scholarly journals Analysis of Pollution in High Voltage Insulators via Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 822 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinwei Wang ◽  
Shan Lu ◽  
Tianzheng Wang ◽  
Xinran Qin ◽  
Xilin Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Voltage ◽  
Delay Time ◽  
Energy Intensity ◽  
Laser Energy ◽  
Spectral Characteristics ◽  
Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy ◽  
Breakdown Spectroscopy ◽  
Laser Induced Breakdown ◽  
Pollution Detection ◽  
Deposit Density

Surface pollution deposition in a high voltage surface can reduce the surface flashover voltage, which is considered to be a serious accident in the transmission of electric power for the high conductivity of pollution in wet weather, such as rain or fog. Accordingly, a rapid and accurate online pollution detection method is of great importance for monitoring the safe status of transmission lines. Usually, to detect the equivalent salt deposit density (ESDD) and non-soluble deposit density (NSDD), the pollution should be collected when power cut off and bring back to lab, time-consuming, low accuracy and unable to meet the online detection. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) shows the highest potential for achieving online pollution detection, but its application in high voltage electrical engineering has only just begun to be examined. In this study, a LIBS method for quantitatively detecting the compositions of pollutions on the insulators was investigated, and the spectral characteristics of a natural pollution sample were examined. The energy spectra and LIBS analysis results were compared. LIBS was shown to detect pollution elements that were not detected by conventional energy spectroscopy and had an improved capacity to determine pollution composition. Furthermore, the effects of parameters, such as laser energy intensity and delay time, were investigated for artificial pollutions. Increasing the laser energy intensity and selecting a suitable delay time could enhance the precision and relative spectral intensities of the elements. Additionally, reducing the particle size and increasing the density achieved the same results.

scholarly journals Metal Contamination Distribution Detection in High-Voltage Transmission Line Insulators by Laser-induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS)

Sensors ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (8) ◽  
pp. 2623 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naixiao Wang ◽  
Xilin Wang ◽  
Ping Chen ◽  
Zhidong Jia ◽  
Liming Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transmission Line ◽  
High Voltage ◽  
Metal Contamination ◽  
Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy ◽  
Elemental Distribution ◽  
High Voltage Transmission Line ◽  
Breakdown Spectroscopy ◽  
Laser Induced Breakdown ◽  
Deposit Density ◽  
High Voltage Transmission

The fast detection of classical contaminants and their distribution on high-voltage transmission line insulators is essential for ensuring the safe operation of the power grid. The analysis of existing insulator contamination has traditionally relied on taking samples during a power cut, taking the samples back to the lab and then testing them with elemental analysis equipment, especially for sugars, bird droppings, and heavy metal particulates, which cannot be analysed by the equivalent salt deposit density (ESDD) or non-soluble deposit density (NSDD) methods. In this study, a novel method called laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) offering the advantages of no sample preparation, being nearly nondestructive and having a fast speed was applied for the analysis of metal contamination. Several LIBS parameters (laser energy and delay time) were optimized to obtain better resolution of the spectral data. The limit of detection (LOD) of the observed elements was obtained using a calibration curve. Compared to calibration curves, multivariate analysis methods including principal component analysis (PCA), k-means and partial least squares regression (PLSR) showed their superiority in analyzing metal contamination in insulators. Then, the elemental distribution of natural pollution was predicted using LIBS to fully capture information about the bulk elements (Na, Ni, Cu, Mn, Ca, etc.) of entire areas with PLSR. The results showed that LIBS could be a promising method for accurate direct online quantification of metal contamination in insulators.

Characterization of Amethysts from Sukamara, Central Kalimantan, Using Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS)

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 5-8
Author(s):  
Komang Gde Suastika, Heri Suyanto, Gunarjo, Sadiana, Darmaji
Keyword(s):  
Emission Intensity ◽  
Laser Energy ◽  
Emission Spectra ◽  
Atomic Emission ◽  
Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy ◽  
Chemical Formula ◽  
Central Kalimantan ◽  
Breakdown Spectroscopy ◽  
Laser Induced Breakdown

Abstract - Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) is one method of atomic emission spectroscopy using laser ablation as an energy source. This method is used to characterize the type of amethysts that originally come from Sukamara, Central Kalimantan. The result of amethyst characterization can be used as a reference for claiming the natural wealth of the amethyst. The amethyst samples are directly taken from the amethyst mining field in the District Gem Amethyst and consist of four color variations: white, black, yellow, and purple. These samples were analyzed by LIBS, using laser energy of 120 mJ, delay time detection of 2 μs and accumulation of 3, with and without cleaning. The purpose of this study is to determine emission spectra characteristics, contained elements, and physical characteristics of each amethyst sample. The spectra show that the amethyst samples contain some elements such as Al, Ca, K, Fe, Gd, Ba, Si, Be, H, O, N, Cl and Pu with various emission intensities. The value of emission intensity corresponds to concentration of element in the sample. Hence, the characteristics of the amethysts are based on their concentration value. The element with the highest concentration in all samples is Si, which is related to the chemical formula of SiO2. The element with the lowest concentration in all samples is Ca that is found in black and yellow amethysts. The emission intensity of Fe element can distinguish between white, purple, and yellow amethyst. If Fe emission intensity is very low, it indicates yellow sample. Thus, we may conclude that LIBS is a method that can be used to characterize the amethyst samples.Key words: amethyst, impurity, laser-induced, breakdown spectroscopy, characteristic, gemstones

scholarly journals Analisis Korosifitas Baja Ringan dengan Metoda Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS)

Kappa Journal ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Siti Raudatul Jannah ◽  
◽  
Ni Nyoman Ratini ◽  
Windarjoto Windarjoto ◽  
Hery Suyanto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Corrosion Rate ◽  
Dissolved Oxygen ◽  
Mild Steel ◽  
Metal Surface ◽  
Delay Time ◽  
Electrochemical Reaction ◽  
Protective Layer ◽  
Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy ◽  
Breakdown Spectroscopy ◽  
Laser Induced Breakdown

Method has been carried out. Research is done on mild steel zincalume type with immersion treatment (NaCl 3.5%) for 10 days, and 30 days and without immersion. Mild steel is laser irradiated (Nd-YAG 1064 nm, 7 ns) with energy of 120 mJ, and the data is taken with an accumulation of 3, delay time of 0.5 µs. Elements identification is done by taking data from up to 75 μm from the surface. The results of the analysis with LIBS showed immersion for 10 days, the corrosion rate and hardness of mild steel increased with 30 days immersion. The increase in the corrosion rate of mild steel is indicated by decreasing the value of dissolved oxygen intensity, the electrochemical reaction is fast. The decrease in the corrosion rate is indicated by the increase in the intensity value of Zn and Al elements associated with the formation of a passive film on the metal surface as a protective layer to protect further corrosion attacks.

scholarly journals Investigation of compositional analysis and physical properties for Ni-Cr-Nb alloys using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy

2021 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hussein Salloom ◽  
Tagreed Hamad
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Conductivity ◽  
Laser Energy ◽  
Plasma Temperature ◽  
Compositional Analysis ◽  
Spectral Lines ◽  
Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy ◽  
Elemental Content ◽  
Empirical Formulas ◽  
Breakdown Spectroscopy ◽  
Laser Induced Breakdown

In this work, laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) analysis is optimized for direct estimation of elemental composition, thermal conductivity and hardness for Ni-Cr-Nb alloys. These alloys were chosen with a variable elemental content of niobium and chromium. The influence of laser energy and shot numbers on measuring line intensity was investigated. Based on the ratio between two spectral lines, calibration curves were formed to estimate the element concentration and LIBS results were confirmed with related energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) data. Hardness and thermal conductivity estimation using LIBS were done by measuring the ratio between two spectral lines, plasma excitation temperature and electron density for different samples. Semi-empirical formulas correlated hardness and thermal conductivity with plasma temperature were established.

scholarly journals Analysis of Salt Mixture Contamination on Insulators via Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 2617 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shan Lu ◽  
Xinwei Wang ◽  
Tianzheng Wang ◽  
Xinran Qin ◽  
Xilin Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spectral Characteristics ◽  
Partial Least Square ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Partial Least Square Regression ◽  
Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy ◽  
Mixture Ratio ◽  
Breakdown Spectroscopy ◽  
Mixing Ratios ◽  
Calibration Curves ◽  
Laser Induced Breakdown

The composition of contamination deposited on transmission line insulators can affect their surface flashover voltage. Currently, there is no rapid on-line method to detect this contamination composition in power grids. In this paper, we applied laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) to analyze contamination on insulator surfaces. Usually, Na and Ca salts are found in contamination along with various sulfate, carbonate, and chloride compounds. As an element’s detection method, LIBS can only measure a certain element content, for example, Ca. The mixture of various compounds with the same cations can influence the LIBS signal. The influence of mixing ratios on the calibration curves and relative spectral intensity was studied via LIBS. Na2CO3, NaHCO3, CaSO4, and CaCO3 samples containing different proportions of Na and Ca were prepared. The linear correlation coefficients (R2) for the Na and Ca calibration curves generated using various mixing ratios were analyzed. The results showed that the mixture ratio did not dramatically affect the linear calibration curves for mixtures containing the same cations. This finding may significantly reduce the difficulty of applying LIBS analysis for complex contamination on insulators. The laser energy density had effects on the spectral characteristics of the measured elements. The partial least-square regression (PLSR) model can improve the accuracy of Na and Ca prediction.

Temporal Gating for the Optimization of Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy Detection and Analysis of Toxic Metals

2001 ◽  
Vol 55 (10) ◽  
pp. 1312-1319 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian T. Fisher ◽  
Howard A. Johnsen ◽  
Steven G. Buckley ◽  
David W. Hahn
Keyword(s):  
Toxic Metals ◽  
Delay Time ◽  
Atomic Emission ◽  
Metal Species ◽  
Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Breakdown Spectroscopy ◽  
Select Group ◽  
Delay Times ◽  
Laser Induced Breakdown

Optimal temporal gating for laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) analysis was investigated for a select group of toxic metals, namely the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) metals arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, lead, and mercury. The differing rates of decay between the continuum plasma emission and the atomic emission were used as a means to maximize the signal-to-noise ratio of the atomic emission lines for these six metal species. Detection windows were investigated corresponding to delay times from 2 to 50 μs following the plasma-initiating laser pulse. For the current experimental conditions, it is concluded that the relatively short delay time of 12 μs is optimal for the detection of arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, and mercury, while a longer delay time of 50 μs is optimal for the detection of chromium and lead. The reduced atomic emission intensity at relatively long delay times is compensated for by the use of long detector gate widths. Estimated detection limits are reported for the six metal species based on the optimized temporal gating and ensemble averaging of multiple laser pulses, and the implications for simultaneous metals monitoring are discussed.

Quantitative Analysis of Metal Film by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS)

2011 ◽  
Vol 179-180 ◽  
pp. 1183-1186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dong Qing Yuan ◽  
Jian Ting Xu
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Metal Film ◽  
Laser Energy ◽  
Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy ◽  
Optimum Time ◽  
Pulsed Nd:Yag Laser ◽  
Breakdown Spectroscopy ◽  
Laser Induced Breakdown ◽  
Calibration Free ◽  
The Relationship

The plasma was generated by focusing a pulsed Nd:YAG laser at 1064nm and 10ns on the surface of ITO. We investigated the relationship between the signal intensity of LIBS and the pulse energy of laser, and found the signal of the analyze lines of In and Sn increased with the laser energy enhanced proportional. A series of measurements were made to found the optimum time delay between the laser pulse and the beginning of the LIBS spectra acquisition. Through calibration-free method we obtain the temperature of plasma,at the same time we measured the content of In and Sn by the program which writed with matlab.

scholarly journals Time-Gated Single-Shot Picosecond Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (ps-LIBS) for Equivalence-Ratio Measurements

2020 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 340-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Gragston ◽  
Paul Hsu ◽  
Anil Patnaik ◽  
Zhili Zhang ◽  
Sukesh Roy
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Atmospheric Pressure ◽  
Equivalence Ratio ◽  
Laser Energy ◽  
Picosecond Laser ◽  
Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy ◽  
Single Shot ◽  
Plasma Emission ◽  
Breakdown Spectroscopy ◽  
Laser Induced Breakdown

Time-gated picosecond laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (ps-LIBS) for the determination of local equivalence ratios in atmospheric-pressure adiabatic methane–air flames is demonstrated. Traditional LIBS for equivalence-ratio measurements employ nanosecond (ns)-laser pulses, which generate excessive amounts of continuum, reducing measurement accuracy and precision. Shorter pulse durations reduce the continuum emission by limiting avalanche ionization. Furthermore, by contrast the use of femtosecond lasers, plasma emission using picosecond-laser excitation has a high signal-to-noise ratio (S/N), allowing single-shot measurements suitable for equivalence-ratio determination in turbulent reacting flows. We carried out an analysis of the dependence of the plasma emission ratio Hα (656 nm)/NII (568 nm) on laser energy and time-delay for optimization of S/N and minimization of measurement uncertainties in the equivalence ratios. Our finding shows that higher laser energy and shorter time delay reduces measurement uncertainty while maintaining high S/N. In addition to atmospheric-pressure flame studies, we also examine the stability of the ps-LIBS signal in a high-pressure nitrogen cell. The results indicate that the plasma emission and spatial position could be stable, shot-to-shot, at elevated pressure (up to 40 bar) using a lower excitation energy. Our work shows the potential of using ps-duration pulses to improve LIBS-based equivalence-ratio measurements, both in atmospheric and high-pressure combustion environments.

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