scholarly journals Black Ginseng and Its Saponins: Preparation, Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Effects

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (10) ◽  
pp. 1856 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed M. Metwaly ◽  
Zhu Lianlian ◽  
Huang Luqi ◽  
Dou Deqiang
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Maillard Reaction Products ◽  
Triterpene Saponins ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Red Ginseng ◽  
Chemical Changes ◽  
Biological Studies ◽  
Black Ginseng ◽  
Major Chemical

Black ginseng is a type of processed ginseng that is prepared from white or red ginseng by steaming and drying several times. This process causes extensive changes in types and amounts of secondary metabolites. The chief secondary metabolites in ginseng are ginsenosides (dammarane-type triterpene saponins), which transform into less polar ginsenosides in black ginseng by steaming. In addition, apparent changes happen to other secondary metabolites such as the increase in the contents of phenolic compounds, reducing sugars and acidic polysaccharides in addition to the decrease in concentrations of free amino acids and total polysaccharides. Furthermore, the presence of some Maillard reaction products like maltol was also engaged. These obvious chemical changes were associated with a noticeable superiority for black ginseng over white and red ginseng in most of the comparative biological studies. This review article is an attempt to illustrate different methods of preparation of black ginseng, major chemical changes of saponins and other constituents after steaming as well as the reported biological activities of black ginseng, its major saponins and other metabolites.

scholarly journals Black Ginseng

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
De qiang Dou
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Reducing Sugars ◽  
Maillard Reaction Products ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Red Ginseng ◽  
Biological Studies ◽  
Acidic Polysaccharides ◽  
Black Ginseng ◽  
Polar Derivatives

Black ginseng is a processed ginseng which prepared by  steaming and drying of white or red ginseng  for several times (usually 9). This process resulting in extensive changes in types and amounts of several secondary metabolites. Thus, primary ginsenosides (the main active inredients in ginseng) were transformed into less polar derivatives by steaming. In addition, apparent changes happened to other secondary metabolites such as the increasing  of phenolic compounds, reducing sugars and acidic polysaccharides as well as the decrease in concentrations of free amino acids and total polysaccharides. Furthermore, the presence of some Maillard reaction products like maltol was also engaged. These obvious chemical changes were associated with a noticeable superiority for black ginseng over white and red ginseng in most of the comparative biological studies including anticarcinogenic, immunomodulatory, anti-Inflammatory, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, antioxidant and tonic effects.

scholarly journals Research Quality-Based Multivariate Modeling for Comparison of the Pharmacological Effects of Black and Red Ginseng

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 2590
Author(s):  
Dong-Kyu Lee ◽  
Seongoh Park ◽  
Nguyen Phuoc Long ◽  
Jung Eun Min ◽  
Hyung Min Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activities ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Herbal Medicines ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Research Quality ◽  
Pharmacological Effects ◽  
Multivariate Modeling ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Red Ginseng ◽  
Black Ginseng

Black ginseng has various pharmacological activities, but only few studies have compared its pharmacological effects with those of red ginseng. We conducted an integrative systematic literature evaluation and developed a non-inferiority test based on the multivariate modeling approach to compare the pharmacological effects of red ginseng and black ginseng. We searched reported studies on the pharmaceutical effects and composition of ginsenosides and assigned numeric scores using nonlinear principal component analysis, based on discretization measures for the included publications. Downstream weighted linear regression models were constructed to study the eight major biological activities that are generally known to be exhibited by red ginseng. Our statistical model, based on available ordinal information gathered from previous literature, helped in comparing the overlapping effects of black ginseng. Black ginseng showed antioxidant effects comparable to those of red ginseng; however, this variant was inferior to red ginseng in enhancing immunity, relieving fatigue, alleviating depression/anxiety, decreasing body fat, and reducing blood pressure. We have showed a cost-efficient method to indirectly evaluate the biological effects of ginseng products using data from published articles. This method can also be used to compare the nutritional and medicinal value of herbal medicines that share similar compositions of bioactive compounds.

Biological activities of Maillard reaction products (MRPs) in a sugar–amino acid model system

2011 ◽  
Vol 126 (1) ◽  
pp. 221-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
In Guk Hwang ◽  
Hyun Young Kim ◽  
Koan Sik Woo ◽  
Junsoo Lee ◽  
Heon Sang Jeong
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Maillard Reaction ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Model System ◽  
Maillard Reaction Products ◽  
Reaction Products

scholarly journals Synthesis and antibacterial screening of new N-Substituted-9H-β-carboline 6-amine derivatives

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 4146-4151
Author(s):  
Alivelu Samala ◽  
Srinivasa Murthy M ◽  
Krishna Mohan Gottumukkala
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Oxidative Decarboxylation ◽  
Maillard Reaction Products ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Antibacterial Screening ◽  
Glyoxalic Acid

β-Carboline is also known as nor-harmane. It is a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compound formed in plants and animals as Maillard reaction products between amino acids and reducing sugars or aldehydes. These tricyclic nitrogen heterocyclics play a vital role in medicinal chemistry, due to significant biological activities of their derivatives. It is also a key pharmacophore present in a large number of natural tricyclic alkaloids. Current work is reported with the synthesis and antibacterial activity screening of a new series of N-Substituted-9H-β-carboline-6-amine derivatives. The title compounds were synthesized according to the well known Pictet Spengler reaction in three steps by taking 5-Chlorotryptamine and glyoxalic acid as starting materials. This is an acid-catalyzed intramolecular condensation of an iminium ion and an aromatic C-nucleophile which resulted in the formation of 6-Chloro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-2-ium-1-carboxylate (3). Oxidative decarboxylation and aromatization of compound 3 with iodobenzene diacetate led to the 6-Chloro-β–carboline (4) which were treated with different mono substituted amines gave the title compounds (5 a-J). Structures of the synthesized entities were confirmed spectroscopically (FT-IR, 1H NMR and Mass) and screened for antibacterial activity against various pathogenic bacterial strains ( Streptococcus pyogenes, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) by disc diffusion method. The title compounds showed moderate to good antibacterial activity.

Bioactive Secondary Metabolites from Endophytic Fungi

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (11) ◽  
pp. 1836-1854 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Ancheeva ◽  
Georgios Daletos ◽  
Peter Proksch
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Endophytic Fungi ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Cytotoxic Agents ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Plant Metabolites ◽  
Direct Production ◽  
Bioactive Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Fungal Genes

Background: Endophytes represent a complex community of microorganisms colonizing asymptomatically internal tissues of higher plants. Several reports have shown that endophytes enhance the fitness of their host plants by direct production of bioactive secondary metabolites, which are involved in protecting the host against herbivores and pathogenic microbes. In addition, it is increasingly apparent that endophytes are able to biosynthesize medicinally important “phytochemicals”, originally believed to be produced only by their host plants. Objective: The present review provides an overview of secondary metabolites from endophytic fungi with pronounced biological activities covering the literature between 2010 and 2017. Special focus is given on studies aiming at exploration of the mode of action of these metabolites towards the discovery of leads from endophytic fungi. Moreover, this review critically evaluates the potential of endophytic fungi as alternative sources of bioactive “plant metabolites”. Results: Over the past few years, several promising lead structures from endophytic fungi have been described in the literature. In this review, 65 metabolites are outlined with pronounced biological activities, primarily as antimicrobial and cytotoxic agents. Some of these metabolites have shown to be highly selective or to possess novel mechanisms of action, which hold great promises as potential drug candidates. Conclusion: Endophytes represent an inexhaustible reservoir of pharmacologically important compounds. Moreover, endophytic fungi could be exploited for the sustainable production of bioactive “plant metabolites” in the future. Towards this aim, further insights into the dynamic endophyte - host plant interactions and origin of endophytic fungal genes would be of utmost importance.

Recent Developments on Synthesis of Indole Derivatives Through Green Approaches and Their Pharmaceutical Applications

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (22) ◽  
pp. 2665-2693
Author(s):  
Dipayan Mondal ◽  
Pankaj Lal Kalar ◽  
Shivam Kori ◽  
Shovanlal Gayen ◽  
Kalpataru Das
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activities ◽  
Synthetic Methods ◽  
Pharmaceutical Chemistry ◽  
Indole Derivatives ◽  
Biological Studies ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industries ◽  
Green Methodology ◽  
Conventional Methods ◽  
High Yields

Indole moiety is often found in different classes of pharmaceutically active molecules having various biological activities including anticancer, anti-viral, anti-psychotic, antihypertensive, anti-migraine, anti-arthritis and analgesic activities. Due to enormous applications of indole derivatives in pharmaceutical chemistry, a number of conventional synthetic methods as well as green methodology have been developed for their synthesis. Green methodology has many advantages including high yields, short reaction time, and inexpensive reagents, highly efficient and environmentally benign over conventional methods. Currently, the researchers in academia as well as in pharmaceutical industries have been developing various methods for the chemical synthesis of indole based compounds via green approaches to overcome the drawbacks of conventional methods. This review reflects the last ten years developments of the various greener methods for the synthesis of indole derivatives by using microwave, ionic liquids, water, ultrasound, nanocatalyst, green catalyst, multicomponent reaction and solvent-free reactions etc. (please see the scheme below). Furthermore, the applications of green chemistry towards developments of indole containing pharmaceuticals and their biological studies have been represented in this review.

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