scholarly journals Nootkatone Inhibits Acute and Chronic Inflammatory Responses in Mice

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 2181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindaiane Bezerra Rodrigues Dantas ◽  
Ana Letícia Moreira Silva ◽  
Cícero Pedro da Silva Júnior ◽  
Isabel Sousa Alcântara ◽  
Maria Rayane Correia de Oliveira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Inflammation ◽  
Acute Inflammation ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
In Silico Analysis ◽  
Histamine Receptor ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Cox 2 ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Acute And Chronic Inflammation ◽  
The Impact

Nootkatone (NTK) is a sesquiterpenoid found in essential oils of many species of Citrus (Rutaceae). Considering previous reports demonstrating that NTK inhibited inflammatory signaling pathways, this study aimed to investigate the effects of this compound in mice models of acute and chronic inflammation. Murine models of paw edema induced by carrageenan, dextran, histamine, and arachidonic acid, as well as carrageenan-induced peritonitis and pleurisy, were used to evaluate the effects of NTK on acute inflammation. A murine model of granuloma induced by cotton pellets was used to access the impact of NTK treatment on chronic inflammation. In the acute inflammation models, NTK demonstrated antiedematogenic effects and inhibited leukocyte recruitment, which was associated with decreased vascular permeability, inhibition of myeloperoxidase (MPO), interleukin (IL)1-β, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α production. In silico analysis suggest that NTZ anti-inflammatory effects may also occur due to inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 activity and antagonism of the histamine receptor type 1 (H1). These mechanisms might have contributed to the reduction of granuloma weight and protein concentration in the homogenates, observed in the chronic inflammation model. In conclusion, NTK exerted anti-inflammatory effects that are associated with inhibition of IL1-β and TNF-α production, possibly due to inhibition of COX-2 activity and antagonism of the H1 receptor. However, further studies are required to characterize the effects of this compound on chronic inflammation.

scholarly journals PSVI-13 Anti-inflammatory effects of polyphenol-rich red osier dogwood extracts in Caco-2 mono- and Caco-2/EA.hy926 co-culture models

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 211-212
Author(s):  
Hua Zhang ◽  
Yuhuan Chen ◽  
Lili Mats ◽  
Qianru Hui ◽  
Rong Tsao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Cell Model ◽  
Circulation System ◽  
Systemic Diseases ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
The Impact

Abstract An impaired intestinal barrier function results in aggravating inflammatory response at a systemic scale, eventually leading to rising risk for systemic diseases (e.g., muscle myopathy and vascular disorders). In the present study, the impact of intake polyphenol-rich red osier dogwood extracts (RWE) on the inflammation of endothelial cells was exploited. A strong anti-inflammatory activity of RWE was found to suppress the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators (e.g., IL-8, TNF-α, IL-6, and ICAM) in the inflamed intestinal epithelial cell model. Furthermore, the intestinal transported RWE derived phenolic compounds was shown to protect the endothelial cells against both oxidative and inflammatory damages in a Caco-2/EA.hy926 co-culture cell model. Their protective activities in EA.hy926 was found to be strongly associated with intestinal absorption efficiency. The accumulation of transported rutin and unknown monoglyceride quercetin from RWE were identified across the Caco-2 BBe1 monolayer by HPLC up to 24 h. The highest concentration of transported rutin and monoglyceride quercetin derived from RWE were detected as 2.0 ± 0.22 µg/mL and 0.5 ± 0.08 µg/mL in the basolateral compartment after 12 h and 24 h of incubation, respectively. Profound anti-inflammatory effects of RWE derived polyphenols was observed to suppress pro-inflammatory mediator expression, including IL-8, TNF-α, IL-6, ICAM, VCAM and Cox2, in the TNF-α or oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL)-induced basolateral EA.hy926 cells (co-culture model). Moreover, we observed a significant inhibitory effect of the transported RWE on oxLDL-induced inflammation after 6 h incubation rather than 24 h, indicating the potential health benefits of RWE is determined by its bioavailability. Results of this study demonstrated that phenolic compounds derived from RWE could be delivered into the circulation system to mitigate inflammatory responses thereby being a promising dietary agent for preventing systemic diseases (e.g., cardiovascular diseases in humans and white stripping/woody meat in broiler chickens).

Lotus Leaf (Nelumbo nucifera) and its Active Constituents Prevent Inflammatory Responses in Macrophages via JNK/NF-κB Signaling Pathway

2014 ◽  
Vol 42 (04) ◽  
pp. 869-889 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shing-Hwa Liu ◽  
Tien-Hui Lu ◽  
Chin-Chuan Su ◽  
Ing-Shiow Lay ◽  
Hui-Yi Lin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Expression ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Specific Inhibitor ◽  
Nelumbo Nucifera ◽  
Perennial Plant ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Cox 2 ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Oxide Synthase

Inflammation is a serious health issue worldwide that induces many diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), sepsis, acute pancreatitis and lung injury. Thus, there is a great deal of interest in new methods of limiting inflammation. In this study, we investigated the leaves of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn, an aquatic perennial plant cultivated in eastern Asia and India, in anti-inflammatory pharmacological effects in the murine macrophage cell line RAW264.7. Results showed that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) increased the protein expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and COX-2, as well as the mRNA expression and level of IL-6 and TNF-α, while NNE significantly reduced these effects of LPS. LPS also induced phospho-JNK protein expression. The JNK-specific inhibitor SP600125 decreased the proteins expression of phospho-JNK, iNOS, COX-2, and the mRNAs expression and levels of IL-6 and TNF-α. Further, NNE reduced the protein expression of phospho-JNK. LPS was also found to promote the translocation of NF-κB from the cytosol to the nucleus and to decrease the expression of cytosolic IκB. NNE and SP600125 treatment recovered the LPS-induced expression of NF-κB and IκB. While phospho-ERK and phospho-p38 induced by LPS, could not be reversed by NNE. To further investigate the major components of NNE in anti-inflammatory effects, we determined the quercetin and catechin in inflammatory signals. Results showed that quercetin and catechin significantly decreased the proteins expression of iNOS, COX-2 and phospho-JNK. Besides, the mRNAs and levels of IL-6 and TNF-α also decreased by quercetin and catechin treatment in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells. These results showed that NNE and its major components quercetin and catechin exhibit anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting the JNK- and NF-κB-regulated pathways and could therefore be an useful anti-inflammatory agent.

scholarly journals Attenuation of Inflammatory Symptoms by Icariside B2 in Carrageenan and LPS-Induced Inflammation Models via Regulation of MAPK/NF-κB Signaling Cascades

Biomolecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1037
Author(s):  
Md Badrul Alam ◽  
Yoon-Gyung Kwon ◽  
Shakina Yesmin Simu ◽  
Sk Abrar Shahriyar ◽  
Sang Han Lee
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Translocation ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Binding Energies ◽  
Inhibitory Protein ◽  
Expression Levels ◽  
Bv2 Cells ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Cox 2 ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Prolonged inflammatory responses can lead to the development of several chronic diseases, such as autoimmune disorders and the development of natural therapeutic agents is required. A murine model was used to assess the anti-inflammatory effects of the megastigmane glucoside, icariside B2 (ICSB), and the assessment was carried out in vitro, and in vivo. The in vitro anti-inflammatory effects of ICSB were tested using LPS-stimulated BV2 cells, and the protein expression levels of inflammatory genes and cytokines were assessed. Mice were subcutaneously injected with 1% carrageenan (CA) to induce acute phase inflammation in the paw. Inflammation was assessed by measuring paw volumes hourly; subsequently, the mice were euthanized and the right hind paw skin was expunged and processed for reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blot analyses. ICSB inhibits LPS-stimulated nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) generation by reducing the expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2). ICSB also inhibits the COX-2 enzyme with an IC50 value of 7.80 ± 0.26 µM. Molecular docking analysis revealed that ICSB had a strong binding affinity with both murine and human COX-2 proteins with binding energies of −8 kcal/mol and −7.4 kcal/mol, respectively. ICSB also reduces the manifestation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β, at their transcriptional and translational level. ICSB hinders inhibitory protein κBα (IκBα) phosphorylation, thereby terminating the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cell (NF-κB) nuclear translocation. ICSB also represses the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) signaling pathways. ICSB (50 mg/kg) showed an anti-edema effect in CA-induced mice and suppressed the CA-induced increases in iNOS and COX-2 protein levels. ICSB attenuated inflammatory responses by downregulating NF-κB expression through interference with extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and p38 phosphorylation, and by modulating the expression levels of iNOS, COX-2, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6.

Effect of Nectaroscordum koelzi Methanolic Extract on Acute and Chronic Inflammation in Male Mice

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karam Hossein Hasanvand ◽  
Mojtaba Khaksarian ◽  
Maryam Alipour ◽  
Hormoz Mahmoudvand ◽  
Massumeh Naizi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Chronic Inflammation ◽  
Acute Inflammation ◽  
Methanol Extract ◽  
Significant Activity ◽  
Paw Edema ◽  
Ear Edema ◽  
Edema Volume ◽  
Cotton Pellet ◽  
Acute And Chronic Inflammation

Introduction: The present study deals with the effect of Nectaroscordum koelzi fruit extract on acute and chronic inflammation. Methods: Totally, 84 NMRI mice were used in this study. The extract effect on acute inflammation was analyzed by increasing vascular permeability via acetic acid and xylene induced ear edema among mice. The extract was evaluated in terms of effects on chronic inflammation by means of the cotton pellet test among mice. For the assessment of inflammation degree, the mice paw edema volume was measured by the plethysmometric test. Results: The findings showed that the extract was effective on acute inflammation induced by acetic acid in mice. In the xylene ear edema, N. koelzi extract indicated the significant activity in mice. In the cotton pellet method, the methanol extract produced a significant reduction in comparison with the control and dexamethasone. Mice paw edema volume decreased with the extract. Conclusion: In general, the data from the experiments indicated that the methanol extract of N. koelzi has an anti-inflammatory effect on acute and chronic inflammation. However, the exact contributing mechanisms have not been investigated for the pharmacological effects.

scholarly journals Processed Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi Extract Alleviates LPS-Induced Inflammatory and Oxidative Stress through a Crosstalk between NF-κB and KEAP1/NRF2 Signaling in Macrophage Cells

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (13) ◽  
pp. 6055
Author(s):  
Akhtar Ali ◽  
En-Hyung Kim ◽  
Jong-Hyun Lee ◽  
Kang-Hyun Leem ◽  
Shin Seong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Scutellaria Baicalensis ◽  
Raw 264.7 Cells ◽  
Prostaglandin E ◽  
Scutellaria Baicalensis Georgi ◽  
Anticancer Effects ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Clinical Benefits ◽  
Anti Oxidant ◽  
Cox 2 ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Prolonged inflammation results in chronic diseases that can be associated with a range of factors. Medicinal plants and herbs provide synergistic benefits based on the interaction of multiple phytochemicals. The dried root of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi and its compounds possess anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, and anticancer effects. Processing is a traditional method to achieve clinical benefits by improving therapeutic efficacy and lowering toxicity. In this study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effect of processed Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi extract (PSGE) against lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Data using Griess assay and ELISA showed that PSGE decreased nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) levels against LPS. PSGE treatment up-regulated 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (PGDH), while cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and microsomal prostaglandin E synthase (mPGES)-1 expression did not change. Interestingly, PGE2 inhibition was regulated by prostaglandin catabolic enzyme 15-PGDH rather than COX-2/mPGES-1, enzymes essential for PGE2 synthesis. Additionally, PSGE-suppressed LPS-induced IL-6 and TNF-α production through NF-κB signaling. NF-κB release from an inactive complex was inhibited by HO-1 which blocked IκBα phosphorylation. The ROS levels lowered by PSGE were measured with the H2DCFDA probe. PSGE activated NRF2 signaling and increased antioxidant Hmox1, Nqo1, and Txn1 gene expression, while reducing KEAP1 expression. In addition, pharmacological inhibition of HO-1 confirmed that the antioxidant enzyme induction by PSGE was responsible for ROS reduction. In conclusion, PSGE demonstrated anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects due to NRF2/HO-1-mediated NF-κB and ROS inhibition.

scholarly journals Farnesol-Loaded Liposomes Protect the Epidermis and Dermis from PM2.5-Induced Cutaneous Injury

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (11) ◽  
pp. 6076
Author(s):  
Yu-Chiuan Wu ◽  
Wei-Yun Chen ◽  
Chun-Yin Chen ◽  
Sheng I. Lee ◽  
Yu-Wen Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Inflammation ◽  
Water Solubility ◽  
Antibacterial Properties ◽  
Hair Follicles ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Cutaneous Injury ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Acute And Chronic Inflammation

Particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter ≤2.5 μm (PM2.5) increases oxidative stress through free radical generation and incomplete volatilization. In addition to affecting the respiratory system, PM2.5 causes aging- and inflammation-related damage to skin. Farnesol (Farn), a natural benzyl semiterpene, possesses anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, and antibacterial properties. However, because of its poor water solubility and cytotoxicity at high concentrations, the biomedical applications of Farn have been limited. This study examined the deleterious effects of PM2.5 on the epidermis and dermis. In addition, Farn-encapsulated liposomes (Lipo-Farn) and gelatin/HA/xanthan gel containing Lipo-Farn were prepared and applied in vivo to repair and alleviate PM2.5-induced damage and inflammation in skin. The prepared Lipo-Farn was 342 ± 90 nm in diameter with an encapsulation rate of 69%; the encapsulation significantly reduced the cytotoxicity of Farn. Lipo-Farn exhibited a slow-release rate of 35% after 192 h of incubation. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration of PM2.5 was approximately 850 μg/mL, and ≥400 μg/mL PM2.5 significantly increased IL-6 production in skin fibroblasts. Severe impairment in the epidermis and hair follicles and moderate impairment in the dermis were found in the groups treated with post-PM2.5 and continuous subcutaneous injection of PM2.5. Acute and chronic inflammation was observed in the skin in both experimental categories in vivo. Treatment with 4 mM Lipo-Farn largely repaired PM2.5-induced injury in the epidermis and dermis, restored injured hair follicles, and alleviated acute and chronic inflammation induced by PM2.5 in rat skin. In addition, treatment with 4 mM pure Farn and 2 mM Lipo-Farn exerted moderate reparative and anti-inflammatory effects on impaired skin. The findings of the current study indicate the therapeutic and protective effects of Lipo-Farn against various injuries caused by PM2.5 in the pilosebaceous units, epidermis, and dermis of skin.

scholarly journals In Vitro Evaluation of the Anti-Inflammatory Effect of KMUP-1 and in Vivo Analysis of Its Therapeutic Potential in Osteoarthritis

Biomedicines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 615
Author(s):  
Shang-En Huang ◽  
Erna Sulistyowati ◽  
Yu-Ying Chao ◽  
Bin-Nan Wu ◽  
Zen-Kong Dai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Articular Cartilage ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Gene Expressions ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Osteoarthritis is a degenerative arthropathy that is mainly characterized by dysregulation of inflammatory responses. KMUP-1, a derived chemical synthetic of xanthine, has been shown to have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Here, we aimed to investigate the in vitro anti-inflammatory and in vivo anti-osteoarthritis effects of KMUP-1. Protein and gene expressions of inflammation markers were determined by ELISA, Western blotting and microarray, respectively. RAW264.7 mouse macrophages were cultured and pretreated with KMUP-1 (1, 5, 10 μM). The productions of TNF-α, IL-6, MMP-2 and MMP- 9 were reduced by KMUP-1 pretreatment in LPS-induced inflammation of RAW264.7 cells. The expressions of iNOS, TNF-α, COX-2, MMP-2 and MMP-9 were also inhibited by KMUP-1 pretreatment. The gene expression levels of TNF and COX families were also downregulated. In addition, KMUP-1 suppressed the activations of ERK, JNK and p38 as well as phosphorylation of IκBα/NF-κB signaling pathways. Furthermore, SIRT1 inhibitor attenuated the inhibitory effect of KMUP-1 in LPS-induced NF-κB activation. In vivo study showed that KMUP-1 reduced mechanical hyperalgesia in monoiodoacetic acid (MIA)-induced rats OA. Additionally, KMUP-1 pretreatment reduced the serum levels of TNF-α and IL-6 in MIA-injected rats. Moreover, macroscopic and histological observation showed that KMUP-1 reduced articular cartilage erosion in rats. Our results demonstrated that KMUP-1 inhibited the inflammatory responses and restored SIRT1 in vitro, alleviated joint-related pain and cartilage destruction in vivo. Taken together, KMUP-1 has the potential to improve MIA-induced articular cartilage degradation by inhibiting the levels and expression of inflammatory mediators suggesting that KMUP-1 might be a potential therapeutic agent for OA.

Anti-inflammatory Effects ofScoparia dulcisL. and Betulinic Acid

2011 ◽  
Vol 39 (05) ◽  
pp. 943-956 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jen-Chieh Tsai ◽  
Wen-Huang Peng ◽  
Tai-Hui Chiu ◽  
Shang-Chih Lai ◽  
Chao-Ying Lee
Keyword(s):  
Betulinic Acid ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Paw Edema ◽  
Scoparia Dulcis ◽  
Inflammatory Mechanism ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Cox 2 ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Analytical Result

The aims of this study intended to investigate the anti-inflammatory activity of the 70% ethanol extract from Scoparia dulcis (SDE) and betulinic acid on λ-carrageenan-induced paw edema in mice. The anti-inflammatory mechanism of SDE and betulinic acid was examined by detecting the levels of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in the edema paw tissue and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione reductase (GRd) in the liver. The betulinic acid content in SDE was detected by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In the anti-inflammatory model, the results showed that SDE (0.5 and 1.0 g/kg) and betulinic acid (20 and 40 mg/kg) reduced the paw edema at 3, 4 and 5 h after λ-carrageenan administration. Moreover, SDE and betulinic acid affected the levels of COX-2, NO, TNF-α and IL1-β in the λ-carrageenan-induced edema paws. The activities of SOD, GPx and GRd in the liver tissue were increased and the MDA levels in the edema paws were decreased. It is suggested that SDE and betulinic acid possessed anti-inflammatory activities and the anti-inflammatory mechanisms appear to be related to the reduction of the levels of COX-2, NO, TNF-α and IL1-β in inflamed tissues, as well as the inhibition of MDA level via increasing the activities of SOD, GPx and GRd. The analytical result showed that the content of betulinic acid in SDE was 6.25 mg/g extract.

scholarly journals Kyungheechunggan-Tang-01, a New Herbal Medication, Suppresses LPS-Induced Inflammatory Responses through JAK/STAT Signaling Pathway in RAW 264.7 Macrophages

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hee-Soo Han ◽  
Eungyeong Jang ◽  
Ji-Sun Shin ◽  
Kyung-Soo Inn ◽  
Jang-Hoon Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Signaling Pathway ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Stat3 Phosphorylation ◽  
Stat Signaling ◽  
Cox 2 ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Medicinal plants have been used as alternative therapeutic tools to alleviate inflammatory diseases. The objective of this study was to evaluate anti-inflammatory properties of Kyungheechunggan-tang- (KCT-) 01, KCT-02, and Injinchunggan-tang (IJCGT) as newly developed decoctions containing 3–11 herbs in LPS-induced macrophages. KCT-01 showed the most potent inhibitory effects on LPS-induced NO, PGE2, TNF-α, and IL-6 production among those three herbal formulas. In addition, KCT-01 significantly inhibited LPS-induced iNOS and COX-2 at protein levels and expression of iNOS, COX-2, TNF-α, and IL-6 at mRNA levels. Molecular data revealed that KCT-01 attenuated the activation of JAK/STAT signaling cascade without affecting NF-κB or AP-1 activation. In ear inflammation induced by croton oil, KCT-01 significantly reduced edema, MPO activity, expression levels of iNOS and COX-2, and STAT3 phosphorylation in ear tissues. Taken together, our findings suggest that KCT-01 can downregulate the expression of proinflammatory genes by inhibiting JAK/STAT signaling pathway under inflammatory conditions. This study provides useful data for further exploration and application of KCT-01 as a potential anti-inflammatory medicine.

scholarly journals Comparative Phenotypic and Functional Analyses of the Effects of IL-10 or TGF-β on Porcine Macrophages

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 1098
Author(s):  
Tania Carta ◽  
Elisabetta Razzuoli ◽  
Floriana Fruscione ◽  
Susanna Zinellu ◽  
Dionigia Meloni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Macrophage Polarization ◽  
Phagocytic Cells ◽  
Mhc Ii ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Regulated Expression ◽  
Inflammatory Phenotype ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Functional Analyses ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Immunosuppressive Cytokines

Macrophages are phagocytic cells involved in maintaining tissue homeostasis and defense against pathogens. Macrophages may be polarized into different functionally specialized subsets. M2c macrophages arise following stimulation with IL-10 or TGF-β and mediate anti-inflammatory and tissue repair functions. M2c macrophages remain poorly characterized in the pig, thus we investigated the impact of these regulatory cytokines on porcine monocyte-derived macrophages (moMΦ). The phenotype and functionality of these cells was characterized though confocal microscopy, flow cytometry, ELISA, and RT-qPCR. Both cytokines induced CD14 and MHC II DR down-regulation and reduced IL-6, TNF-α, and CD14 expression, suggestive of an anti-inflammatory phenotype. Interestingly, neither IL-10 or TGF-β were able to trigger IL-10 induction or release by moMΦ. Differences between these cytokines were observed: stimulation with IL-10, but not TGF-β, induced up-regulation of both CD16 and CD163 on moMΦ. In addition, IL-10 down-regulated expression of IL-1β and IL-12p40 4h post-stimulation and induced a stronger impairment of moMΦ ability to respond to either TLR2 or TLR4 agonists. Overall, our results provide an overview of porcine macrophage polarization by two immunosuppressive cytokines, revealing differences between IL-10 and TGF-β, and reporting some peculiarity of swine, which should be considered in translational studies.

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