scholarly journals Skin Electrical Resistance Measurement of Oxygen-Containing Terpenes as Penetration Enhancers: Role of Stratum Corneum Lipids

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 523 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xue-min Zhu ◽  
Yu Li ◽  
Fei Xu ◽  
Wei Gu ◽  
Guo-jun Yan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stratum Corneum ◽  
Electrical Resistance ◽  
Attenuated Total Reflection ◽  
Penetration Enhancers ◽  
Rapid Screening ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Skin Cell ◽  
First Time

The measurement of skin electrical resistance (SER) has drawn a great deal of attention for the rapid screening of transdermal penetration enhancers (PEs). However, the mechanisms underlying the SER measurement are still unclear. This study was to investigate the effects and mechanisms of seven oxygen-containing terpenes on the SER kinetics. Stratum corneum (SC) lipids were proved to play a key role in SER measurement. Then, the factors affecting the SER measurement were optimized. By the determination of SER kinetics, cyclic terpenes (1,8-cineole, terpinen-4-ol, menthol and α-terpineol) were demonstrated to possess higher enhancement ratio (ER) values compared with linear terpenes (linalool, geraniol and citral). For the first time, the linear correlation was found between ER of terpenes and the interaction energy of terpene–ceramide complexes revealed by molecular simulation. The attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) analysis revealed that the effect of cyclic terpenes on SC lipid arrangement was obviously stronger than that of linear terpenes. In addition, by evaluating HaCaT skin cell viability, little difference was found between the toxicities of cyclic and linear terpenes. In conclusion, measurement of SER could be a feasible approach for the efficient evaluation of the PEs that mainly act on SC lipids.

scholarly journals Exploring Secondary Metabolite Profiles of Stachybotrys spp. by LC-MS/MS

Toxins ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annika Jagels ◽  
Viktoria Lindemann ◽  
Sebastian Ulrich ◽  
Christoph Gottschalk ◽  
Benedikt Cramer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Structural Modifications ◽  
Metabolite Profiles ◽  
The Individual ◽  
First Time ◽  
Analytical Standards ◽  
Respective Species

The genus Stachybotrys produces a broad diversity of secondary metabolites, including macrocyclic trichothecenes, atranones, and phenylspirodrimanes. Although the class of the phenylspirodrimanes is the major one and consists of a multitude of metabolites bearing various structural modifications, few investigations have been carried out. Thus, the presented study deals with the quantitative determination of several secondary metabolites produced by distinct Stachybotrys species for comparison of their metabolite profiles. For that purpose, 15 of the primarily produced secondary metabolites were isolated from fungal cultures and structurally characterized in order to be used as analytical standards for the development of an LC-MS/MS multimethod. The developed method was applied to the analysis of micro-scale extracts from 5 different Stachybotrys strains, which were cultured on different media. In that process, spontaneous dialdehyde/lactone isomerization was observed for some of the isolated secondary metabolites, and novel stachybotrychromenes were quantitatively investigated for the first time. The metabolite profiles of Stachybotrys species are considerably influenced by time of growth and substrate availability, as well as the individual biosynthetic potential of the respective species. Regarding the reported adverse effects associated with Stachybotrys growth in building environments, combinatory effects of the investigated secondary metabolites should be addressed and the role of the phenylspirodrimanes re-evaluated in future research.

Factors affecting in vitro and in vivo antioxidant effects. Experimental conditions and nature of oxidants determine antioxidant efficacy

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Etsuo Niki
Keyword(s):  
Biological Molecules ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Multiple Oxidants ◽  
Antioxidant Effects

Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species have been implicated in the onset and progression of various diseases and the role of antioxidants in the maintenance of health and prevention of diseases has received much attention. The action and effect of antioxidants have been studied extensively under different reaction conditions in multiple media. The antioxidant effects are determined by many factors. This review aims to discuss several important issues that should be considered for determination of experimental conditions and interpretation of experimental results in order to understand the beneficial effects and limit of antioxidants against detrimental oxidation of biological molecules. Emphasis was laid on cell culture experiments and effects of diversity of multiple oxidants on antioxidant efficacy.

scholarly journals Research on a new spectrophotometric method for determinating trace amounts of fluoride

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (12.1) ◽  
pp. 24
Author(s):  
Khuê Võ Anh
Keyword(s):  
Optimum Condition ◽  
Spectrophotometric Method ◽  
Xylenol Orange ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Yellow Color ◽  
Red Color ◽  
Limit Of Quantitation ◽  
The World ◽  
First Time

A new spectrophotometric method for determinating trace amounts of fluoride has been introduced in this article. The principle of the method is based on the reaction of fluoride with a complex of aluminum ion and xylenol orange reagent (Al-XO). The concentration of fluoride in water is determined by measuring the red color of the Al-XO complex at 555 nm or measuring the yellow color of the XO reagent at 430 nm. The factors affecting the method for the determination of fluoride were examined. At the optimum condition, the limit of quantitation of this method is 0.08-2.1 mg/L. Based on an analysis of fluoride in the actual samples, the error of the method is less than 6%. A new point of this article is that this is the first time the type of calibration curve graph A = f (logC) in the spectrophotometric method (where: A – absorption; log - logarithm; C – concentration of fluoride) has been used in the world.

scholarly journals Novel Insight Into the Development and Function of Hypopharyngeal Glands in Honey Bees

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saboor Ahmad ◽  
Shahmshad Ahmed Khan ◽  
Khalid Ali Khan ◽  
Jianke Li
Keyword(s):  
Honey Bees ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Hypopharyngeal Glands ◽  
And Function ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Made In

Hypopharyngeal glands (HGs) are the most important organ of hymenopterans which play critical roles for the insect physiology. In honey bees, HGs are paired structures located bilaterally in the head, in front of the brain between compound eyes. Each gland is composed of thousands of secretory units connecting to secretory duct in worker bees. To better understand the recent progress made in understanding the structure and function of these glands, we here review the ontogeny of HGs, and the factors affecting the morphology, physiology, and molecular basis of the functionality of the glands. We also review the morphogenesis of HGs in the pupal and adult stages, and the secretory role of the glands across the ages for the first time. Furthermore, recent transcriptome, proteome, and phosphoproteome analyses have elucidated the potential mechanisms driving the HGs development and functionality. This adds a comprehensive novel knowledge of the development and physiology of HGs in honey bees over time, which may be helpful for future research investigations.

scholarly journals Features of a lullaby as a type of polycode text

2020 ◽  
pp. 158-168
Author(s):  
Ariuka I. Gelyaeva ◽  
Dzhamiliyat Dzh. Khuchinaeva
Keyword(s):  
Main Method ◽  
Linguistic Understanding ◽  
Nature Of Information ◽  
The Difference ◽  
First Time ◽  
Communicative Space ◽  
Empirical Material ◽  
Main Strategy

The article is devoted to identification of the features of the Karachai-Balkarian lullaby as a text of a complex semiotic nature and determination of the role of verbal and non-verbal components in the organization of an integral communicative space. It is postulated that the difference in sign is characteristic not only of modern texts, born of scientific and technological progress, which changed the sign nature of information, but also of a lullaby. It is noted that in linguistics, the study of a lullaby as a polycode text is not one of the intensively developed ones, and in the Karachai-Balkarian language its linguistic understanding and description as a multilayered text is carried out for the first time, which determines the relevance of the work. The main method for analyzing empirical material is the semiotic method of studying the text as an integral system of interdependent signs and symbols. Elements of discourse and phonosemantic analysis are also used. The article separately examines various semiotic layers and components syncretically presented in the text of the lullaby. The article analyzes the units of the lexical-semantic and grammatical levels of the language, which represent the verbal layer, as well as non-verbal means used in addition to the language code that accompany the verbal text of the song. Refrain “ballyau-ballyau”, “bellyay-bellyay” and the dominant sounds of the text «l-l’», «б-б’» according to their acoustic and physical characteristics, they are subordinated to the main strategy of a lullaby - calming and lulling a child. Particular attention is paid to determining the role of verbal and non-verbal signs in the implementation of synsemantics of the text of a lullaby. The novelty of the research lies in the identification of the specificity of the lullaby as a text of a different-sign nature, which manifests itself in the syncretism of various semiotic components, which in the text space are in complementarity relations. The multidimensionality of vectors of interaction of verbal, paraverbal, kinetic, symbolic components in a lullaby is revealed. It has been established that the verbal layer mainly performs an informative function, non-verbal means - expressive and pictorial functions.

The effect of age on the unfolding of elastin lamellae and collagen fibers with stretch in human carotid arteries

1981 ◽  
Vol 59 (10) ◽  
pp. 1050-1057 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zenon J. Samila ◽  
Stefan A. Carter
Keyword(s):  
Elastic Properties ◽  
Carotid Arteries ◽  
Collagen Fibers ◽  
Low Degrees ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Effect Of Age ◽  
Human Carotid

We measured folding of elastin lamellae and collagen fibers in human carotid arteries and correlated the results with the elastic properties of the vessels. Specimens cut into circumferential strips were stretched to various degrees, fixed, and stained for elastin and collagen. Folding was measured on photographic projections. Elastin lamellae unfolded quickly with initial stretch. In old vessels they did not straighten as much as in the young suggesting that the content of the interlamellar space may interfere with the unfolding. Collagen fibers straightened more during stretch in stiffer older vessels than in the young, already at low degrees of stretch. Young's modulus at extension of 5% appeared to correlate with unfolding of elastin lamellae in young extensible vessels. The modulus correlated significantly with unfolding of collagen fibers at extensions of 15% and greater, and the slope of the regression of the modulus on folding increased with stretch. Our findings provide for the first time morphologic evidence for the role of elastin lamellae in the determination of the elastic properties at low extensions, for the importance of collagen fibers in increasing stiffness with further stretch, and for the relationship between increased stiffness with age and the earlier recruitment of the collagen fibers.

SOME FACTORS AFFECTING THE DETERMINATION OF HOT-WATER-SOLUBLE BORON FROM PODZOL SOILS USING AZOMETHINE-H

1979 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 241-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
UMESH C. GUPTA
Keyword(s):  
Prince Edward Island ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Colorimetric Determination ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Water Extracts ◽  
Percent Recovery

A study was conducted on some factors affecting the colorimetric determination of B using the azomethine-H reagent on soils from Prince Edward Island. Two fine sandy loam soils (A and B) were used for the main study and additional soil samples varying in organic matter (OM) were used to assess the role of OM. Soils containing less than 3.0% OM and 3.1–4.1% OM required 0.4 g and 0.8 g charcoal per 25 g soil, respectively, to produce clear hot-water extracts. Quantities of greater than 0.8 g charcoal were necessary to produce clear extracts from soils containing more than 4.1% OM. Colored hot-water extracts of soil resulted in higher absorbance than those hot-water extracts treated with charcoal as measured at 430 mμ. Additions of 0.8 and 1.6 g charcoal or greater to the soils (A and B) resulted in considerably lower recoveries of B as noted by comparing the absorbance obtained using 0.4 and 0.8 g, respectively. Storage of azomethine-H up to 7 days did not affect the absorbance of the B-azomethine-H complex. One hour after the addition of azomethine-H, a maximum absorbance was found which persisted for up to 4 h. The percent recovery of B added to the two soils was about 10–12% less using azomethine-H as compared to those obtained using the carmine method. However, the mean hot-water-soluble B contents of 10 soils as measured using the carmine and azomethine-H reagents were 0.70 and 0.66 ppm. Pure B solutions when boiled with charcoal resulted in losses of B added. Such losses of B increased with increasing rates of charcoal.

scholarly journals Political Self-Identification of Russian Military Personnel in Finland in Spring 1917

2021 ◽  
pp. 289-308
Author(s):  
E. Yu. Dubrovskaya
Keyword(s):  
Initial Period ◽  
Moral Norms ◽  
Social Transformations ◽  
Party Organizations ◽  
History Of ◽  
Russian Military ◽  
The Military ◽  
First Time

The socio-psychological characteristics of the behavior of the Russian military in Finland in the initial period of the 1917 revolution were revealed, including the formation of behavioral stereotypes, new “images of the enemy”, a change in their ideas about “friends” and “foes”, and the transformation of social and moral norms. The relevance of the study is due to the need to apply a relatively new historical and anthropological approach to the study of the role of the military factor in the history of Russia and Finland. Based on the materials of the revolutionary Helsingfors and non-capital garrisons, the process of ideological and organizational self-determination of the supporters of the Socialist-Revolutionary and Bolshevik parties is considered, information about the number and the beginning of the activities of these party organizations is systematized and analyzed. The novelty of the research is seen in the fact that addressing the problem of “Revolution and man” and studying the images of “Friends”, “Foes”, “Other” in the perception of participants and eyewitnesses of events in connection with their participation in social transformations of a revolutionary time allows for the first time to get an idea of the mentality of privates and officers — the most active part of the Russian population of Finland. The author comes to the conclusion that the role of the Russian military in the events of the spring of 1917 is much more significant than was previously assumed.

Silicone Polymers in Scar Remediation: The Role of Migration of Oligomers Through Stratum Corneum

2005 ◽  
Vol 58 (6) ◽  
pp. 447 ◽  
Author(s):  
Washington Sanchez ◽  
John Evans ◽  
Graeme George
Keyword(s):  
Stratum Corneum ◽  
Attenuated Total Reflection ◽  
Aqueous Environment ◽  
Ionization Mass ◽  
Laser Desorption Ionization ◽  
Breakthrough Time ◽  
Silicone Gel ◽  
Silicone Polymers ◽  
Hydrophobic Solutes

A cross-linked silicone gel for burns scar rehabilitation has been analyzed to determine the oligomeric species that may migrate from the gel into skin. From MALDI–MS (matrix assisted laser desorption ionization–mass spectrometry) these were shown to be hydroxyl-terminated linear oligomers with a mass of up to 2100 Da. The migration of the extracted oligomers through stratum corneum has been determined by breakthrough times using ATR–FTIR (attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared) spectroscopy. The upper value of the estimated diffusion coefficient of 2.5 × 10−9 cm2 s−1, determined from a breakthrough time of 31 h, is similar to that of large hydrophobic solutes, but penetration times from the silicone gel are low (7–10 days) due to the lower concentration of oligomers partitioning into the lipid bilayer of the skin in an aqueous environment.

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