scholarly journals Germacrone Derivatives as new Insecticidal and Acaricidal Compounds: A Structure-Activity Relationship

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (16) ◽  
pp. 2898
Author(s):  
Alberto Galisteo Pretel ◽  
Helena Pérez del Pulgar ◽  
Estela Guerrero de León ◽  
José Luis López-Pérez ◽  
A. Sonia Olmeda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Diversity ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Rhopalosiphum Padi ◽  
Pesticide Resistance ◽  
Sustainable Pest Management ◽  
Biocidal Activity ◽  
Main Method ◽  
Structure Activity ◽  
Synthetic Pesticides ◽  
First Time

Currently, the use of synthetic pesticides is the main method of plant protection applied in agri- and horticulture. However, its excessive use leads to the development of pesticide resistance, a contamination of the environment, toxicity to non-target organisms, and risks for human health. With the ultimate aim of contributing to the develop of a more sustainable pest management, we used the natural product germacrone (compound 1), reported to possess significant insecticidal activity, as starting material for the generation of molecular diversity (2–24). Some of the generated derivatives are natural compounds, such as 1,10-epoxygermacrone (2), 4,5-epoxygermacrone (3), gajutsulactone A (7), germacrol (11), isogermacrone (14), 9-hydroxyeudesma-3,7(11)dien-6-one (19), eudesma-4,7(11),dien-8-one (20), eudesma-3,7(11)-dien-8-one (21) and eudesma-4(15),7(11)-dien-8-one (22). Compounds, 7,11-9,10-diepoxigermacr-4,5-en-8-ol (17), 7,11-epoxieudesma-4,7(11)-dien-8-one (23) and 7,11-epoxieudesma-3,7(11)-dien-8-one (24) are described for the first time. The biocidal activity of most of these compounds was assayed against the tick Hyalomma lusitanicum. The acaricidal effects of compound 24 were four times higher than that of germacrone (1). Compound 2 is an insect antifeedant a thousand times more potent than germacrone against Rhopalosiphum padi, which makes this substance a promising selective antifeedant against this cereal pest.

scholarly journals Microbial Toxins in Insect and Nematode Pest Biocontrol

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (14) ◽  
pp. 7657
Author(s):  
Subbaiah Chalivendra
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Safety ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Biocidal Activity ◽  
Transgenic Expression ◽  
Direct Injury ◽  
Pathogenic Microbes ◽  
Synthetic Pesticides ◽  
Invertebrate Pests ◽  
Livestock Diseases ◽  
Microbial Toxins

Invertebrate pests, such as insects and nematodes, not only cause or transmit human and livestock diseases but also impose serious crop losses by direct injury as well as vectoring pathogenic microbes. The damage is global but greater in developing countries, where human health and food security are more at risk. Although synthetic pesticides have been in use, biological control measures offer advantages via their biodegradability, environmental safety and precise targeting. This is amply demonstrated by the successful and widespread use of Bacillusthuringiensis to control mosquitos and many plant pests, the latter by the transgenic expression of insecticidal proteins from B. thuringiensis in crop plants. Here, I discuss the prospects of using bacterial and fungal toxins for pest control, including the molecular basis of their biocidal activity.

scholarly journals Molecular diversity of bacteria in commercially available “Spirulina” food supplements

PeerJ ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. e1610 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisabeth Vardaka ◽  
Konstantinos A. Kormas ◽  
Matina Katsiapi ◽  
Savvas Genitsaris ◽  
Maria Moustaka-Gouni
Keyword(s):  
Natural Product ◽  
454 Pyrosequencing ◽  
Molecular Diversity ◽  
Arthrospira Platensis ◽  
Food Supplements ◽  
Health Issues ◽  
Operational Taxonomic Units ◽  
Health Promoting ◽  
First Time ◽  
Pyrosequencing Analysis

The cyanobacteriumArthrospirais among the most well-known food supplements worldwide known as “Spirulina.” While it is a widely recognized health-promoting natural product, there are no reports on the molecular diversity of commercially available brands of “Spirulina” supplements and the occurrence of other cyanobacterial and heterotrophic bacterial microorganisms in these products. In this study, 454-pyrosequencing analysis of the total bacterial occurrence in 31 brands of “Spirulina” dietary supplements from the Greek market was applied for the first time. In all samples, operational taxonomic units (OTUs) ofArthrospira platensiswere the predominant cyanobacteria. Some products contained additional cyanobacterial OTUs including a few known potentially toxic taxa. Moreover, 469 OTUs were detected in all 31 products collectively, with most of them being related to the Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria and Verrucomicrobia. All samples included heterotrophic bacterial OTUs, ranging from 9–157 per product. Among the most common OTUs were ones closely related to taxa known for causing health issues (i.e.,Pseudomonas,Flavobacterium,Vibrio,Aeromonas,Clostridium,Bacillus,Fusobacterium,Enterococcus). The observed high cyanobacterial and heterotrophic bacterial OTUs richness in the final product is a point for further research on the growth and processing ofArthrospirabiomass for commercial purposes.

scholarly journals THE MINUSINSK-KHAKAS ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXPEDITION OF 1930 FOR “NOVOEXPORT”

2018 ◽  
pp. 30-35
Author(s):  
A. S. Vdovin ◽  
L. Yu. Kitova ◽  
E. I. Kochkina ◽  
V. A. Konokhov
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
State Policy ◽  
Significant Contribution ◽  
Current Paper ◽  
Complete Picture ◽  
Main Method ◽  
Soviet State ◽  
System Method ◽  
First Time

The article presents the results of a study of materials from the Minusinsk-Khakass expedition of 1930 under the leadership of archaeologist V. G. Kartsov. This expedition is connected with the activities of Siberian museums, the Society for Siberian Studies, the office of “Novoexport” and a number of organizations involved in the search for funds to sell historical and cultural heritage abroad. The new Soviet state looked for means for industrialization. In this regard the “Novoeksport” office was created and the program of archaeological researches was developed. The current paper features mostly the work of N. K. Auerbach, V. G. Kartsov and V. P. Levasheva, who became the organizers and participants of the expedition. They made the significant contribution to science and museum work in Siberia. The current research has involved a considerable amount of documents from the central and regional archives, most of which are introduced for the first time into scientific use. The main method used was the historical and system method that gives a chance to show the interaction of researchers, to recreate a complete picture of activity of the expedition, as well as its role for implementation of state policy. The research considerably expands the data on the archaeological researches that Siberian museums conducted for “Novoeksport” in 1920s–1930s.

scholarly journals Virulence of Two Entomophthoralean Fungi, Pandora neoaphidis and Entomophthora planchoniana, to Their Conspecific (Sitobion avenae) and Heterospecific (Rhopalosiphum padi) Aphid Hosts

Insects ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ibtissem Ben Fekih ◽  
Annette Bruun Jensen ◽  
Sonia Boukhris-Bouhachem ◽  
Gabor Pozsgai ◽  
Salah Rezgui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Rhopalosiphum Padi ◽  
Aphid Species ◽  
Sitobion Avenae ◽  
Cereal Aphids ◽  
Infection Level ◽  
Initial Exposure ◽  
Pandora Neoaphidis ◽  
First Time ◽  
Aphid Host

Pandora neoaphidis and Entomophthora planchoniana (phylum Entomophthoromycota) are important fungal pathogens on cereal aphids, Sitobion avenae and Rhopalosiphum padi. Here, we evaluated and compared for the first time the virulence of these two fungi, both produced in S. avenae cadavers, against the two aphid species subjected to the same exposure. Two laboratory bioassays were carried out using a method imitating entomophthoralean transmission in the field. Healthy colonies of the two aphid species were exposed to the same conidial shower of P. neoaphidis or E. planchoniana, in both cases from a cadaver of S. avenae. The experiments were performed under LD 18:6 h at 21 °C and a successful transmission was monitored for a period of nine days after initial exposure. Susceptibility of both S. avenae and R. padi to fungal infection showed a sigmoid trend. The fitted nonlinear model showed that the conspecific host, S. avenae, was more susceptible to E. planchoniana infection than the heterospecific host R. padi, was. In the case of P. neoaphidis, LT50 for S. avenae was 5.0 days compared to 5.9 days for R. padi. For E. planchoniana, the LT50 for S. avenae was 4.9 days, while the measured infection level in R. padi was always below 50 percent. Our results suggest that transmission from conspecific aphid host to heterospecific aphid host can occur in the field, but with expected highest transmission success to the conspecific host.

scholarly journals Synthesis and SAR of the antistaphylococcal natural product nematophin from Xenorhabdus nematophila

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 535-541
Author(s):  
Frank Wesche ◽  
Hélène Adihou ◽  
Thomas A Wichelhaus ◽  
Helge B Bode
Keyword(s):  
Natural Product ◽  
Activity Relationship ◽  
Xenorhabdus Nematophila ◽  
Structure Activity ◽  
Multiresistant Bacteria ◽  
Improper Use ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
First Time ◽  
Synthetic Derivatives ◽  
Fluorescent Derivatives

The repeated and improper use of antibiotics had led to an increased number of multiresistant bacteria. Therefore, new lead structures are needed. Here, the synthesis and an expanded structure–activity relationship of the simple and antistaphylococcal amide nematophin from Xenorhabdus nematophila and synthetic derivatives are described. Moreover, the synthesis of intrinsic fluorescent derivatives, incorporating azaindole moieties was achieved for the first time.

scholarly journals Faunistic analyses of fruit fly species (Diptera: Tephritidae) in orchards surrounded by Atlantic Forest fragments in the metropolitan region of Curitiba, Paraná state, Brazil

2019 ◽  
Vol 79 (3) ◽  
pp. 395-403 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. B. Monteiro ◽  
J. A. S. Tomba ◽  
G. Nishimura ◽  
R. S. Monteiro ◽  
E. Foelkel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Protection ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Fruit Flies ◽  
Shannon Index ◽  
Metropolitan Region ◽  
Forest Fragments ◽  
Explanatory Variables ◽  
Peach Trees ◽  
First Time

Abstract The objective of this trial was to characterize the assemblage structure of fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) by determining the diversity and faunal indices. Fruit flies were collected for ten years between 2003 and 2015 in six municipalities of the Metropolitan Region of Curitiba, Paraná. The orchards were divided into three crop protection strategies: organic, conventional, and integrated pest management. The characteristic of each community was determined using the Shannon-Wiener, Margalef, and Pielou’s indexes. The frequency, constancy, and dominance indexes were also determined. Biological material was analyzed using the explanatory variables: site, crop, plant protection strategy, and susceptibility period. A total of 8,089 fruit flies were collected, of which 4,681 were females. The species Anastrepha daciformis Bezzi, A. dissimilis Stone, A. distincta Greene and A. pickeli Lima were recorded for the first time in Paraná State, the occurrence of three other species was recorded for the first time in the Metropolitan Region of Curitiba (A. montei Lima, A. obliqua Macquart, and A. sororcula Zucchi), in addition A. fraterculus (Wiedemann), A. grandis (Macquart) and Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann). A. fraterculus accounted for 98.5% of the collected species. Only A. fraterculus and A. sororcula were found in fruits. Fruit flies occurred predominantly in peach trees cultivated under organic conditions. The Shannon index indicated that the municipality of Cerro Azul had the highest diversity and richness whereas apple orchards had the lowest diversity. Crops cultivated under organic conditions exhibited the highest diversity whereas those cultivated under conventional conditions had the highest evenness index. The largest specimens number was collected during the period of crop susceptibility.

scholarly journals Chemical Composition and Biological Activities of Artemisia pedemontana subsp. assoana Essential Oils and Hydrolate

Biomolecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 558 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sainz ◽  
Andrés ◽  
Martínez-Díaz ◽  
Bailén ◽  
Navarro-Rocha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Spodoptera Littoralis ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Rhopalosiphum Padi ◽  
Meloidogyne Javanica ◽  
Flowering Stage ◽  
Cultivation Method ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Antiparasitic Agents

Given the importance of the genus Artemisia as a source of valuable natural products, the rare plant Artemisia pedemontana subspecies assoana, endemic to the Iberian Peninsula, has been experimentally cultivated in the greenhouse and aeroponically, to produce biomass for essential oil (EO) extraction. The chemical composition of the EOs was analyzed, and their plant protection (insects: Spodoptera littoralis, Rhopalosiphum padi, and Myzus persicae; plants: Lactuca sativa and Lolium perenne; fungi: Aspergillus niger; and nematode: Meloidogyne javanica) and antiparasitic (Trypanosoma cruzi, Phytomonas davidi, and antiplasmodial by the ferriprotoporphyrin biocrystallization inhibition test) properties were studied, in addition to the hydrolate by-product. The EOs showed a 1,8-cineole and camphor profile, with quantitative and qualitative chemical differences between the cultivation methods. These oils had moderate insect antifeedant, antifungal, and phytotoxic effects; were trypanocidel; and exhibited moderate phytomonacidal effects, while the hydrolate showed a strong nematicidal activity. Both EOs were similarly antifeedant; the EO from the greenhouse plants (flowering stage) was more biocidal (antifungal, nematicidal, and phytotoxic) than the EO from the aeroponic plants (growing stage), which was more antiparasitic. The major components of the oils (1,8-cineole and camphor), or their 1:1 combination, did not explain any of these effects. We can conclude that these EOs have potential applications as insect antifeedants, and as antifungal or antiparasitic agents, depending on the cultivation method, and that the hydrolate byproduct is a potent nematicidal.

scholarly journals Biological and Molecular Diversity of Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus in Spain

Plant Disease ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 101 (6) ◽  
pp. 977-984 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oscar Crespo ◽  
Dirk Janssen ◽  
Carmen García ◽  
Leticia Ruiz
Keyword(s):  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Molecular Diversity ◽  
Geographical Origin ◽  
Enzyme Analysis ◽  
Restriction Enzyme Analysis ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Chenopodium Amaranticolor ◽  
First Time ◽  
Partial Genome ◽  
Range Study

The complete RNA genome from Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV) (Alm08), collected during 2009 in cucumber crops located in Spain, was found to be 6,422 nucleotides long. The nucleotide sequence shared the highest identity with isolates from Russia (GQ495274, GQ495275, FJ848666) as do nucleotide sequences of partial CP and MP genes described in Spain since 2005. All the partial genome sequences including RdRp, CP, and MP from 26 isolates collected from 2013 to 2015 in the southeast of Spain, and from seven isolates of other parts of the world, suggest that they grouped in two major clusters: one cluster (I) included 14 isolates collected between 2013 and 2014, and also reference isolates from France, the Netherlands, and Uzbekistan. A second cluster (II) grouped 12 isolates, which were mostly collected in 2015 together with those from Japan, South Korea, and Canada. For the first time, CGMMV isolates of different geographical origin were found coinfecting the same crop and territory. A host range study revealed that representative isolates of cluster II, but not from cluster I, produced local lesions in Chenopodium amaranticolor. RT-PCR using a common primer pair for CGMMV followed by restriction enzyme analysis with KpnI allowed distinguishing cluster I from II CGMMV isolates.

scholarly journals Efficient Isolation and Structure Analysis of (+)-Ranuncoside, a Unique Tricyclic Spiroacetal Glycoside, from Christmas Rose (Helleborus niger L.)

2022 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 1934578X2110694
Author(s):  
Eckehard Cuny ◽  
Franz-Dietrich Klingler
Keyword(s):  
Structure Analysis ◽  
Anticancer Agents ◽  
Structure Activity Relationship ◽  
Activity Relationship ◽  
System A ◽  
Structure Activity ◽  
First Time ◽  
Absolute Stereochemistry ◽  
Helleborus Niger ◽  
Christmas Rose

The use of medicinal herbs as remedies reaches back to the Stone Age, and their importance as a source of drugs has continuously increased since then. Herbal ingredients can serve as active pharmaceuticals themselves or as lead substances for the development of synthetic pharmaceuticals with less toxicity, higher effectiveness or with new properties. To date, only 6% of the ∼600,000 plants on earth have been tested pharmacologically. Among these, the medicinal plant Helleborus niger L. (Christmas rose) is especially promising because its leaves contain ( + )-ranuncoside 1, characterized by a spiroacetal ring system, a motif which is responsible for the biological activity of a multitude of natural products. Structure-activity relationship studies of ( + )-ranuncoside 1 are lacking and no synthesis of 1 has been described yet. Therefore, we developed a protocol for the rapid and efficient isolation of 1 from the leaves of cultivated Christmas rose. Crystals of high purity were obtained that enabled us to study the stereochemistry of 1 by NMR spectroscopy in solution for the first time. The spiro configuration, the absolute stereochemistry, and the geometry of all three rings was then confirmed by x-ray structure analysis. Our data will enable future structure-activity relationship studies to assess the potential of 1 as a lead substance for the development of novel antibiotics and anticancer agents.

scholarly journals First record of Ophraella communa in Hungary (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

2020 ◽  
Vol 81 ◽  
pp. 73-79
Author(s):  
Dávid Horváth ◽  
Márk Lukátsi
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Host Plant ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
First Record ◽  
Leaf Beetle ◽  
Ambrosia Artemisiifolia ◽  
Main Host ◽  
Potential Problems ◽  
Ophraella Communa ◽  
First Time

Ophraella communa LeSage, 1986, a leaf beetle native to North America, is recorded for the first time from Hungary. Several specimens were found on a degraded meadow in the outskirts of Budapest. Its importance in suppressing its main host plant, common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.), is shortly discussed, as well as the potential problems it can cause in plant protection. With 5 figures.

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