scholarly journals Walnut Oil Prevents Scopolamine-Induced Memory Dysfunction in a Mouse Model

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (7) ◽  
pp. 1630
Author(s):  
Jianqiao Liao ◽  
Yifan Nai ◽  
Li Feng ◽  
Yimeng Chen ◽  
Mei Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Memory Impairment ◽  
Acetylcholinesterase Activity ◽  
Walnut Oil ◽  
Histological Changes ◽  
Hippocampal Ca1 ◽  
Malondialdehyde Content ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Total Superoxide Dismutase

For thousands of years, it has been widely believed that walnut is a kind of nut that has benefits for the human body. Walnut oil, accounting for about 70% of walnut, mainly consists of polyunsaturated fatty acids. To investigate the effect of walnut oil on memory impairment in mice, scopolamine (3 mg/kg body weight/d) was used to establish the animal model during Morris Water Maze (MWM) tests. Walnut oil was administrated orally at 10 mL/kg body weight/d for 8 consecutive weeks. The results showed that walnut oil treatment ameliorated the behavior of the memory-impaired mice in the MWM test. Additionally, walnut oil obviously inhibited acetylcholinesterase activity (1.26 ± 0.12 U/mg prot) (p = 0.013) and increased choline acetyltransferase activity (129.75 ± 6.76 U/mg tissue wet weight) in the brains of scopolamine-treated mice (p = 0.024), suggesting that walnut oil could prevent cholinergic function damage in mice brains. Furthermore, walnut oil remarkably prevented the decrease in total superoxide dismutase activity (93.30 ± 5.50 U/mg prot) (p = 0.006) and glutathione content (110.45 ± 17.70 mg/g prot) (p = 0.047) and the increase of malondialdehyde content (13.79 ± 0.96 nmol/mg prot) (p = 0.001) in the brain of scopolamine-treated mice, indicating that walnut oil could inhibit oxidative stress in the brain of mice. Furthermore, walnut oil prevented histological changes of neurons in hippocampal CA1 and CA3 regions induced by scopolamine. These findings indicate that walnut oil could prevent memory impairment in mice, which might be a potential way for the prevention of memory dysfunctions.

The effects of nanofatty acids on the nervous system

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1831-1835
Author(s):  
Wei Hao ◽  
Cuiui Wang ◽  
Jia Song ◽  
Ping Zhao ◽  
Gang Li
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Peroxidation ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Brain Homogenate ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Reduced Body ◽  
Malondialdehyde Content ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Experimental Group ◽  
Plasma Malondialdehyde ◽  
Total Superoxide Dismutase

To investigate the effect of polyunsaturated fatty acids (nanofatty acids) on the nervous system, 90 clean female mice aged 3?5 weeks old were randomly divided into two groups (n = 45). The experimental group was injected with nanofatty acids once every other day for a total of three times, while the control group was injected with the same volume of normal saline. The behavior, weight, plasma, malondialdehyde content in the brain homogenate, and total superoxide disodium alcohol were assessed after the treatments. Mice treated with nanofatty acid were easily provoked, hyperactive, and had significantly reduced body weight as compared to the control mice (P <0.05). These findings suggest that polyunsaturated fatty acid can reduce the levels of lipid peroxidation and the activity of total superoxide dismutase in mice. Our results suggest that nanofatty acid exposure has a protect effect on the nervous system.

Evaluation of Cucurbita maxima Extract against Scopolamine- Induced Amnesia in Rats: Implication of Tumour Necrosis Factor Alpha

2014 ◽  
Vol 69 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 407-417 ◽  
Author(s):  
Talha Jawaid ◽  
Ashok K. Shakya ◽  
Hefazat Hussain Siddiqui ◽  
Mehnaz Kamal
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Memory Impairment ◽  
Ache Activity ◽  
Seed Oil ◽  
Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Factor Alpha ◽  
The Brain ◽  
And Oxidative Stress ◽  
Necrosis Factor

AbstractCucurbita maxima (CM) seed oil is commonly used in Indian folk medicine to treat various ailments. We have investigated the effect of CM seed oil on memory impairment induced by scopolamine in rats. Male adult Wistar rats were administered scopolamine 1 mg/kg body weight, i.p. or 1:25 mg/kg body weight, s.c. to induce memory impairment. The nootropic agent piracetam 100 mg/kg body weight, i.p. and CM seed oil 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight, p.o. were administered daily for five consecutive days. The memory function was evaluated in the Morris water maze (MWM) test, the social recognition test (SRT), the elevated plus maze (EPM) test, and the pole climbing test (PCT). Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and oxidative stress parameters were estimated in the cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum of the brains after completion of the behavioural studies. The effects of scopolamine on the levels of the tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) transcript were also investigated. Scopolamine caused memory impairment in all the behavioural paradigms along with a significant increase in the AChE activity and oxidative stress in the brain. Scopolamine also caused a significant increase in the expression of TNF-α in the hippocampus. CM seed oil exhibited antiamnesic activity as indicated by a significant reduction in the latency time in the MWM test and decreased social interaction during trial 2 in the SRT. Further, treatment with CM seed oil significantly decreased the AChE activity and malondialdehyde levels and increased the glutathione level in brain regions. CM seed oil also significantly decreased the expression of TNF-α in the hippocampus. The effect of CM seed oil on behavioural and biochemical parameters was comparable to that observed in rats treated with piracetam. These results indicate that CM seed oil may exert antiamnesic activity which may be attributed to the inhibition of AChE and inflammation as well as its antioxidant activity in the brain.

Body growth and carcass composition of lean reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus L.) from birth to sexual maturity

1981 ◽  
Vol 59 (6) ◽  
pp. 1040-1044 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tata M. Ringberg ◽  
Robert G. White ◽  
Dan F. Holleman ◽  
Jack R. Luick
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Rangifer Tarandus ◽  
Neonatal Period ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Body Growth ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Parotid Glands ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
The Brain

Body growth and carcass composition were measured in lean reindeer during the juvenile growth period between birth and 3 years of age. Mean carcass weight in these lean reindeer was 56 ± 4% of body weight and the deposition of body muscle and bone mass was linearly correlated with body weight after the 1st month of age. The weight of the brain relative to body weight and carcass weight declined, while the relative changes in heart, liver, kidneys, parotid glands, and tissues of the gastrointestinal tract were small after the neonatal period. The extractable fat content in carcasses increased from 4.4 to 11.4% of wet weight or approximately 100 g fat at birth and 3.5 kg fat in adult reindeer. Fat-free dry matter represented a constant percentage (18–20%) of wet carcass weight independent of body weight after the neonatal period, while a significant inverse relationship between carcass fat and body water was found.

The influence of early nutrition on the development and myelination of the brain

1964 ◽  
Vol 159 (976) ◽  
pp. 503-509 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Experimental Design ◽  
Litter Size ◽  
Suckling Period ◽  
Suckling Rats ◽  
Rate Of Growth ◽  
Early Nutrition ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
The Brain

The rate of growth of suckling rats can be greatly influenced by adjusting the size of the litter at birth. Even though ad lib. feeding be allowed after weaning at 21 days, the smaller rats from large litters become smaller adults than those whose development has been unrestricted in the suckling period. In rats the brain grows most actively and becomes myelinated during the second and third weeks of post-natal life while the animal is still suckling. Widdowson & McCance (i960), however, did not find that the weight of the brain was much affected by varying the plane of nutrition at this time. The experimental design of the previous authors was followed, and it was confirmed that varying the litter size during lactation made relatively little difference to the wet weight of the brain. There were, however, much larger differences in the rate of cholesterol deposition in the brain, and these were obtained with quite small alterations of body weight.

Prevention of short-term memory impairment by Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Oken and its effect on acetylcholinesterase changes in CCl4-induced neurotoxicity in rats

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Scholastica Onyebuchi Anadozie ◽  
Jacob Ayodele Akinyemi ◽  
Olusola Bolaji Adewale ◽  
Christy Chinwe Isitua
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Carbon Tetrachloride ◽  
Memory Impairment ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Acetylcholinesterase Activity ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Oral Gavage ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Bryophyllum Pinnatum

Abstract Background Short-term memory impairment is a neurodegenerative disease associated with oxidative stress. Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Oken of the family Crassulaceae is traditionally used in the treatment of diseases, such as cough, wounds, and kidney diseases. This study evaluates the effect of the aqueous extract of B. pinnatum (AEBP) leaves on acetylcholinesterase activity in carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced short-term memory impairment in rats. Methods Thirty male Wistar albino rats were used in this study and were divided into six groups (n=5). Group I served as control, group II rats were induced with CCl4, while groups III–V animals were pretreated with silymarin (25 mg/kg body weight), 25 and 50 mg/kg body weight AEBP leaves, respectively, once daily by oral gavage for 14 days prior to a single intraperitoneal injection of CCl4. Animals in group VI received 50 mg/kg body weight AEBP only by oral gavage. Results Administration of carbon tetrachloride significantly increased (p<0.05) spontaneous alternation and locomotor function in rats when compared with the control group. Also, the levels of acetylcholinesterase, adenosine deaminase, and malondialdehyde were increased in CCl4-administered rats, with reduction in both enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidant levels. However, pretreatment of rats with AEBP leaves, at tested doses, prevented these changes. Conclusions The increased antioxidant status and the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity show that AEBP leaves improve learning memory and stabilizes memory impairment caused by CCl4.

INTRA-UTERINE UNDERNUTRITION AND BRAIN DEVELOPMENT

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1971 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 491-500
Author(s):  
H. Peter Chase ◽  
Carol S. Dabiere ◽  
N. Noreen Welch ◽  
Donough O'Brien
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Brain Development ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
In Utero ◽  
Brain Weight ◽  
Brain Growth ◽  
Maternal Malnutrition ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
The Brain

The guinea pig, like the human, initiates the period of rapid brain growth in utero and thus provides a model for measuring the effects of maternal malnutrition on intra-uterine brain growth. In these studies the newborn of undernourished guinea pig mothers showed significant reductions in body weight and brain weight, cellularity, protein, cholesterol, cerebroside, and sulfatide contents. The reductions in wet brain weight and protein content were significant for cerebellum but not for cerebrum. Animals undernourished in utero and fed normally after birth showed normal whole brain weight, cerebroside and sulfatide contents, and normal cerebrum cellularity by adulthood. However, the type of cells increasing in the cerebrum during postnatal rehabilitation is unknown. Wet weight and cellularity were still diminished by 22% and 17%, respectively, in the adult cerebella. The results suggest that adequate postnatal nutrition will offset some, though not all of the brain biochemical changes resulting from fetal undernutrition.

HISTOLOGICAL CHANGES IN THE INTESTINES OF POULTRY DURING FODDER INTOXICATION

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.P. Dolgov ◽  
◽  
A.A. Abramov ◽  
E.V. Kuzminova ◽  
E.V. Rogaleva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Histological Examination ◽  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
The Body ◽  
Histological Changes ◽  
Beet Pulp

The article presents the data on the study of the influence of mycotoxins combination (T-2 toxin at the concentration of 0.095 mg/kg and aflatoxin B1 in the concentration of 0.019 mg/kg) on the body of quails and the results of pharmacocorrection of toxicosis with a complex consisting of beet pulp and lecithin. Structural changes in the intestines of quais at fodder mycotoxicosis are described. The use of antitoxic feed additives in poultry led to a weakening of the action of xenobiotics, which was confirmed by an increase in the safety of poultry and increase in body weight of quails, a decrease in the clinical manifestations of intoxication, as well as in positive changes in the structure of the intestine of the poultry during histological examination.

scholarly journals Polyphenols and IUGR Pregnancies: Effects of the Antioxidant Hydroxytyrosol on Brain Neurochemistry and Development in a Porcine Model

Antioxidants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 884
Author(s):  
Natalia Yeste ◽  
Daniel Valent ◽  
Laura Arroyo ◽  
Marta Vázquez-Gómez ◽  
Consolación García-Contreras ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intrauterine Growth Restriction ◽  
Porcine Model ◽  
Immunohistochemical Study ◽  
Brain Area ◽  
Fetal Period ◽  
Intrauterine Growth ◽  
Gestational Period ◽  
Hippocampal Ca1 ◽  
Maternal Supplementation ◽  
The Brain

Supplementation of a mother’s diet with antioxidants, such as hydroxytyrosol (HTX), has been proposed to ameliorate the adverse phenotypes of fetuses at risk of intrauterine growth restriction. In the present study, sows were treated daily with or without 1.5 mg of HTX per kilogram of feed from day 35 of pregnancy (at 30% of total gestational period), and individuals were sampled at three different ages: 100-day-old fetuses and 1-month- and 6-month-old piglets. After euthanasia, the brain was removed and the hippocampus, amygdala, and prefrontal cortex were dissected. The profile of the catecholaminergic and serotoninergic neurotransmitters (NTs) was characterized and an immunohistochemical study of the hippocampus was performed. The results indicated that maternal supplementation with HTX during pregnancy affected the NT profile in a brain-area-dependant mode and it modified the process of neuron differentiation in the hippocampal CA1 and GD areas, indicating that cell differentiation occurred more rapidly in the HTX group. These effects were specific to the fetal period, concomitantly with HTX maternal supplementation, since no major differences remained between the control and treated groups in 1-month- and 6-month-old pigs.

scholarly journals THE PATHOLOGIC EFFECTS OF STREPTOCOCCI FROM CASES OF POLIOMYELITIS AND OTHER SOURCES

1917 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 557-580 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carroll G. Bull
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
The Other ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Histological Changes ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord ◽  
The Brain

Streptococci cultivated from the tonsils of thirty-two cases of poliomyelitis were used to inoculate various laboratory animals. In no case was a condition induced resembling poliomyelitis clinically or pathologically in guinea pigs, dogs, cats, rabbits, or monkeys. On the other hand, a considerable percentage of the rabbits and a smaller percentage of some of the other animals developed lesions due to streptococci. These lesions consisted of meningitis, meningo-encephalitis, abscess of the brain, arthritis, tenosynovitis, myositis, abscess of the kidney, endocarditis, pericarditis, and neuritis. No distinction in the character or frequency of the lesions could be determined between the streptococci derived from poliomyelitic patients and from other sources. Streptococci isolated from the poliomyelitic brain and spinal cord of monkeys which succumbed to inoculation with the filtered virus failed to induce in monkeys any paralysis or the characteristic histological changes of poliomyelitis. These streptococci are regarded as secondary bacterial invaders of the nervous organs. Monkeys which have recovered from infection with streptococci derived from cases of poliomyelitis are not protected from infection with the filtered virus, and their blood does not neutralize the filtered virus in vitro. We have failed to detect any etiologic or pathologic relationship between streptococci and epidemic poliomyelitis in man or true experimental poliomyelitis in the monkey.

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