scholarly journals Biopesticide Activity from Drimanic Compounds to Control Tomato Pathogens

Molecules ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (8) ◽  
pp. 2053 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iván Montenegro ◽  
Alejandro Madrid ◽  
Mauricio Cuellar ◽  
Michael Seeger ◽  
Juan Alfaro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Oxysporum ◽  
Pseudomonas Syringae ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Clavibacter Michiganensis ◽  
Synthetic Compound ◽  
Tomato Production ◽  
Minimal Inhibitory Concentrations ◽  
Phytophthora Spp ◽  
Fungal Plant Pathogens

Tomato crops can be affected by several infectious diseases produced by bacteria, fungi, and oomycetes. Four phytopathogens are of special concern because of the major economic losses they generate worldwide in tomato production; Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis and Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato, causative agents behind two highly destructive diseases, bacterial canker and bacterial speck, respectively; fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici that causes Fusarium Wilt, which strongly affects tomato crops; and finally, Phytophthora spp., which affect both potato and tomato crops. Polygodial (1), drimenol (2), isonordrimenone (3), and nordrimenone (4) were studied against these four phytopathogenic microorganisms. Among them, compound 1, obtained from Drimys winteri Forst, and synthetic compound 4 are shown here to have potent activity. Most promisingly, the results showed that compounds 1 and 4 affect Clavibacter michiganensis growth at minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) values of 16 and 32 µg/mL, respectively, and high antimycotic activity against Fusarium oxysporum and Phytophthora spp. with MIC of 64 µg/mL. The results of the present study suggest novel treatment alternatives with drimane compounds against bacterial and fungal plant pathogens.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of Dunaliella salina Extracts against Bacillus subtilis and Bacterial Plant Pathogens

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 613
Author(s):  
Alfredo Ambrico ◽  
Mario Trupo ◽  
Rosaria Magarelli ◽  
Roberto Balducchi ◽  
Angelo Ferraro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Pseudomonas Syringae ◽  
Dunaliella Salina ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Hexane Extracts

Several bacteria pathogens are responsible for plant diseases causing significant economic losses. The antibacterial activity of Dunaliella salina microalgae extracts were investigated in vitro and in vivo. First, biomass composition was chemically characterized and subjected to extraction using polar/non-polar solvents. The highest extraction yield was obtained using chloroform:methanol (1:1 v/v) equal to 170 mg g−1 followed by ethanol (88 mg g−1) and hexane (61 mg g−1). In vitro examination of hexane extracts of Dunaliella salina demonstrated antibacterial activity against all tested bacteria. The hexane extract showed the highest amount of β-carotene with respect to the others, so it was selected for subsequent analyses. In vivo studies were also carried out using hexane extracts of D. salina against Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato and Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum on young tomato plants and fruits of tomato and zucchini, respectively. The treated young tomato plants exhibited a reduction of 65.7% incidence and 77.0% severity of bacterial speck spot disease. Similarly, a reduction of soft rot symptoms was observed in treated tomato and zucchini fruits with a disease incidence of 5.3% and 12.6% with respect to 90.6% and 100%, respectively, for the positive control.

scholarly journals Identification of Loci of Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae Involved in Lipolytic Activity and Their Role in Colonization of Kiwifruit Leaves

2017 ◽  
Vol 107 (6) ◽  
pp. 645-653 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hitendra Kumar Patel ◽  
Patrizia Ferrante ◽  
Meng Xianfa ◽  
Sree Gowrinadh Javvadi ◽  
Sujatha Subramoni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Syringae ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Lipid A ◽  
Lipolytic Activity ◽  
Genetic Screen ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Tn5 Transposon ◽  
Tn5 Mutants ◽  
Transposon Mutants

Bacterial canker disease caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae, an emerging pathogen of kiwifruit plants, has recently brought about major economic losses worldwide. Genetic studies on virulence functions of P. syringae pv. actinidiae have not yet been reported and there is little experimental data regarding bacterial genes involved in pathogenesis. In this study, we performed a genetic screen in order to identify transposon mutants altered in the lipolytic activity because it is known that mechanisms of regulation, production, and secretion of enzymes often play crucial roles in virulence of plant pathogens. We aimed to identify the set of secretion and global regulatory loci that control lipolytic activity and also play important roles in in planta fitness. Our screen for altered lipolytic activity phenotype identified a total of 58 Tn5 transposon mutants. Mapping all these Tn5 mutants revealed that the transposons were inserted in genes that play roles in cell division, chemotaxis, metabolism, movement, recombination, regulation, signal transduction, and transport as well as a few unknown functions. Several of these identified P. syringae pv. actinidiae Tn5 mutants, notably the functions affected in phosphomannomutase AlgC, lipid A biosynthesis acyltransferase, glutamate–cysteine ligase, and the type IV pilus protein PilI, were also found affected in in planta survival and/or growth in kiwifruit plants. The results of the genetic screen and identification of novel loci involved in in planta fitness of P. syringae pv. actinidiae are presented and discussed.

scholarly journals The Novel Cerato-Platanin-Like Protein FocCP1 from Fusarium oxysporum Triggers an Immune Response in Plants

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (11) ◽  
pp. 2849 ◽  
Author(s):  
Songwei Li ◽  
Yijie Dong ◽  
Lin Li ◽  
Yi Zhang ◽  
Xiufen Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Oxysporum ◽  
Pseudomonas Syringae ◽  
Systemic Acquired Resistance ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Seedling Resistance ◽  
Ros Formation ◽  
Serious Disease ◽  
Banana Wilt

Panama disease, or Fusarium wilt, the most serious disease in banana cultivation, is caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (FOC) and has led to great economic losses worldwide. One effective way to combat this disease is by enhancing host plant resistance. The cerato-platanin protein (CPP) family is a group of small secreted cysteine-rich proteins in filamentous fungi. CPPs as elicitors can trigger the immune system resulting in defense responses in plants. In this study, we characterized a novel cerato-platanin-like protein in the secretome of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense race 4 (FOC4), named FocCP1. In tobacco, the purified recombinant FocCP1 protein caused accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), formation of necrotic reaction, deposition of callose, expression of defense-related genes, and accumulation of salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) in tobacco. These results indicated that FocCP1 triggered a hypersensitive response (HR) and systemic acquired resistance (SAR) in tobacco. Furthermore, FocCP1 enhanced resistance tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) disease and Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci 6605 (Pst. 6605) infection in tobacco and improved banana seedling resistance to FOC4. All results provide the possibility of further research on immune mechanisms of plant and pathogen interactions, and lay a foundation for a new biological strategy of banana wilt control in the future.

Effects of Pesticides on the Reduction of Plant and Human Pathogenic Bacteria in Application Water

2013 ◽  
Vol 76 (4) ◽  
pp. 719-722 ◽  
Author(s):  
MICHAEL MAHOVIC ◽  
GANYU GU ◽  
STEVEN RIDEOUT
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Syringae ◽  
Xanthomonas Campestris ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Erwinia Carotovora ◽  
Noticeable Effect ◽  
Tomato Production ◽  
Initial Application ◽  
Treated Plant

Overhead spray applications of in-field tomato treatments dissolved in aqueous solutions have specific pest targets (fungal, bacterial, insect, or other). Any organism present in the solution or on treated plant surfaces that is not a specific target of the application is unlikely inactivated and can instead be spread through the phyllosphere. In this laboratory study, commercially labeled pesticides (including Actigard 50WG, Bravo Weather Stik 6F, Cabrio 20EG, Kasumin, Kocide 3000 46WG, Oxidate 27L, Penncozeb 75DF, ProPhyt 54.5L, Stimplex 100L, Firewall, 22.4WP, and Tanos 50DF) in common use in commercial tomato production fields of the Eastern Shore of Virginia were investigated for activity against in vitro bacterial contamination of pesticide application waters. Pesticides of interest were tank mixed individually with one of the plant pathogens Ralstonia solanacearum, Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria, Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato, Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora, or one of two serovars (Newport and Montevideo) of the human pathogen Salmonella enterica to assess reduction values during the average time between mixing and initial application. Observations suggested that while some treatments had a noticeable effect on population levels, only the oxidizer, peroxyacetic acid, showed significant and consistent levels of suppression against all bacteria investigated, at levels that could have practical implications.

scholarly journals Molecular Characterization of an Endopolygalacturonase from Fusarium oxysporum Expressed during Early Stages of Infection

2001 ◽  
Vol 67 (5) ◽  
pp. 2191-2196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fé I. Garcı́a-Maceira ◽  
A. Di Pietro ◽  
M. Dolores Huertas-González ◽  
M. Carmen Ruiz-Roldán ◽  
M. Isabel G. Roncero
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Oxysporum ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Detectable Effect ◽  
Calculated Molecular Mass ◽  
Reverse Transcription Pcr ◽  
Fungal Plant Pathogens ◽  
Heterologous System ◽  
Tomato Roots ◽  
Pectinolytic Enzymes

ABSTRACT The tomato vascular wilt pathogen Fusarium oxysporumf. sp. lycopersici produces an array of pectinolytic enzymes that may contribute to penetration and colonization of the host plant. Here we report the isolation of pg5, encoding a novel extracellular endopolygalacturonase (endoPG) that is highly conserved among different formae speciales of F. oxysporum. The putative mature pg5 product has a calculated molecular mass of 35 kDa and a pI of 8.3 and is more closely related to endoPGs from other fungal plant pathogens than to PG1, the major endoPG of F. oxysporum. Overexpression ofpg5 in a bacterial heterologous system produced a 35-kDa protein with endoPG activity. Accumulation of pg5transcript is induced by citrus pectin and d-galacturonic acid and repressed by glucose. As shown by reverse transcription-PCR,pg5 is expressed by F. oxysporum in tomato roots during the initial stages of infection. Targeted inactivation of pg5 has no detectable effect on virulence toward tomato plants.

scholarly journals Fusarium oxysporum Ste12 Controls Invasive Growth and Virulence Downstream of the Fmk1 MAPK Cascade

2009 ◽  
Vol 22 (7) ◽  
pp. 830-839 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolas Rispail ◽  
Antonio Di Pietro
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Fusarium Oxysporum ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Mapk Cascade ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase ◽  
Invasive Growth ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Hyphal Fusion ◽  
Fungal Plant Pathogens ◽  
Pectinolytic Enzymes

A conserved mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade homologous to the yeast Fus3/Kss1 mating/filamentation pathway regulates virulence in fungal plant pathogens. In the soilborne fungus Fusarium oxysporum, the MAPK Fmk1 is required for infection and development of vascular wilt disease on tomato plants. Knockout mutants lacking Fmk1 are deficient in multiple virulence-related functions, including root adhesion and penetration, invasive growth, secretion of pectinolytic enzymes, and vegetative hyphal fusion. The transcription factors mediating these different outputs downstream of the MAPK cascade are currently unknown. In this study, we have analyzed the role of ste12 which encodes an orthologue of the yeast homeodomain transcription factor Ste12p. F. oxysporum mutants lacking the ste12 gene were impaired in invasive growth on tomato and apple fruit tissue and in penetration of cellophane membranes. However, ste12 was not required for adhesion to tomato roots, secretion of pectinolytic enzymes, and vegetative hyphal fusion, suggesting that these Fmk1-dependent functions are mediated by other downstream MAPK targets. The Δste12 strains displayed dramatically reduced virulence on tomato plants, similar to the Δfmk1 mutant. These results indicate that invasive growth is the major virulence function controlled by the Fmk1 MAPK cascade and depends critically on the transcription factor Ste12.

scholarly journals Bioluminescence Imaging of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis Infection of Tomato Seeds and Plants

2010 ◽  
Vol 76 (12) ◽  
pp. 3978-3988 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiulan Xu ◽  
Sally A. Miller ◽  
Fulya Baysal-Gurel ◽  
Karl-Heinz Gartemann ◽  
Rudolf Eichenlaub ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Manipulation ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Plant Interactions ◽  
Clavibacter Michiganensis ◽  
Tomato Seed ◽  
Tomato Production ◽  
Clavibacter Michiganensis Subsp ◽  
Mirabilis Jalapa

ABSTRACT Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis is a Gram-positive bacterium that causes wilting and cankers, leading to severe economic losses in commercial tomato production worldwide. The disease is transmitted from infected seeds to seedlings and mechanically from plant to plant during seedling production, grafting, pruning, and harvesting. Because of the lack of tools for genetic manipulation, very little is known regarding the mechanisms of seed and seedling infection and movement of C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis in grafted plants, two focal points for application of bacterial canker control measures in tomato. To facilitate studies on the C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis movement in tomato seed and grafted plants, we isolated a bioluminescent C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis strain using the modified Tn1409 containing a promoterless lux reporter. A total of 19 bioluminescent C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis mutants were obtained. All mutants tested induced a hypersensitive response in Mirabilis jalapa and caused wilting of tomato plants. Real-time colonization studies of germinating seeds using a virulent, stable, constitutively bioluminescent strain, BL-Cmm17, showed that C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis aggregated on hypocotyls and cotyledons at an early stage of germination. In grafted seedlings in which either the rootstock or scion was exposed to BL-Cmm17 via a contaminated grafting knife, bacteria were translocated in both directions from the graft union at higher inoculum doses. These results emphasize the use of bioluminescent C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis to help better elucidate the C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis-tomato plant interactions. Further, we demonstrated the broader applicability of this tool by successful transformation of C. michiganensis subsp. nebraskensis with Tn1409::lux. Thus, our approach would be highly useful to understand the pathogenesis of diseases caused by other subspecies of the agriculturally important C. michiganensis.

scholarly journals Endophytic Microorganisms as an Alternative for the Biocontrol of Phytophthora spp.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hernando José Bolivar-Anillo ◽  
Victoria E. González-Rodríguez ◽  
Giovanna Reyes Almeida ◽  
Inmaculada Izquierdo-Bueno ◽  
Javier Moraga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Host Plants ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Antagonistic Activity ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Natural Ecosystems ◽  
Phytophthora Spp ◽  
Endophytic Microorganisms ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Fungicide Activity ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi

The genus Phytophthora with more than 100 described species and 58 officially recognized, phylogenetically distributed in ten clades, are important pathogenic oomycete chromists that cause important diseases in agricultural crops, trees and forests worldwide. This genus is known as \"The Plant Destroyer” which causes great economic losses with costs between 2 and 7 billion dollars per year in agricultural systems and unquantifiable losses in natural ecosystems. The host plants of the genus Phytophthora can vary from a wide range in some species to only one host, however, the host plants of the new species are still being determined and therefore the range continues to expand, that makes control exceedingly difficult. Plant damage can range from alterations in roots, fruits, trunks, stems, foliage and crown to invasive processes in highly susceptible species. Considering the wide range of hosts and organs that can be affected by Phytophthora, the use of endophytic microorganisms for the biocontrol of this phytopathogen can be an alternative to avoid losses of both crops and forests worldwide. Endophytes are microorganisms that live inside plant tissues without causing disease under any circumstances. The fact that endophytic microorganisms are able to colonize an ecological niche similar to that of some plant pathogens qualifies them as potential biocontrol agents. This chapter describes the endophytic bacteria and fungi isolated from different plant species that have shown antagonistic activity against different species of Phytophthora, as well as the metabolites isolated from these microorganisms that have shown fungicide activity and other biocontrol strategies (enzyme production, siderophores, substrate competition, among others) against Phytophthora.

scholarly journals Effect of endophytic Bacillus and arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi (AMF) against Fusarium wilt of tomato caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici

2022 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nongthombam Olivia Devi ◽  
R. K. Tombisana Devi ◽  
Manashi Debbarma ◽  
Monika Hajong ◽  
Sushanti Thokchom
Keyword(s):  
Arbuscular Mycorrhiza ◽  
Fusarium Oxysporum ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Glomus Fasciculatum ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Dual Culture ◽  
Bacillus Velezensis ◽  
Tomato Production ◽  
Funneliformis Mosseae ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Fungi

Abstract Background Fusarium wilt of tomato caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (FOL) is a serious disease that causes significant economic losses in tomato production. Seventeen endophytic Bacillus isolates from tomato roots of Meghalaya were tested for antagonistic and plant growth promotion activities. Dominating arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi (AMF) spores were isolated from the rhizosphere soils of tomato grown in Meghalaya. The effect of different combinations of AMF and endophytic Bacillus on Fusarium wilt severity and growth of tomato plant under pot and field conditions was studied. Results The endophytic Bacillus isolates ERBS51 and ERBS10 showed a maximum inhibition against FOL, with 58.43 and 55.68%, respectively, in a dual culture experiment. ERBS51 and ERBS10 were identified as Bacillus velezensis and Bacillus sp., respectively, based on 16s rRNA sequencing. Both isolates were found positive for iturin A, surfactin, bacillomycin D, protease, cellulase, pectinase, alpha-amylase, siderophore, ammonia production and ZnCO3 solubilization. Funneliformis mosseae and Glomus fasciculatum were the dominating AMF species in tomato rhizosphere of Meghalaya. The result of pot and field experiments revealed that out of all the treatments, combination of Funneliformis mosseae + Glomus fasciculatum + Bacillus velezensis + Bacillus sp. was shown to be the best in reducing the severity of Fusarium wilt to 77.44 and 66.74%, respectively. F. mosseae + G. fasciculatum + B. velezensis + Bacillus sp. also recorded the highest in most growth attributes and yield. Conclusions Endophytic Bacillus (B. velezensis and Bacillus sp.) and AMF (F. mosseae and G. fasciculatum) were safe and effective biocontrol agents against Fusarium wilt of tomato.

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