation of useful work.

scholarly journals Nanocarbon from Rocket Fuel Waste: The Case of Furfuryl Alcohol-Fuming Nitric Acid Hypergolic Pair

Nanomaterials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Nikolaos Chalmpes ◽  
Athanasios B. Bourlinos ◽  
Smita Talande ◽  
Aristides Bakandritsos ◽  
Dimitrios Moschovas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Acid ◽  
Furfuryl Alcohol ◽  
Materials Science ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Materials Synthesis ◽  
Rocket Fuel ◽  
Carbon Nanosheets ◽  
New Synthesis ◽  
Fuming Nitric Acid ◽  
Liquid Rocket

In hypergolics two substances ignite spontaneously upon contact without external aid. Although the concept mostly applies to rocket fuels and propellants, it is only recently that hypergolics has been recognized from our group as a radically new methodology towards carbon materials synthesis. Comparatively to other preparative methods, hypergolics allows the rapid and spontaneous formation of carbon at ambient conditions in an exothermic manner (e.g., the method releases both carbon and energy at room temperature and atmospheric pressure). In an effort to further build upon the idea of hypergolic synthesis, herein we exploit a classic liquid rocket bipropellant composed of furfuryl alcohol and fuming nitric acid to prepare carbon nanosheets by simply mixing the two reagents at ambient conditions. Furfuryl alcohol served as the carbon source while fuming nitric acid as a strong oxidizer. On ignition the temperature is raised high enough to induce carbonization in a sort of in-situ pyrolytic process. Simultaneously, the released energy was directly converted into useful work, such as heating a liquid to boiling or placing Crookes radiometer into motion. Apart from its value as a new synthesis approach in materials science, carbon from rocket fuel additionally provides a practical way in processing rocket fuel waste or disposed rocket fuels.

scholarly journals Carbon Nanostructures Derived through Hypergolic Reaction of Conductive Polymers with Fuming Nitric Acid at Ambient Conditions

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 1595
Author(s):  
Nikolaos Chalmpes ◽  
Dimitrios Moschovas ◽  
Iosif Tantis ◽  
Athanasios B. Bourlinos ◽  
Aristides Bakandritsos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Acid ◽  
Carbon Nanostructures ◽  
Carbon Nanomaterials ◽  
Conductive Polymers ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Organic Fuel ◽  
Carbon Nanosheets ◽  
New Synthesis ◽  
New Type ◽  
Fuming Nitric Acid

Hypergolic systems rely on organic fuel and a powerful oxidizer that spontaneously ignites upon contact without any external ignition source. Although their main utilization pertains to rocket fuels and propellants, it is only recently that hypergolics has been established from our group as a new general method for the synthesis of different morphologies of carbon nanostructures depending on the hypergolic pair (organic fuel-oxidizer). In search of new pairs, the hypergolic mixture described here contains polyaniline as the organic source of carbon and fuming nitric acid as strong oxidizer. Specifically, the two reagents react rapidly and spontaneously upon contact at ambient conditions to afford carbon nanosheets. Further liquid-phase exfoliation of the nanosheets in dimethylformamide results in dispersed single layers exhibiting strong Tyndall effect. The method can be extended to other conductive polymers, such as polythiophene and polypyrrole, leading to the formation of different type carbon nanostructures (e.g., photolumincent carbon dots). Apart from being a new synthesis pathway towards carbon nanomaterials and a new type of reaction for conductive polymers, the present hypergolic pairs also provide a novel set of rocket bipropellants based on conductive polymers.

Unveiling the Role of Sulfur in Rapid Defluorination of Florfenicol by Sulfidized Nanoscale Zero-Valent Iron in Water under Ambient Conditions

2021 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 2628-2638
Author(s):  
Zhen Cao ◽  
Hao Li ◽  
Gregory V. Lowry ◽  
Xiaoyang Shi ◽  
Xiangcheng Pan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Zero Valent Iron ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Nanoscale Zero Valent Iron

Invisible and Intangible, but Undeniable: Role of Ambient Conditions in Building Hotel Guests’ Loyalty

2014 ◽  
Vol 24 (7) ◽  
pp. 727-753 ◽  
Author(s):  
Myoungsun Suh ◽  
Hyoungeun Moon ◽  
Heesup Han ◽  
Sunny Ham
Keyword(s):  
Ambient Conditions

Modeling, Design, and Applications of the Gas Sensors Based on Graphene and Carbon Nanotubes

2017 ◽  
pp. 920-946
Author(s):  
Rafael Vargas-Bernal
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Gas Sensors ◽  
Carbon Nanomaterials ◽  
Gas Sensing ◽  
Prospective Analysis ◽  
The Third ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Technical Advances ◽  
The Impact

Gas sensing continues attracting research communities due to its potential applications in the sectors military, industrial and commercial. A special emphasis is placed on the use of carbon nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes and graphene, as sensing materials. The chapter will be divided as follows: In the first part, a description of the main topologies and materials (carbon nanomaterials plus polymers, metals, ceramics or combinations between these groups) used to fabricate gas sensors based on graphene and carbon nanotubes that are operated by conductance or resistance electrical, is realized. Next, different mathematical models that can be used to simulate gas sensors based on these materials are presented. In the third part, the impact of the graphene and carbon nanotubes on gas sensors is exemplified with technical advances achieved until now. Finally, it is provided a prospective analysis on the role of the gas sensors based on carbon nanomaterials in the next decades.

scholarly journals Plasma Catalytic Conversion of CH4 to Alkanes, Olefins and H2 in a Packed Bed DBD Reactor

Processes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 774
Author(s):  
Mohammadreza Taheraslani ◽  
Han Gardeniers
Keyword(s):  
Barrier Discharge ◽  
Plasma Reactor ◽  
Packed Bed ◽  
Reaction Pathways ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Alumina Catalyst ◽  
Dbd Plasma ◽  
Hydrogenation Reactions ◽  
Notable Increase

Methane is activated at ambient conditions in a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma reactor packed with Pd/γ-alumina catalyst containing different loadings of Pd (0.5, 1, 5 wt%). Results indicate that the presence of Pd on γ-alumina substantially abates the formation of deposits, leads to a notable increase in the production of alkanes and olefins and additionally improves the energy efficiency compared to those obtained for the non-packed reactor and the bare γ-alumina packed reactor. A low amount of Pd (0.5 and 1 wt%) favors achieving a higher production of olefins (mainly C2H4 and C3H6) and a higher yield of H2. Increasing Pd loading to 5 wt% promotes the interaction of H2 and olefins, which consequently intensifies the successive hydrogenation of unsaturated compounds, thus incurring a higher production of alkanes (mainly C2H6 and C3H8). The substantial abatement of the deposits is ascribed to the role of Palladium in moderating the strength of the electric and shifting the reaction pathways, in the way that hydrogenation reactions of deposits’ precursors become faster than their deposition on the catalyst.

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