scholarly journals Comparison of Sensory and Electronic Tongue Analysis Combined with HS-SPME-GC-MS in the Evaluation of Skim Milk Processed with Different Preheating Treatments

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (9) ◽  
pp. 1650 ◽  
Author(s):  
Minghui Pan ◽  
Lingjun Tong ◽  
Xuelu Chi ◽  
Nasi Ai ◽  
Yungang Cao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electronic Tongue ◽  
Skim Milk ◽  
Processing Conditions ◽  
Optimal Temperature ◽  
Principle Components Analysis ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Optimal Processing ◽  
Whole Milk ◽  
And Cluster Analysis ◽  
C 50

It is well known that the flavor of skim milk is inferior to whole milk due to the lack of fat. With the popularity of low-fat dairy products, improving the flavor of skim milk is a main focus for food scientists. During the production of skim milk, preheating treatments have a significant effect for the flavor of skim milk. In this study, to explore the optimal processing conditions, milk was preheated at 30 °C, 40 °C, 50 °C, 60 °C for 30 min prior to defatting. When the optimal temperature was determined, milk was then preheated at the optimal temperature for 10 min, 20 min, 30 min, 40 min and 50 min, respectively, to obtain the best preheating time. Distinctions between skim milk samples with different processing conditions were studied by sensory evaluation, e-tongue and HS-SPME-GC-MS analysis. Principle components analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA) were selected to associate with e-tongue results and compare the similarities and differences among the skim milks. Sensory and e-tongue results matched and both showed that a preheating temperature of 50 °C and 30 min time might be the optimal combination of processing conditions. Thirteen volatiles, including ketones, acids, aldehydes, alcohols, alkanes and sulfur compounds, were analyzed to evaluate flavor of the skim milks produced by different preheating treatments. Combined with previous studies, the results indicated that most volatile compounds were decreased by reducing the fat concentration and the typical compound 2-heptanone was not detected in our skim milk samples.

Lipolytic Activity During Storage of Human Milk: Accumulation of Free Fatty Acids1

1984 ◽  
Vol 47 (9) ◽  
pp. 690-693 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. W. DILL ◽  
C. T. CHEN ◽  
E. S. ALFORD ◽  
R. L. EDWARDS ◽  
R. L. RICHTER ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Lipolytic Activity ◽  
Skim Milk ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Fatty Acid Accumulation ◽  
Whole Milk ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
Rapid Accumulation ◽  
Acid Accumulation

Lipolysis was quantitated during storage of fluid and freezedried human whole and skim milks. Fatty acid accumulation was faster in whole fluid milk stored for 1 week at 4°C than in frozen (−20°C) samples stored for 180 d. The rapid accumulation of fatty acids during 24 h of storage at 4°C was enhanced in previously frozen milk samples. While freeze-dried whole milk showed no lipolysis when stored at −20°C, accumulation of free fatty acids was rapid in samples stored at room temperature. Fluid and freeze-dried skim milk samples exhibited no appreciable lipolysis.

scholarly journals Assessment of pregnancy-associated glycoprotein profile in milk for early pregnancy diagnosis in goats

2021 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shiva Pratap Singh ◽  
Ramachandran Natesan ◽  
Nandini Sharma ◽  
Anil Kumar Goel ◽  
Manoj Kumar Singh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Pregnancy ◽  
Skim Milk ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Elisa System ◽  
Discrimination Ability ◽  
Pregnancy Diagnosis ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Strong Positive Relationship ◽  
Whole Milk ◽  
Time Point

Objective: This study was conducted to assess the level of pregnancy-associated glycoprotein (PAG) in whole and skim milk samples, and its suitability for early pregnancy diagnosis in goats.Methods: A two-step sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) system for estimation of milk PAG was developed and validated, which employed caprine-PAG specific polyclonal antisera. Whole and skim milk samples (n = 210 each) from fifteen multiparous goats were collected on alternate days from d 10 to d 30, and thereafter weekly till d 51 postmating. PAG levels in milk samples were estimated by ELISA and the pregnancies were confirmed at d40 post-mating by transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS).Results: The level of PAG in whole and skim milk samples of both pregnant and nonpregnant goats remained below the threshold values until d 24 after mating. Thereafter, PAG concentration in whole and skim milk increased steadily in pregnant goats, whereas it continued below the threshold in non-pregnant does. The PAG profiles in whole and skim milk of pregnant goats were almost similar and exhibited strong positive relationship (r = 0.891; p<0.001). Day 26 post-mating was identified as the first time-point for significantly (p<0.05) higher milk PAG concentration in pregnant goats than to non-pregnant goats. When compared to TRUS examination for pregnancy diagnosis, the accuracy and specificity of PAG ELISA using whole and skim milk samples were 94.5% and 95.4%; and 95.3% and 100%, respectively. The high values of area-under-curve (0.904 [whole milk] and 0.922 [skim milk]), demonstrate outstanding discrimination ability of the milk assays. Among the sampling dates chosen, d 37 post-mating was identified as the best suitable time point for collection of milk samples to detect pregnancy in goats.Conclusion: The PAG concentration in whole and skim milk of goats collected between days 26 and 51 post-breeding can be used for the accurate prediction of pregnancy and may be useful for assisting management decisions in goat flocks.

Note: The Effect of Silo Milk Composition Parameters on Heat Stability of Whole Milk Powder

2004 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 415-420 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. M. Negri ◽  
M. S. Chavez ◽  
M. A. Taverna ◽  
A. L. Cuatrin ◽  
A. C. Rubiolo
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Changes ◽  
Milk Powder ◽  
Heat Stability ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Processing Conditions ◽  
Coagulation Time ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Whole Milk ◽  
Whole Milk Powder

The aim of this work was to study silo raw milk (SRM) compositional parameters that affect the heat stability of whole milk powder (WMP). Seasonal changes of heat stability from SRM and WMP were also characterised. Silo raw milk samples and the corresponding WMP samples were collected twice a month from a local factory from April 2000 to April 2001. Silo raw milk heat coagulation time (HCT), urea and lactose concentrations were found to contribute to milk powder HCT statistical model (R2 = 0.72). High HCT values during summer and low ones during spring were detected for both SRM and WMP samples. Heat coagulation time values of SRM were always higher than those measured in their powders, due to the effects of processing conditions on heat stability

scholarly journals Enhancement of the Molecular and Serological Assessment of Hepatitis E Virus in Milk Samples

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 1231
Author(s):  
Ibrahim M. Sayed ◽  
Ahmed R. A. Hammam ◽  
Mohamed Salem Elfaruk ◽  
Khalid A. Alsaleem ◽  
Marwa A. Gaber ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Milk Sample ◽  
Hepatitis E Virus ◽  
Skim Milk ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Rna Detection ◽  
Extraction Procedures ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Milk Serum ◽  
Whole Milk ◽  
Spin Column

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection is endemic in developing and developed countries. HEV was reported to be excreted in the milk of ruminants, raising the possibility of transmission of HEV infection through the ingestion of contaminated milk. Therefore, the detection of HEV markers in milk samples becomes pivotal. However, milk includes inhibitory components that affect HEV detection assays. Previously it was reported that dilution of milk matrix improves the performance of HEV molecular assay, however, the dilution of milk samples is not the best strategy especially when the contaminated milk sample has a low HEV load. Therefore, the objective of this study is to compare the effect of extraction procedures on the efficiency of HEV RNA detection in undiluted milk samples. In addition, we assessed the effect of the removal of milk components such as fats and casein on the performance of the molecular and serological assays of HEV. Phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and different milk matrices (such as whole milk, skim milk, and milk serum) were inoculated with different HEV inoculums and subjected to two different extraction procedures. Method A includes manual extraction using spin column-based extraction, while method B includes silica-based automated extraction. Method A was more sensitive than method B in the whole milk and skim milk matrices with a LoD95% of 300 IU/mL, and virus recovery yield of 47%. While the sensitivity and performance of method B were significantly improved using the milk serum matrix, with LoD95% of 96 IU/mL. Interestingly, retesting HEV positive milk samples using the high sensitivity assay based on method B extraction and milk serum matrix increased the HEV RNA detection rate to 2-fold. Additionally, the performance of HEV serological assays such as anti-HEV IgG and HEV Ag in the milk samples was improved after the removal of the fat globules from the milk matrix. In conclusion, HEV RNA assay is affected by the components of milk and the extraction procedure. Removal of inhibitory substances, such as fat and casein from the milk sample increased the performance of HEV molecular and serological assays which will be suitable for the low load HEV milk with no further dilutions.

Microflora of Retail Fluid Milk Products1

1977 ◽  
Vol 40 (10) ◽  
pp. 693-697 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. T. JONES ◽  
B. E. LANGLOIS
Keyword(s):  
Clostridium Perfringens ◽  
Skim Milk ◽  
Chocolate Milk ◽  
Milk Products ◽  
Microbial Counts ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Whole Milk ◽  
Standard Plate ◽  
Plate Counts ◽  
Fluid Milk

Numbers and types of microorganisms in retail pasteurized fluid milk products were determined as well as the effect that type of product, brand, and season of the year had on counts of 13 different microbial types. Clostridium perfringens was the only pathogen detected and it averaged less than one organism per milliliter. Chocolate milk samples generally had the highest mean counts, followed by skim milk, low-fat (2%), and whole milk (3.25%). Most brands had means for the various microbial counts which were not significantly different from each other. Only three brands had counts which differed significantly from other brands. Psychrotrophic, coliform, staphylococcal, yeast and mold, and Standard Plate Counts were highest between May and October, while counts for spores, streptococci, and thermophiles were highest between December and March. No seasonal trends were detected for counts of anaerobes, C. perfringens, enterococci, or lactobacilli.

PCR-Based Detection of Traces of Potentially Allergenic Soybean (Glycine max) in Food Matrices

2011 ◽  
Vol 343-344 ◽  
pp. 618-624
Author(s):  
Bang Ping Wang ◽  
Zhen Xing Li ◽  
Ravindra Pawar ◽  
Xiao Fei Wang ◽  
Hong Lin
Keyword(s):  
Skim Milk ◽  
Food Allergens ◽  
Specific Primer ◽  
Food Ingredients ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Whole Milk ◽  
Allergen Detection ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Food Matrices ◽  
Major Allergens

As an important source of food ingredients, it is necessary for soybean detection in foods because it was reported as one of the “big 8” food allergens. In this report, a PCR-based method was developed enabling the detection of even small traces of potentially allergenic soybean traces in food products. Soybean-specific primer was designed based on Gly m Bd 28K, one of the major allergens in soybean. The assay was applied to a wide range of food matrices and the detection limit was 0.01% (100ppm) for spiked peanut and whole milk samples, while it was 0.001% (10ppm) for skim milk, wheat and mung bean samples. It seems enough for soybean allergen detection in food matrices according to the threshold of soybean.

scholarly journals Effect of heat on foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) in the components of milk from FMDV-infected cows

1976 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. Blackwell ◽  
J. L. Hyde
Keyword(s):  
Disease Virus ◽  
Skim Milk ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Cellular Debris ◽  
Whole Milk ◽  
Mouth Disease Virus ◽  
Foot And Mouth ◽  
Milk Component

SUMMARYFoot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) survived in skim milk, cream and the pelleted cellular debris components of milk obtained from FMDV-infected cows after pasteurization at 72°C for 0·25 min. Virus was recovered from whole milk of infected cows after that milk was heated at 72°C. for 5 min. and from the skim milk component after it was heated at the same temperature for 2 min. Evaporation of the whole milk samples after they were heated at 72°C. for 3 min. did not inactivate the virus, but evaporation of infected skim milk samples after they were heated at 72°C. for 0·5 min. did inactivate the virus. FMDV survived in the cream component after it was heated at 93°C. for 0·25 min.

scholarly journals Non-coding RNA in raw and commercially processed milk and putative targets related to growth and immune-response

BMC Genomics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Shome ◽  
R. L. Jernigan ◽  
D. C. Beitz ◽  
S. Clark ◽  
E. D. Testroet
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Bovine Milk ◽  
Skim Milk ◽  
Statistical Testing ◽  
Human Homolog ◽  
Putative Gene ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Non Coding Rna ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Whole Milk

Abstract Background Bovine milk contains extracellular vesicles (EVs) that play a role in cellular communication, acting in either an autocrine, paracrine, or an exocrine manner. The unique properties of the EVs protect the cargo against degradation. We profiled the ncRNAs (non-coding RNA) present in the EVs from seven dairy products - raw whole milk, heat-treated skim milk, homogenized heat-treated skim milk, pasteurized homogenized skim milk, pasteurized heavy whipping cream, sweet cream buttermilk and cultured buttermilk with four replicates each, obtained at different processing steps from a commercial dairy plant. EVs and their cargo were extracted by using a validated commercial kit that has been shown to be efficient and specific for EVs. Further, to find the annotation of ncRNAs, we probed bovine and other organism repositories(such as miRBase, miRTarBase, Ensemble) to find homolog ncRNA annotation in case the annotations of ncRNA are not available in Bos Taurus database. Results Specifically, 30 microRNAs (miRNAs), were isolated throughout all the seven milk samples, which later when annotated with their corresponding 1546 putative gene targets have functions associated with immune response and growth and development. This indicates the potential for these ncRNAs to beneficially support mammary health and growth for the cow as well as neonatal gut maturation. The most abundant miRNAs were bta-miR-125a and human homolog miR-718 based on the abundance values of read count obtained from the milk samples.bta-miR-125a is involved in host bacterial and viral immune response, and human homolog miR-718 is involved in the regulation of p53, VEGF, and IGF signaling pathways, respectively. Sixty-two miRNAs were up-regulated and 121 miRNAs were down-regulated throughout all the milk samples when compared to raw whole milk. In addition, our study explored the putative roles of other ncRNAs which included 88 piRNAs (piwi-interacting RNA), 64 antisense RNAs, and 105 lincRNAs (long-intergenic ncRNAs) contained in the bovine exosomes. Conclusion Together, the results indicate that bovine milk contains significant numbers of ncRNAs with putative regulatory targets associated with immune- and developmental-functions important for neonatal bovine health, and that processing significantly affects the ncRNA expression values; but statistical testing of overall abundance(read counts) of all miRNA samples suggests abundance values aren’t much affected. This can be attributed to the breakage of exosomal vesicles during the processing stages. It is worth noting, however, that these gene regulatory targets are putative, and further evidence could be generated through experimental validation.

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