scholarly journals Secondary Metabolites and the Risks of Isaria fumosorosea and Isaria farinosa

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 664 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qunfang Weng ◽  
Xiaofeng Zhang ◽  
Wei Chen ◽  
Qiongbo Hu
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Oxalic Acid ◽  
Entomopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Dipicolinic Acid ◽  
Isaria Fumosorosea ◽  
Isaria Farinosa ◽  
Worldwide Distribution ◽  
Safety Risks ◽  
Limited Possibility ◽  
Non Ribosomal Peptides

Isaria fumosorosea and Isaria farinosa are important entomopathogenic fungi with a worldwide distribution and multiple host insects. However, the concerns about the safety risks of myco-pesticides have been attracting the attention of researchers and consumers. Secondary metabolites (SMs), especially the mycotoxins, closely affect the biosafety of Isaria myco-insecticides. In the last forty years, more than seventy SMs were identified and isolated from I. fumosorosea and I. farinose. The SMs of I. fumosorosea include the mycotoxins of non-ribosomal peptides (NRPs) (beauvericin and beauverolides), terpenes (trichocaranes and fumosorinone), lactone compounds (cepharosporolides), acids (dipicolinic acid and oxalic acid), etc. Meanwhile, the NRP mycotoxins (cycloaspeptides) and the terpene compounds (farinosones and militarinones) are the main SMs in I. farinosa. Although several researches reported the two Isaria have promised biosafety, the bioactivities and the safety risks of their SMs have not been studied in detail so far. However, based on existing knowledge, most SMs (i.e., mycotoxins) do not come from Isaria myco-insecticide itself, but are from the host insects infected by Isaria fungi, because only the hosts can provide the conditions for fungal proliferation. Furthermore, the SMs from Isaria fungi have a very limited possibility of entering into environments because many SMs are decomposed in insect cadavers. The biosafety of Isaria myco-insecticides and their SMs/mycotoxins are being monitored. Of course, SMs safety risks of Isaria myco-insecticides need further research.

scholarly journals The Toxins of Beauveria bassiana and the Strategies to Improve Their Virulence to Insects

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haiyang Wang ◽  
Hui Peng ◽  
Wenjuan Li ◽  
Peng Cheng ◽  
Maoqing Gong
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Oxalic Acid ◽  
Beauveria Bassiana ◽  
Entomopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Future Perspective ◽  
Host Insect ◽  
Wide Range

The long-term and excessive usage of pesticides is an enormous burden on the environment, which also increases pest resistance. To overcome this problem, research and application of entomopathogenic fungi, which are both environmentally friendly and cause lower resistance, have gained great momentum. Entomopathogenic fungi have a wide range of prospects. Apart from Bacillus thuringiensis, Beauveria bassiana is the most studied biopesticide. After invading insect hosts, B. bassiana produces a variety of toxins, which are secondary metabolites such as beauvericin, bassianin, bassianolide, beauverolides, tenellin, oosporein, and oxalic acid. These toxins help B. bassiana to parasitize and kill the hosts. This review unequivocally considers beauveria toxins highly promising and summarizes their attack mechanism(s) on the host insect immune system. Genetic engineering strategies to improve toxin principles, genes, or virulent molecules of B. bassiana have also been discussed. Lastly, we discuss the future perspective of Beauveria toxin research, including newly discovered toxins.

scholarly journals Secondary Metabolites from Artemisia Genus as Biopesticides and Innovative Nano-Based Application Strategies

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (10) ◽  
pp. 3061
Author(s):  
Bianca Ivănescu ◽  
Ana Flavia Burlec ◽  
Florina Crivoi ◽  
Crăița Roșu ◽  
Andreia Corciovă
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Duration Of Action ◽  
Worldwide Distribution ◽  
Artemisia Species ◽  
Extended Duration ◽  
Reduced Toxicity ◽  
Available Information ◽  
Potential Use

The Artemisia genus includes a large number of species with worldwide distribution and diverse chemical composition. The secondary metabolites of Artemisia species have numerous applications in the health, cosmetics, and food sectors. Moreover, many compounds of this genus are known for their antimicrobial, insecticidal, parasiticidal, and phytotoxic properties, which recommend them as possible biological control agents against plant pests. This paper aims to evaluate the latest available information related to the pesticidal properties of Artemisia compounds and extracts and their potential use in crop protection. Another aspect discussed in this review is the use of nanotechnology as a valuable trend for obtaining pesticides. Nanoparticles, nanoemulsions, and nanocapsules represent a more efficient method of biopesticide delivery with increased stability and potency, reduced toxicity, and extended duration of action. Given the negative impact of synthetic pesticides on human health and on the environment, Artemisia-derived biopesticides and their nanoformulations emerge as promising ecofriendly alternatives to pest management.

scholarly journals Culture media selection for mass production of Isaria fumosorosea and Isaria farinosa

2010 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 753-761 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriel Moura Mascarin ◽  
Sérgio Batista Alves ◽  
Rogério Biaggioni Lopes
Keyword(s):  
Mass Production ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Complete Medium ◽  
Sugarcane Molasses ◽  
Liquid Media ◽  
Isaria Fumosorosea ◽  
Isaria Farinosa ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Biphasic Fermentation

This work investigated the production of the fungi Isaria fumosorosea and Isaria farinosa in biphasic fermentation using agro-industrial products and residues. Combinations of natural liquid substrates, alternative to the complete medium and potato dextrose medium, were evaluated. The best liquid media were sugarcane molasses + rice broth, rice broth + yeast and sugarcane molasses + yeast + rice broth, which resulted in the highest viable propagule concentration. The molasses + rice broth medium was selected for the next phase of the study in which the production of both fungal isolates was evaluated in solid grain substrates. In solid-state fermentation, the best conidia production was achieved with the soybean meal and broken corn for I. farinosa, and whole rice and broken rice for I. fumosorosea. Results demonstrated that the two fungal species could be rapidly produced with higher yield of conidia on agro-industrial resources by using biphasic fermentation techniques.

scholarly journals Amino Acids in Entomopathogenic Fungi Cultured In Vitro

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1899
Author(s):  
Lech Wojciech Szajdak ◽  
Stanisław Bałazy ◽  
Teresa Meysner
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Entomopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Conidiobolus Coronatus ◽  
Fungal Strains ◽  
Isaria Farinosa ◽  
Lecanicillium Lecanii ◽  
Wide Range

The content of bounded amino acids in six entomopathogenic fungi was identified and determined. Analyzing the elements characterizing the pathogenicity of individual species of fungi based on infectivity criteria, ranges of infected hosts, and the ability to induce epizootics, these can be ranked in the following order: Isaria farinosa, Isaria tenuipes, Isaria fumosorose, Lecanicillium lecanii, Conidiobolus coronatus, Isaria coleopterorum. These fungi represent two types of Hyphomycetales-Paecilomyces Bainier and Verticillium Nees ex Fr. and one type of Entomophtorales-Conidiobolus Brefeld. Our study indicates that there are significant quantitative and qualitative differences of bounded amino acids in the entomopathogenic fungal strains contained in the mycelium between high and low pathogenicity strains. The richest composition of bounded amino acids has been shown in the mycelium of the Isaria farinosa strain, which is one of the most commonly presented pathogenic fungi in this group with a very wide range of infected hosts and is the most frequently recorded in nature as an important factor limiting the population of insects.

Evaluation of the Entomopathogenic Fungi Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae, and Isaria fumosorosea for Control of Sitophilus oryzae

2014 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
NICKOLAS G. KAVALLIERATOS ◽  
CHRISTOS G. ATHANASSIOU ◽  
MARIA M. AOUNTALA ◽  
DEMETRIUS C. KONTODIMAS
Keyword(s):  
Beauveria Bassiana ◽  
Entomopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Metarhizium Anisopliae ◽  
Galleria Mellonella ◽  
Sitophilus Oryzae ◽  
Exposure Period ◽  
Isaria Fumosorosea ◽  
Stored Grain ◽  
Stored Grain Pest ◽  
Petri Dishes

The entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae, and Isaria fumosorosea were tested against the stored-grain pest Sitophilus oryzae. The fungi were isolated from the soil (from three locations in Attica, Greece: B. bassiana from Tatoion, M. anisopliae from Marathon, and I. fumosorosea from Aghios Stefanos) using larvae of Galleria mellonella as bait. Suspensions of 2.11 × 107 and 2.11 × 108, 1.77 × 107 and 1.77 × 108, and 1.81 × 107 and 1.81 × 108 conidia per ml of B. bassiana, M. anisopliae, and I. fumosorosea, respectively, were applied by three treatments: (i) sprayed on food and set in petri dishes with adults of S. oryzae, (ii) sprayed on adults of S. oryzae and set in petri dishes without food, and (iii) sprayed on adults of S. oryzae and set in petri dishes with food. The observed mortality of S. oryzae adults during the overall exposure period for the lowest, as well as for the highest, concentrations of B. bassiana, M. anisopliae, and I. fumosorosea ranged from 0 to 100%. Concentration was, in most of the cases tested, a critical parameter that determined the “speed of kill” of the exposed insect species for B. bassiana and M. anisopliae. Conversely, concentration was not that critical for I. fumosorosea, and survival was high in some of the combinations tested, even after 14 days of exposure. Both in the highest and the lowest concentrations of fungi, the mortality of S. oryzae adults was higher when the fungi were applied on adults than when they were applied on food. Higher mortality was observed when food was absent than when food was present, in most of the cases tested. The high efficacy levels recorded in the current study indicate that the tested fungi could be effective biocontrol agents against S. oryzae.

Different strategies to kill the host presented byMetarhizium anisopliaeandBeauveria bassiana

2018 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 191-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cynthia Barbosa Rustiguel ◽  
María Fernández-Bravo ◽  
Luis Henrique Souza Guimarães ◽  
Enrique Quesada-Moraga
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Beauveria Bassiana ◽  
Entomopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Metarhizium Anisopliae ◽  
Galleria Mellonella ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Growth Strategy

Studies conducted over the last decades have shown the potential of entomopathogenic fungi for the biocontrol of some insect pests. Entomopathogenic fungi infect their host through the cuticle, so they do not need to be ingested to be effective. These fungi also secrete secondary metabolites and proteins that are toxic to insect pests. In this context, we analyzed the pathogenicity of Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschn.) strains IBCB 384 and IBCB 425 and Beauveria bassiana (Bals.-Criv.) Vuill. strains E 1764 and E 3158 against Galleria mellonella (Linn.) larvae, during pre-invasion and post-invasion phases. The results showed M. anisopliae, especially strain IBCB 384, was most virulent in the pre-invasion phase against G. mellonella, whereas B. bassiana, especially strain E 1764, was most virulent in the post-invasion phase. During in vivo development and in the production of toxic serum, B. bassiana E 3158 was the most virulent. Different fungal growth (or toxin) strategies were observed for studied strains. Metarhizium anisopliae IBCB 425 prioritizes the growth strategy, whereas strain IBCB 384 and B. bassiana strains E 1764 and E 3158 have a toxic strategy. All strains have pathogenicity against G. mellonella, indicating their possible use for biocontrol.

scholarly journals Regulation of Secondary Metabolism in the Penicillium Genus

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (24) ◽  
pp. 9462
Author(s):  
Christelle El Hajj Assaf ◽  
Chrystian Zetina-Serrano ◽  
Nadia Tahtah ◽  
André El Khoury ◽  
Ali Atoui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Secondary Metabolism ◽  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
Food Crops ◽  
Penicillium Species ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Worldwide Distribution ◽  
Varied Range ◽  
Different Levels

Penicillium, one of the most common fungi occurring in a diverse range of habitats, has a worldwide distribution and a large economic impact on human health. Hundreds of the species belonging to this genus cause disastrous decay in food crops and are able to produce a varied range of secondary metabolites, from which we can distinguish harmful mycotoxins. Some Penicillium species are considered to be important producers of patulin and ochratoxin A, two well-known mycotoxins. The production of these mycotoxins and other secondary metabolites is controlled and regulated by different mechanisms. The aim of this review is to highlight the different levels of regulation of secondary metabolites in the Penicillium genus.

scholarly journals Secondary metabolites from hypocrealean entomopathogenic fungi: novel bioactive compounds

2020 ◽  
Vol 37 (9) ◽  
pp. 1181-1206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liwen Zhang ◽  
Opemipo Esther Fasoyin ◽  
István Molnár ◽  
Yuquan Xu
Keyword(s):  
Pharmaceutical Industry ◽  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Bioactive Compounds ◽  
Entomopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Traditional Remedies ◽  
Ecological Roles ◽  
Drug Leads

Hypocrealean entomopathogenic fungi produce a large variety of secondary metabolites with diverse ecological roles. These compounds serve as nutraceuticals and traditional remedies, and as drug leads for the modern pharmaceutical industry.

Volatile metabolites of Lecanicillium saksenae (Kushwaha) Kurihara and Sukarno and their toxicity to brinjal mealybug Coccidohystrix insolita (G)

ENTOMON ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 183-190
Author(s):  
P. Sreeja ◽  
O. P. Reji Rani
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Dipicolinic Acid ◽  
Mevalonic Acid ◽  
Antimicrobial Activities ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Potato Dextrose Broth ◽  
Volatile Metabolites ◽  
Crude Toxin ◽  
Pyridine Dicarboxylic Acid

Lecanicillium saksenae (Kushwaha) Kurihara and Sukarno is a versatile indigenous entomopathogenic fungus with high speed of kill on hemipteran insects. Investigations were carried out to explore the volatile metabolites of L. saksenae and bioefficacy of its crude toxin to different life stages of brinjal mealybug, Coccidohystrix insolita. GCMS spectrum of crude toxin extracted from cultures grown in potato dextrose broth and Czapak Dox medium revealed the presence of 25 compounds each. The major secondary metabolites identified were 2,6 pyridine dicarboxylic acid (dipicolinic acid), n-hexadecanoic acid, octadecanoic acid, harmine, dl- mevalonic acid lactone, 2-piperidinone, 4H-pyran-4-one 2,3-dihydro-3,5dihydroxy-6methyl, acetamide,N-(2-phenylethyl), pyrrolo [1,2-a] pyrazine-1,4-dione, hexahydro. The biological properties of these compounds include insecticidal to nematicidal and antimicrobial activities. Bioefficacy studies with crude toxins revealed the toxicity of secondary metabolities to C. insolita. The dose dependent bioassay revealed 100 per cent moratality at a higher concentration of 1000 ppm at 72 and 96 h after treatment on nymphs and adults respectively. Results highlighted the role of secondary metabolites in the pathogenicity of saksenae and pave way to the utilization of its biocide molecules in safer pest management.

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