scholarly journals In Vitro Activity of Essential Oils against Saprolegnia parasitica

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (7) ◽  
pp. 1270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simona Nardoni ◽  
Basma Najar ◽  
Baldassare Fronte ◽  
Luisa Pistelli ◽  
Francesca Mancianti
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Present Report ◽  
Thymus Vulgaris ◽  
Citrus Limon ◽  
Syzygium Aromaticum ◽  
Citrus Paradisi ◽  
Fish Farms ◽  
Foeniculum Vulgare ◽  
Saprolegnia Parasitica

Saprolegnia spp. water molds severely impact fish health in aquaculture, fish farms and hobby fish tanks colonizing mature and immature stages of fishes, as well as eggs. Considering that there are no drugs licensed for treating and/or control the organism, efficient and environmental low-impact methods to control these oomycetes in aquaculture are needed. The aim of the present report was to evaluate the in vitro sensitivity of Saprolegnia parasitica to essential oils (EOs) from Citrus aurantium L., Citrus bergamia Risso et Poiteau, Citrus limon Burm. f., Citrus paradisi Macfad, Citrus sinensis Osbeck, Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume, Cymbopogon flexuosum (Nees ex Steud.) Watson, Foeniculum vulgare Mill., Illicium verum Hook.f., Litsea cubeba (Lour.) Pers., Origanum majorana L., Origanum vulgare L., Pelargonium graveolens L’Hér., Syzygium aromaticum Merr. & L.M.Perry, and Thymus vulgaris L., by microdilution test. The most effective EOs assayed were T. vulgaris and O. vulgare, followed by C. flexuosum, L. cubeba and C. bergamia. These EOs could be of interest for controlling Saprolegnia infections. Nevertheless, further safety studies are necessary to evaluate if these products could be dispersed in tank waters, or if their use should be limited to aquaculture supplies.

scholarly journals In Vitro Evaluation of Acute Toxicity of Five Citrus spp. Essential Oils towards the Parasitic Mite Varroa destructor

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1182
Author(s):  
Roberto Bava ◽  
Fabio Castagna ◽  
Cristian Piras ◽  
Ernesto Palma ◽  
Giuseppe Cringoli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Honey Bee ◽  
Varroa Destructor ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Citrus Limon ◽  
Citrus Paradisi ◽  
Bee Health ◽  
Citrus Spp

Varroa destructor is the most important ectoparasitic mite of honey bees that has a negative impact on bee health and honey production. The control programs are mainly based on the use of synthetic acaricides that are often administered indiscriminately. All this has led to drug resistance that now represent a great concern for honey bee farming. The research for alternative products/methods for mites’ control is now mandatory. The aim of this study was to test whether Citrus spp. essential oils could diminish the growth of the V. destructor mite. In Calabria (southern Italy), plants of the Citrus genus are very common and grow both spontaneously and cultured. The essential oils used in this study were extracted from bergamot (Citrus bergamia), grapefruit (Citrus paradisi), lemon (Citrus limon), orange (Citrus sinensis), and mandarin (Citrus reticulata) by hydrodistillation. Every EO was in vitro tested against V. destructor. Each experimental replicate was performed using 35 viable adult female mites (5 for each EO) collected the same day from the same apiary and included negative controls (5 individuals exposed to acetone only) and positive controls (5 individuals exposed to Amitraz diluted in acetone). The essential oils (Eos) were diluted (0.5 mg/mL, 1 mg/mL, and 2 mg/mL) in HPLC grade acetone to obtain the working solution to be tested (50 µL/tube). Mite mortality was manually assessed after 1 h exposure under controlled conditions. The essential oils that showed the best effectiveness at 0.5 mg/mL were bergamot, which neutralized (dead + inactivated) 80% (p ≤ 0.001) of the parasites; grapefruit, which neutralized 70% (p ≤ 0.001); and lemon, which neutralized 69% of them. Interestingly, the positive control (Amitraz) at the same concentration neutralized 60% of the parasites. These results demonstrate that Calabrian bergamot, grapefruit, and lemon Eos consistently reduced V. destructor viability and open the possibility for their utilization to control this parasite in honey bee farming.

scholarly journals Nematicidal activity of essential oils of medicinal plants

2021 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-48
Author(s):  
Olexandra Boyko ◽  
Viktor Brygadyrenko
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Syzygium Aromaticum ◽  
Citrus Paradisi ◽  
Calendula Officinalis ◽  
Melaleuca Alternifolia ◽  
Laurus Nobilis ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Water Emulsion ◽  
Pterocarpus Santalinus

Abstract We studied the effect of essential oils from Picea abies (Linnaeus) H. Karsten., 1881, Cinnamomum verum J. Presl, 1825, Melaleuca alternifolia (Maiden & Betche) Cheel, 1925, Citrus paradisi Macfadyen, 1830, Rosmarinus officinalis Linnaeus, 1753, Citrus aurantiifolia (Christmann) Swingle, 1913, Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merrill & Perry, 1939, Pterocarpus santalinus Linnaeus filius, 1782, Pelargonium graveolens L’Héritier, 1789, Eucalyptus globulus Labillardière, 1861, Juniperus communis Linnaeus, 1753, Piper cubeba L.f., 1781, Calendula officinalis L., 1753, Laurus nobilis Linnaeus, 1753, Lavandula angustifolia Miller, 1768 and Citrus sinensis (Linnaeus) Osbeck (pro. sp.) on vitality of free-living larvae of Strongyloides papillosus (Wedl, 1856) and Haemonchus contortus (Rudolphi, 1803) Cobb, 1898, and also survivability of eggs of Ascaris suum (Goeze, 1782) under in vitro conditions. The most notable nematicidal properties belong to 0.5% water emulsion of essential oils from C. verum and S. aromaticum: we observed 100% mortality of larvae of S. papillosus L1–3 and H. contortus L3.

scholarly journals Essential oils in the control of dry bubble disease in white button mushroom

2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamara Leite dos Santos ◽  
Leônidas Leoni Belan ◽  
Diego Cunha Zied ◽  
Eustáquio Souza Dias ◽  
Eduardo Alves
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Thymus Vulgaris ◽  
Good Growth ◽  
Syzygium Aromaticum ◽  
Cinnamon Oil ◽  
In Vivo Experiments ◽  
Dry Bubble ◽  
Dry Bubble Disease

ABSTRACT: Lecanicillium fungicola, which causes Dry bubble disease, induces infections and inflicts major losses in champignon production. The control can be managed through measures of hygiene and use of fungicides; however, in Brazil there are no registered products. This study aimed to estimate the influence of various essential oils extracted from Melissa officinalis, Thymus vulgaris, Origanum vulgare, Eucalyptus globulus, Cinnamomum zeylanicum and Syzygium aromaticum on the in vitro development and their uses. Therefore, analysis was performed of the L. fungicola isolates in vitro and the best oils were tested in vivo. Besides, the Agaricus bisporus - L. fungicola interaction was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Cinnamon and clove oils in concentrations of 0.4% and thyme oil of 0.8% were identified as good growth inhibitors of the pathogenic mycelium. Effective inhibition of the conidial germination was seen in all concentrations by cinnamon oil, and by clove and thyme oils only at 0.4% and 0.8%, respectively. When the essential oils were applied post-infestation in the in vivo experiments the incidence of the disease in the mushrooms was much lower. From the SEM it was clear that 19 hours after the inoculation of A. bisporus with L. fungicola, the spores had already completely germinated, revealing the presence of the infection. Therefore, the findings of this study indicated that the oil extracts of cinnamon, clove and thyme are potential and efficient alternatives in the control of dry bubble disease.

scholarly journals Essential oils on the control of stem and ear rot in maize

2013 ◽  
Vol 43 (11) ◽  
pp. 1945-1951 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glauco Antonio Teixeira ◽  
Eduardo Alves ◽  
Douglas Carvalho Amaral ◽  
José da Cruz Machado ◽  
Fabiano José Perina
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Thymus Vulgaris ◽  
Environmental Damage ◽  
Syzygium Aromaticum ◽  
Ear Rot ◽  
Maize Production ◽  
Maize Seeds ◽  
Corymbia Citriodora ◽  
Stenocarpella Maydis

Stem and ear rot caused by Stenocarpella maydis are responsible for severe losses in maize production. Treatment of seeds with fungicides may induce environmental damage. Hence, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of essential oils extracted from Cymbopogon winterianus, Thymus vulgaris, Cymbopogon citratus, Corymbia citriodora, Cinnamomum zeylanicum, and Syzygium aromaticum on the development of in vitro S. maydis. In addition, maize seeds were treated with these essential oils to determine their possible mode of action and effects. The oils from S. aromaticum, C. zeylanicum, and T. vulgaris inhibited fungal development at concentrations higher than 0.025%. The oils from S. aromaticum and C. zeylanicum showed seed germination rates of 89.0% and 84.5%, which were higher than that of the control. The oils from S. aromaticum and C. zeylanicum reduced the pathogen incidence in the seeds to 39.0% and 28.0%, respectively. Further, these oils as well as that from T. vulgaris produced lower reduction of maize stand. Scanning electron microscopy examination revealed that essential oils from S. aromaticum and T. vulgaris acted directly on the conidia, impeding germination. The findings suggest that the oils from S. aromaticum, C. zeylanicum, and T. vulgaris are potential alternatives for maize seed treatment in the control of S. maydis.

scholarly journals Sensitivity to Fungicides and Esential Oils in Czech Isolates of Phytophthora infestans

2018 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 69-77
Author(s):  
J. Mazáková ◽  
M. Zouhar ◽  
P. Sedlák ◽  
E. Zusková ◽  
P. Ryšánek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Phytophthora Infestans ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Thymus Vulgaris ◽  
Syzygium Aromaticum ◽  
Mentha Spicata ◽  
Minimal Inhibitory Concentrations ◽  
Plant Essential Oils ◽  
Agar Method

Abstract A total of 235 Phytophthora infestans isolates were collected from five regions of the Czech Republic during the growing seasons 2012–2014 and 2016 and examined using the in vitro amended agar method for their sensitivity to metalaxyl-M (MFX), propamocarb-HCl (PCH), and dimethomorph (DMM). A majority of the isolates (50%) were sensitive to MFX. Resistant isolates were found in all four years of the survey; they represented 30% of the samples. The EC50 values of PCH in inhibiting mycelial growth of 65% of the overall isolates were higher than 100 μg ml−1, which indicates the occurrence of insensitivity to PCH in the Czech P. infestans populations. DMM was very effective, and the mycelial growth of all isolates tested was completely suppressed at the concentration of 0.1 μg ml−1. Furthermore, the efficacy of 12 plant essential oils was tested against 20 isolates of P. infestans using the in vitro amended agar method. Essential oils of Cymbopogon winterianus, Litsea cubeba, Mentha spicata, Pelargonium graveolens, Syzygium aromaticum, and Thymus vulgaris were observed to have the highest antifungal activity against P. infestans, with minimal inhibitory concentrations less than or equal to 1 μl ml−1.

scholarly journals Effect of Essential Oils on the Release of TNF-α and CCL2 by LPS-Stimulated THP‑1 Cells

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 50
Author(s):  
Maria Graça Miguel ◽  
Carina Isabel da Silva ◽  
Luana Farah ◽  
Fernão Castro Braga ◽  
Ana Cristina Figueiredo
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Thymus Vulgaris ◽  
Acute Monocytic Leukemia ◽  
Monocytic Leukemia ◽  
Foeniculum Vulgare ◽  
Traditional Use ◽  
Eucalyptus Viminalis ◽  
Tnf Α

Plants and their constituents have been used to treat diverse ailments since time immemorial. Many plants are used in diverse external and internal formulations (infusions, alcoholic extracts, essential oils (EOs), etc.) in the treatment of inflammation-associated diseases, such as those affecting the respiratory tract or causing gastrointestinal or joint problems, among others. To support the traditional uses of plant extracts, EOs have been assessed for their alleged anti-inflammatory properties. However, the effect of EOs on the release of cytokines and chemokines has been much less reported. Considering their traditional use and commercial relevance in Portugal and Angola, this study evaluated the effect of EOs on the in vitro inhibition of the cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and the chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2) by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated human acute monocytic leukemia cells (THP-1 cells). Twenty EOs extracted from eighteen species from seven families, namely from Amaranthaceae (Dysphania ambrosioides), Apiaceae (Foeniculum vulgare), Asteraceae (Brachylaena huillensis, Solidago virgaurea), Euphorbiaceae (Spirostachys africana), Lamiaceae (Lavandula luisieri, Mentha cervina, Origanum majorana, Satureja montana, Thymbra capitata, Thymus mastichina, Thymus vulgaris, Thymus zygis subsp. zygis), Myrtaceae (Eucalyptus globulus subsp. maidenii, Eucalyptus radiata, Eucalyptus viminalis) and Pinaceae (Pinus pinaster) were assayed for the release of CCL2 and TNF-α by LPS-stimulated THP-1 cells. B. huillensis, S. africana, S. montana, Th. mastichina and Th. vulgaris EOs showed toxicity to THP-1 cells, at the lowest concentration tested (10 μg/mL), using the tetrazolium dye assay. The most active EOs in reducing TNF-α release by LPS-stimulated THP-1 cells were those of T. capitata (51% inhibition at 20 μg/mL) and L. luisieri (15–23% inhibition at 30 μg/mL and 78–83% inhibition at 90 μg/mL). L. luisieri EO induced a concentration-dependent inhibition of CCL2 release by LPS‑stimulated THP-1 cells (23%, 54% and 82% inhibition at 10, 30 and 90 μg/mL, respectively). These EOs are potentially useful in the management of inflammatory diseases mediated by CCL2 and TNF‑α, such as atherosclerosis and arthritis.

scholarly journals Assessing the Control of Postharvest Gray Mold Disease on Tomato Fruit Using Mixtures of Essential Oils and Their Respective Hydrolates

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1719
Author(s):  
Conny Brito ◽  
Henrik Hansen ◽  
Luis Espinoza ◽  
Martín Faúndez ◽  
Andrés F. Olea ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Thymus Vulgaris ◽  
Citrus Limon ◽  
Tomato Crop

Gray mold disease, which is caused by Botrytis cinerea Pers ex. Fr., results in serious economic losses to Lycopersicum esculentum (tomato) crop productivity. In this study, we explored the possibility that mixtures of essential oils (EOs) and their respective hydrolates (HYSs) could be used to control this disease. Thus, EOs and HYSs were obtained from Origanum vulgare, Thymus vulgaris, Citrus limon, and Citrus sinensis by hydrodistillation. In vitro antifungal activities were evaluated, and EC50 values of 15.9 and 19.8 µg/mL were obtained for EOs of thyme and oregano, respectively. These activities are due mainly to volatile compounds, thymol and carvacrol. Results from in vivo assays show that although most tomatoes were infested five days after inoculation, the damage was considerably reduced by the application of an EO/HYS mixture of thyme. The disease incidence indexes of B. cinerea tomato rot, percentage and severity, measured four days after inoculation, were reduced by 70% and 76%, respectively, as compared with the inoculum control. These results suggest that a combination of HYSs and EOs enhances antifungal activity, and that optimization of relative concentrations, volumes, and the nature of the compounds, could design a formulation able to control B. cinerea inoculum on tomato fruits.

scholarly journals Studies of Penicillium species associated with blue mold disease of grapes and management through plant essential oils as non-hazardous botanical fungicides

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 021-036
Author(s):  
Salman Ghuffar ◽  
Gulshan Irshad ◽  
Farah Naz ◽  
Muhammad Azam Khan
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
Thymus Vulgaris ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Pathogenicity Test ◽  
Blue Mold ◽  
Foeniculum Vulgare ◽  
Penicillium Species

Abstract Blue mold caused by Penicillium species is a major fungal disease threatening the viticulture industry in Pakistan, responsible for deteriorating the quality of grapes during handling, transportation, and distribution. Identification-based approaches of Penicillium species provide a better strategy on accurate diagnosis and effective management. In this study, 13 isolates were recovered from symptomatic grape bunches at five main fruit markets of Rawalpindi district, Punjab province. Based on morphological data and multi-loci phylogenetic analysis, the isolates were identified as two distinct species viz. Penicillium expansum (eight isolates) and Penicillium crustosum (five isolates). Meanwhile, the pathogenicity test of Penicillium isolates presented by the inoculation of grape bunches showed various degrees of severity. For improving the fruit quality and eliminating the needs of synthetic fungicides, botanicals such as thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.), fennel (Foeniculum vulgare L.), garlic (Allium sativum L.), ginger (Zingiber officinale L.), and carum (Carum capticum L.) essential oils (EOs) at concentrations of 0.6, 0.9, 1.2, and 1.5 mg/mL were evaluated. In vitro studies indicated that thyme EO showed a highly significant reduction of fungal growth. Furthermore, the experiments related to reducing the decay development and average weight loss percentage of grapes revealed similar findings. Based on the results of this study, it is recommended that thyme EO can be used as an eco-friendly botanical fungicide against Penicillium spp. causing blue mold disease.

scholarly journals Modulatory effect of Syzygium aromaticum and Pelargonium graveolens on oxidative stress and inflammation

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilias Marmouzi ◽  
El Mostafa Karym ◽  
Rachid Alami ◽  
Meryem El Jemli ◽  
Mourad Kharbach ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Toxic Effect ◽  
Tetrahymena Pyriformis ◽  
Syzygium Aromaticum ◽  
Minimal Risk ◽  
Pelargonium Graveolens ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

AbstractBackgroundTherapy combination is defined as disease treatment with two or more medication to acheive efficacy with lower doses or lower toxicity. Regarding its reported toxicities and efficacy, the Essential Oils (EOs) from Syzygium aromaticum (SA) and Pelargonium graveolens (PG) were combined for in vitro and in vivo assays and toxicities.MethodsThe Essential Oils and mixture were tested for in vivo/in vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. The assays included the animal model of acute inflammation (carrageenan model), the protective effect on H2O2/Sodium nitroprissude induced stress in Tetrahymena pyriformis, and the in vitro antioxidant assays.ResultsThe chemical analysis of the investigated Oils has lead to the identification of Eugenol (74.06%), Caryophyllene (11.52%) and Carvacrol acetate (7.82%) as the major element in SA; while PG was much higher in Citronellol (30.77%), 10-epi-γ-Eudesmol (22.59%), and Geraniol (13.95%). In our pharmacological screening of samples, both Oils demonstrated good antioxidant effects. In vivo investigation of the antioxidant activity in the protozoa model (T. pyriformis) demonstrated a lesser toxic effect of EOs mixture with no significant differences when oxidative stress markers and antioxidant enzymes (MDA, SOD and CAT) were evaluated. On the other hand the in vivo model of inflammatory response to carrageenan demonstrated a good inhibitory potential of both EOs. The EOs Mixture demonstrated equivalent bioactivity with lower toxic effect and minimal risk for each compound.ConclusionsThe results from this study indicate that EOs mixture from SA and PG demonstrated promising modulatory antioxidant/anti-inflammatory effect, which suggest an efficient association for therapy.

scholarly journals The Effect of Essential Oil Intake on Changes of Plasma Antioxidant Status in Mice

2007 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 357-361 ◽  
Author(s):  
Š. Faix ◽  
Š. Juhas ◽  
Z. Faixová
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Antioxidant Status ◽  
Total Antioxidant Status ◽  
The Body ◽  
Thymus Vulgaris ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Syzygium Aromaticum ◽  
Lower Growth ◽  
Total Antioxidant

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of four essential oils intake by feed, namely Origanum vulgare, Thymus vulgaris, Cinnamomum zeylanicum Ness, and Syzygium aromaticum on antioxidant status in mice in vivo. Essential oils were in the aether oleum form. They were diluted with ethanol absolute mixed with ground pelett (0.1, 0.25, 0.57 and 1% concentration) and thereafter ethanol was evaporated. SOD, GPx activities and TAS were measured in erythrocytes and plasma spectrophotometrically with Ransod, Ransel and TAS kits from RANDOX, respectively. GPX activity showed a significant increase in 0.25% and 0.1% concentration of Origani aetheroleum. The GPx activities were decreased in 1% concentration of Thymi aetheroleum and 0.57% concentration of Cinnamomi aetheroleum and 0.57% concentration of Caryophylli aetheroleum. The total antioxidant status showed a significant decrease in 1 % concentration of Origani aetheroleum and significantly increased in 0.1% concentration. The same results were found in Thymi aetheroleum. Cinnamomi aetheroleum and Caryophylli aetheroleum had not effect on total antioxidant status. SOD activities were not significantly changed after intake of essential oils. In conclusion, our results showed, that concentration of essential oil is very important for antioxidant status and also for metabolism of mice, because a high dose of essential oil has adverse effect on metabolism of mice, representated by a lower growth of the body weight. On the other hand, essential oils at lower concentrations have positive effect on antioxidant status of mice.

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