scholarly journals Surface Treatment of Acetabular Cups with a Direct Deposition of a Composite Nanostructured Layer Using a High Electrostatic Field

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 1173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marek Pokorný ◽  
Tomáš Suchý ◽  
Adéla Kotzianová ◽  
Jan Klemeš ◽  
František Denk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Treatment ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Titanium Implants ◽  
Metal Implants ◽  
3D Objects ◽  
Surface Areas ◽  
Nanostructured Layer ◽  
Spinning Process ◽  
The Stability

A composite nanofibrous layer containing collagen and hydroxyapatite was deposited on selected surface areas of titanium acetabular cups. The layer was deposited on the irregular surface of these 3D objects using a specially developed electrospinning system designed to ensure the stability of the spinning process and to produce a layer approximately 100 micrometers thick with an adequate thickness uniformity. It was verified that the layer had the intended nanostructured morphology throughout its entire thickness and that the prepared layer sufficiently adhered to the smooth surface of the model titanium implants even after all the post-deposition sterilization and stabilization treatments were performed. The resulting layers had an average thickness of (110 ± 30) micrometers and an average fiber diameter of (170 ± 49) nanometers. They were produced using a relatively simple and cost-effective technology and yet they were verifiably biocompatible and structurally stable. Collagen- and hydroxyapatite-based composite nanostructured surface modifications represent promising surface treatment options for metal implants.

scholarly journals Development of Biochars Derived from Water Bamboo (Zizania latifolia) Shoot Husks Using Pyrolysis and Ultrasound-Assisted Pyrolysis for the Treatment of Reactive Black 5 (RB5) in Wastewater

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 1615
Author(s):  
Thanh Tam Nguyen ◽  
Hung-Hsiang Chen ◽  
Thi Hien To ◽  
Yu-Chen Chang ◽  
Cheng-Kuo Tsai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effective ◽  
Reactive Black 5 ◽  
Order Kinetic ◽  
Sem Images ◽  
Zizania Latifolia ◽  
Surface Areas ◽  
Order Kinetic Model ◽  
Pseudo Second Order ◽  
Ultrasound Assisted ◽  
Green Technique

Adsorbent made by carbonization of biomass under oxygen-limited conditions has become a promising material for wastewater treatment owing to its cost-effective, simple, and eco-friendly processing method. Ultrasound is considered a green technique to modify carbon materials because it uses water as the solvent. In this study, a comparison of Reactive Black 5 (RB5) adsorption capacity between biochar (BC) generated by pyrolysis of water bamboo (Zizania latifolia) husks at 600 °C and ultrasound-assisted biochar (UBC) produced by pyrolysis at 600 °C assisted by ultrasonic irradiation was performed. UBC showed a greater reaction rate and reached about 80% removal efficiency after 4 h, while it took 24 h for BC to reach that level. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images indicated that the UBC morphology surface was more porous, with the structure of the combination of denser mesopores enhancing physiochemical properties of UBC. By Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller (BET), the specific surface areas of adsorbent materials were analyzed, and the surface areas of BC and UBC were 56.296 m2/g and 141.213 m2/g, respectively. Moreover, the pore volume of UBC was 0.039 cm3/g, which was higher than that of BC at 0.013 cm3/g. The adsorption isotherms and kinetics revealed the better fits of reactions to Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetic model, indicating the inclination towards monolayer adsorption and chemisorption of RB5 on water bamboo husk-based UBC.

scholarly journals Copper Phyllosilicates-Derived Catalysts in the Production of Alcohols from Hydrogenation of Carboxylates, Carboxylic Acids, Carbonates, Formyls, and CO2: A Review

Catalysts ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 255
Author(s):  
Dien-Thien To ◽  
Yu-Chuan Lin
Keyword(s):  
Carboxylic Acids ◽  
Catalytic Performance ◽  
Spatial Effect ◽  
Synthesis Methods ◽  
The Past ◽  
Surface Areas ◽  
Preparation Conditions ◽  
Remedial Actions ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Size Interaction

Copper phyllosilicates-derived catalysts (CuPS-cats) have been intensively explored in the past two decades due to their promising activity in carbonyls hydrogenation. However, CuPS-cats have not been completely reviewed. This paper focuses on the aspects concerning CuPS-cats from synthesis methods, effects of preparation conditions, and dopant to catalytic applications of CuPS-cats. The applications of CuPS-cats include the hydrogenation of carboxylates, carboxylic acids, carbonates, formyls, and CO2 to their respective alcohols. Besides, important factors such as the Cu dispersion, Cu+ and Cu0 surface areas, particles size, interaction between Cu and supports and dopants, morphologies, and spatial effect on catalytic performance of CuPS-cats are discussed. The deactivation and remedial actions to improve the stability of CuPS-cats are summarized. It ends up with the challenges and prospective by using this type of catalyst.

scholarly journals Polymer-Drug Conjugates as Nanotheranostic Agents

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-81
Author(s):  
Sajana Manandhar ◽  
Erica Sjöholm ◽  
Johan Bobacka ◽  
Jessica M. Rosenholm ◽  
Kuldeep K. Bansal
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Drug Release ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
The Body ◽  
Drug Conjugates ◽  
Imaging Characteristics ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Systemic Side Effects ◽  
Theranostic Agents ◽  
The Stability

Since the last decade, the polymer-drug conjugate (PDC) approach has emerged as one of the most promising drug-delivery technologies owing to several benefits like circumventing premature drug release, offering controlled and targeted drug delivery, improving the stability, safety, and kinetics of conjugated drugs, and so forth. In recent years, PDC technology has advanced with the objective to further enhance the treatment outcomes by integrating nanotechnology and multifunctional characteristics into these systems. One such development is the ability of PDCs to act as theranostic agents, permitting simultaneous diagnosis and treatment options. Theranostic nanocarriers offer the opportunity to track the distribution of PDCs within the body and help to localize the diseased site. This characteristic is of particular interest, especially among those therapeutic approaches where external stimuli are supposed to be applied for abrupt drug release at the target site for localized delivery to avoid systemic side effects (e.g., Visudyne®). Thus, with the help of this review article, we are presenting the most recent updates in the domain of PDCs as nanotheranostic agents. Different methodologies utilized to design PDCs along with imaging characteristics and their applicability in a wide range of diseases, have been summarized in this article.

scholarly journals G-quadruplexes: a promising target for cancer therapy

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nils Kosiol ◽  
Stefan Juranek ◽  
Peter Brossart ◽  
Annkristin Heine ◽  
Katrin Paeschke
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Structure Formation ◽  
Genome Instability ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Personalized Treatment ◽  
Cancer Development ◽  
Intratumor Heterogeneity ◽  
Dna And Rna ◽  
New Strategy ◽  
The Stability

AbstractDNA and RNA can fold into a variety of alternative conformations. In recent years, a particular nucleic acid structure was discussed to play a role in malignant transformation and cancer development. This structure is called a G-quadruplex (G4). G4 structure formation can drive genome instability by creating mutations, deletions and stimulating recombination events. The importance of G4 structures in the characterization of malignant cells was currently demonstrated in breast cancer samples. In this analysis a correlation between G4 structure formation and an increased intratumor heterogeneity was identified. This suggests that G4 structures might allow breast cancer stratification and supports the identification of new personalized treatment options. Because of the stability of G4 structures and their presence within most human oncogenic promoters and at telomeres, G4 structures are currently tested as a therapeutic target to downregulate transcription or to block telomere elongation in cancer cells. To date, different chemical molecules (G4 ligands) have been developed that aim to target G4 structures. In this review we discuss and compare G4 function and relevance for therapeutic approaches and their impact on cancer development for three cancer entities, which differ significantly in their amount and type of mutations: pancreatic cancer, leukemia and malignant melanoma. G4 structures might present a promising new strategy to individually target tumor cells and could support personalized treatment approaches in the future.

scholarly journals Treatment options in moderate and severe depression: decision analysis supporting a clinical guideline

2006 ◽  
Vol 189 (6) ◽  
pp. 494-501 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judit Simon ◽  
Stephen Pilling ◽  
Rachel Burbeck ◽  
David Goldberg
Keyword(s):  
Combination Therapy ◽  
Decision Analysis ◽  
Secondary Care ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Severe Depression ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Resource Utilisation ◽  
Moderate Depression ◽  
The Cost

BackgroundTreatment options for depression include antidepressants, psychological therapy and a combination of the two.AimsTo develop cost-effective clinical guidelines.MethodSystematic literature reviews were used to identify clinical, utility and cost data. A decision analysis was then conducted to compare the benefits and costs of antidepressants with combination therapy for moderate and severe depression in secondary care in the UK.ResultsOver the 15-month analysis period, combination therapy resulted in higher costs and an expected 0.16 increase per person in the probability of remission and no relapse compared with antidepressants. The cost per additional successfully treated patient was £4056 (95% CI 1400–18 300); the cost per quality-adjusted life year gained was £5777 (95% CI 1900–33 800) for severe depression and £14 540 (95% CI 4800–79 400) for moderate depression.ConclusionsCombination therapy is likely to be a cost-effective first-line secondary care treatment for severe depression. Its cost-effectiveness for moderate depression is more uncertain from current evidence. Targeted combination therapy could improve resource utilisation.

CRITICAL REVIEW OF EMULSION STABILITY AND CHARACTERIZATION TECHNIQUES IN OIL PROCESSING

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-36
Author(s):  
Vahideh Angardi ◽  
Ali Ettehadi ◽  
Özgün Yücel
Keyword(s):  
Separation Efficiency ◽  
Petroleum Industry ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Downstream Processing ◽  
Physical Factors ◽  
Comprehensive Review ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Mathematical Explanations ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The Right

Abstract Effective separation of water and oil dispersions is considered a critical step in the determination of technical and economic success in the petroleum industry over the years. Moreover, a deeper understanding of the emulsification process and different affected parameters is essential for cost-effective oil production, transportation, and downstream processing. Numerous studies conducted on the concept of dispersion characterization indicate the importance of this concept, which deserves attention by the scientific community. Therefore, a comprehensive review study with critical analysis on significant concepts will help readers follow them easily. This study is a comprehensive review of the concept of dispersion characterization and conducted studies recently published. The main purposes of this review are to 1) Highlight flaws, 2) Outline gaps and weaknesses, 3) Address conflicts, 4) Prevent duplication of effort, 5) List factors affecting dispersion. It was found that the separation efficiency and stability of dispersions are affected by different chemical and physical factors. Factors affecting the stability of the emulsions have been studied in detail and will help to look for the right action to ensure stable emulsions. In addition, methods of ensuring stability, especially coalescence are highlighted, and coalescence mathematical explanations of phenomena are presented.

scholarly journals Pharmacologic treatment of osteoporosis – 2011

2011 ◽  
Vol 152 (33) ◽  
pp. 1320-1326 ◽  
Author(s):  
Péter Lakatos
Keyword(s):  
Bone Loss ◽  
Fracture Risk ◽  
Hormone Replacement ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Osteoporotic Fractures ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Similar Efficacy ◽  
High Fracture ◽  
Efficient Treatment ◽  
Treatment Of Osteoporosis

Osteoporosis affects approximately 9% of the population in Hungary resulting in about 100 000 osteoporotic fractures annually. Thirty-five percent of patients with hip fractures due to osteoporosis will die within 1 year. Direct costs of osteoporosis exceed 25 billion forints per year. Apparently, cost-effective reduction of bone loss and consequent fracture risk will add up to not only financial savings but improvement in quality of life, as well. A number of pharmacological modalities are available for this purpose. The mainstay of the treatment of osteoporosis is the bisphosphonate group that includes effective anti-resorptive compounds mitigating bone loss and fragility. The recently registered denosumab exhibits similar efficacy by neutralizing RANK ligand, however, marked differences can be observed between the two drug classes. Strontium has a unique mechanism of action by rebalancing bone turnover, and thus, providing an efficient treatment option for the not fast bone losers who are at high fracture risk. The purely anabolic teriparatide is available for the extremely severe osteoporotic patients and for those who do not respond to other types of therapy. Older treatment options such as hormone replacement therapy, raloxifene, tibolone or calcitonin may also have a restricted place in the management of osteoporosis. Orv. Hetil., 2011, 152, 1320–1326.

scholarly journals Two Electrode ECG And EOG System For Monitoring Applications

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 262-265
Keyword(s):  
Reference Electrode ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Electrode System ◽  
Ecg Signal ◽  
Biomedical Signal ◽  
Ecg Signals ◽  
Arm Position ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Electrocardiogram Ecg ◽  
Total Gain

Heart and Eye are two vital organs in the human system. By knowing the Electrocardiogram (ECG) and Electro-oculogram (EOG), one will be able to tell the stability of the heart and eye respectively. In this project, we have developed a circuit to pick the ECG and EOG signal using two wet electrodes. Here no reference electrode is used. EOG and ECG signals have been acquired from ten healthy subjects. The ECG signal is obtained from two positions, namely wrist and arm position respectively. The picked-up biomedical signal is recorded and heart rate information is extracted from ECG signal using the biomedical workbench. The result found to be promising and acquired stable EOG and ECG signal from the subjects. The total gain required for the arm position is higher than the wrist position for the ECG signal. The total gain necessary for the EOG signal is higher than the ECG signal since the ECG signal is in the range of millivolts whereas EOG signal in the range of microvolts. This two-electrode system is stable, cost-effective and portable while still maintaining high common-mode rejection ratio (CMRR).

scholarly journals The Instability of Dimeric Fc-Fusions Expressed in Plants Can Be Solved by Monomeric Fc Technology

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pia Gattinger ◽  
Shiva Izadi ◽  
Clemens Grünwald-Gruber ◽  
Somanath Kallolimath ◽  
Alexandra Castilho
Keyword(s):  
Monoclonal Antibodies ◽  
Fusion Proteins ◽  
Degradation Products ◽  
Therapeutic Proteins ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Full Length ◽  
Peptide Sequence ◽  
Reporter Protein ◽  
The Stability

The potential therapeutic value of many proteins is ultimately limited by their rapid in vivo clearance. One strategy to limit clearance by metabolism and excretion, and improving the stability of therapeutic proteins, is their fusion to the immunoglobulin fragment crystallizable region (Fc). The Fc region plays multiple roles in (i) dimerization for the formation of “Y”-shaped structure of Ig, (ii) Fc-mediated effector functions, (iii) extension of serum half-life, and (iv) a cost-effective purification tag. Plants and in particular Nicotiana benthamiana have proven to be suitable expression platforms for several recombinant therapeutic proteins. Despite the enormous success of their use for the production of full-length monoclonal antibodies, the expression of Fc-fused therapeutic proteins in plants has shown limitations. Many Fc-fusion proteins expressed in plants show different degrees of instability resulting in high amounts of Fc-derived degradation products. To address this issue, we used erythropoietin (EPO) as a reporter protein and evaluated the efforts to enhance the expression of full-length EPO-Fc targeted to the apoplast of N. benthamiana. Our results show that the instability of the fusion protein is independent from the Fc origin or IgG subclass and from the peptide sequence used to link the two domains. We also show that a similar instability occurs upon the expression of individual heavy chains of monoclonal antibodies and ScFv-Fc that mimic the “Y”-shape of antibodies but lack the light chain. We propose that in this configuration, steric hindrance between the protein domains leads to physical instability. Indeed, mutations of critical residues located on the Fc dimerization interface allowed the expression of fully stable EPO monomeric Fc-fusion proteins. We discuss the limitations of Fc-fusion technology in N. benthamiana transient expression systems and suggest strategies to optimize the Fc-based scaffolds on their folding and aggregation resistance in order to improve the stability.

scholarly journals Demulsification of Liquid Membrane Emulsion using High Voltage Glass Coated Electrode in Batch System

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Othman ◽  
A. Ahmad ◽  
M. A. Piramali
Keyword(s):  
High Voltage ◽  
Liquid Membrane ◽  
Alternate Current ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Electrical Field ◽  
Electrical Field Strength ◽  
Oil Emulsion ◽  
Internal Phase ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Time Required

Demulsification is one of the key processes in emulsion liquid membrane application. This study involved the effect of electrical field on demulsification of water in oil using batch high voltage demulsifier system. This technique widely used because of its advantages of easy manipulation of applied field direction and strength, offers cost–effective separation and minimal environmental impact combined with mechanical simplicity. Influence of various values of frequency (400–1500 Hz) and voltage was studied experimentally using Alternate Current (AC) High Voltage Demulsifier with insulated electrode. The emulsion consists of kerosene as organic phase, sulfuric acid as internal phase and span 80 (3 and 5 w/v %) as a surfactant. The effect of emulsion preparation such as homogenizer speed, internal phase and surfactant concentrations on the stability of water–in–oil emulsion was also investigated. The results showed that the attractive forces between the water droplets under an electrical field increase by raising the applied electrical field strength. Meanwhile, the time required for the emulsion to separate and coalescence under electrical field increased when the stability of emulsion increased.

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