scholarly journals Effect of Tea Catechins on Influenza Infection and the Common Cold with a Focus on Epidemiological/Clinical Studies

Molecules ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (7) ◽  
pp. 1795 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daisuke Furushima ◽  
Kazuki Ide ◽  
Hiroshi Yamada
Keyword(s):  
Common Cold ◽  
Clinical Studies ◽  
Influenza Infection ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Tea Catechins ◽  
Regular Consumption ◽  
The Common

Influenza and the common cold are acute infectious diseases of the respiratory tract. Influenza is a severe disease that is highly infectious and can progress to life-threating diseases such as pneumonia or encephalitis when aggravated. Due to the fact that influenza infections and common colds spread easily via droplets and contact, public prevention measures, such as hand washing and facial masks, are recommended for influenza prophylaxis. Experimental studies have reported that tea catechins inhibited influenza viral adsorption and suppressed replication and neuraminidase activity. They were also effective against some cold viruses. In addition, tea catechins enhance immunity against viral infection. Although the antiviral activity of tea catechins has been demonstrated, the clinical evidence to support their utility remains inconclusive. Since the late 1990s, several epidemiological studies have suggested that the regular consumption of green tea decreases influenza infection rates and some cold symptoms, and that gargling with tea catechin may protect against the development of influenza infection. This review briefly summarizes the effect of tea catechins on influenza infection and the common cold with a focus on epidemiological/clinical studies, and clarifies the need for further studies to confirm their clinical efficacy.

scholarly journals Immunological characteristics govern the changing severity of COVID-19 during the transition to endemicity

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennie S Lavine ◽  
Ottar N Bjornstad ◽  
Rustom Antia
Keyword(s):  
Common Cold ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Vulnerable Groups ◽  
Model Framework ◽  
Benign Nature ◽  
The Common ◽  
Human Coronaviruses

As prospects for eradicating CoV-2 dwindle, we are faced with the question of how the severity of CoV-2 disease may change in the years ahead. Will CoV-2 continue to be a pathogenic scourge that, like smallpox or measles, can be tamed only by ongoing vaccination, or will it join the ranks of mild endemic human coronaviruses (HCoVs)? Our analysis of immunological and epidemiological data on HCoVs shows that infection-blocking immunity wanes rapidly, but disease-reducing immunity is long-lived. We estimate the relevant parameters and incorporate them into a new epidemiological model framework which separates these different components of immunity. Our model recapitulates both the current severity of CoV-2 and the relatively benign nature of HCoVs; suggesting that once the endemic phase is reached, CoV-2 may be no more virulent than the common cold. The benign outcome at the endemic phase is contingent on the virus causing primary infections in children. We predict a very different outcome were a CoV like MERS (that causes severe disease in children) to become endemic. These results force us to re-evaluate control measures that rely on identifying and isolating symptomatic infections, and reconsider ideas regarding herd immunity and the use of immune individuals as shields to protect vulnerable groups.

scholarly journals Immunological characteristics govern the transition of COVID-19 to endemicity

Science ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 371 (6530) ◽  
pp. 741-745 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennie S. Lavine ◽  
Ottar N. Bjornstad ◽  
Rustom Antia
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Common Cold ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Benign Nature ◽  
The Common ◽  
Human Coronaviruses ◽  
Pandemic Vaccine

We are currently faced with the question of how the severity of infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) may change in the years ahead. Our analysis of immunological and epidemiological data on endemic human coronaviruses (HCoVs) shows that infection-blocking immunity wanes rapidly but that disease-reducing immunity is long-lived. Our model, incorporating these components of immunity, recapitulates both the current severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection and the benign nature of HCoVs, suggesting that once the endemic phase is reached and primary exposure is in childhood, SARS-CoV-2 may be no more virulent than the common cold. We predict a different outcome for an emergent coronavirus that causes severe disease in children. These results reinforce the importance of behavioral containment during pandemic vaccine rollout, while prompting us to evaluate scenarios for continuing vaccination in the endemic phase.

scholarly journals Corona viruses: reaching far beyond the common cold

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 207-13
Author(s):  
Kathleen M Coerdt ◽  
Amor Khachemoune
Keyword(s):  
Supportive Care ◽  
Respiratory Disease ◽  
Clinical Features ◽  
Common Cold ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Diagnosis And Management ◽  
The Common ◽  
Human Coronaviruses

Background: Human coronaviruses (HCoVs) are one of the most common causes of the “common cold”. Some HCoV strains, however, can cause fatal respiratory disease. Some examples of these diseases are severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), and Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19). This article will review the etiology, clinical features, diagnosis, and management of HCoVs. Methods: A systematic literature review was performed using the terms “human coronaviruses”, “MERS-CoV”, “SARS- CoV”, “SARS-CoV2”, “COVID-19”, and “common cold” in OVID MEDLINE, PubMed, and Cochrane Library. Findings: Most HCoVs cause mild upper respiratory infections which resolve with supportive care and no sequelae. In recent decades, however, there have been outbreaks of novel HCoVs that cause more severe disease. This is largely due to HCoVs having large genomes which undergo frequent recombination events, leading to the emergence of novel and more virulent strains of the virus. These severe respiratory illnesses can lead to acute respiratory distress requiring invasive intervention, such as mechanical ventilation. These severe infections can lead to long-lasting sequelae in patients. Scientists continue to investigate potential treatments for these viruses, though supportive care remains the gold standard. Scientists have succeeded in devel- oping numerous vaccines for the SARS-CoV-2 virus, and ongoing data collection and analysis will shed even more light on the next steps in fighting the COVID-19 pandemic. Conclusion: Due to the frequency of recombination events and the subsequent emergence of novel strains, HCoVs are be- coming more prevalent, making them a global health concern as they can lead to epidemics and pandemics. Understanding the epidemiology, etiology, clinical features, diagnosis, and management of HCoVs is important, especially during this worldwide pandemic. Keywords: Coronavirus; common cold; severe respiratory disease; COVID-19.

scholarly journals Epidemiological studies on leptospirosis in Chiang Mai (Thailand)

1987 ◽  
Vol 98 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Arimitsu ◽  
S. Kobayashi ◽  
T. Matuhasi ◽  
H. Suzuki ◽  
Y. Yamaji ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Positive Reaction ◽  
School Children ◽  
Mixed Infection ◽  
Common Cold ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Agglutination Test ◽  
Chiang Mai ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Chiang Mai Province ◽  
The Common

SUMMARYA total of 270 serum samples collected in Chiang Mai province were examined for antibodies against leptospira using the microscopic agglutination test (MAT). Four of 40 serum specimens from patients who visited the hospital with the common cold, were positive with a titre of 20. Twelve (10·4%) of the 115 samples in the Doi Saket district showed a positive reaction. Only 2 of 115 sera of school children in Chiang Mai city had antibodies.Specific serovars detected wereLeptospira hebdomadis(5),L. australis(3),L. icterohaemorrhagiae(2),L. bataviae(2), and one each ofL. canicola, L. javanicaandL. pyrogenes. One case of mixed infection withL. hebdomadisandL. javanica, andL. auhnnnalisandL. australiswere observed.

scholarly journals Antioxidant Food Components for the Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases: Effects, Mechanisms, and Clinical Studies

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Dan-Dan Zhou ◽  
Min Luo ◽  
Ao Shang ◽  
Qian-Qian Mao ◽  
Bang-Yan Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Natural Products ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Bioactive Compounds ◽  
Clinical Studies ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Epigallocatechin Gallate ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
High Prevalence

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) have gained increasing attention because of their high prevalence and mortality worldwide. Epidemiological studies revealed that intake of fruits, vegetables, nuts, and cereals could reduce the risk of CVDs, and their antioxidants are considered as the main contributors. Moreover, experimental studies showed that some antioxidant natural products and their bioactive compounds exerted beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system, such as polyphenols, polysaccharides, anthocyanins, epigallocatechin gallate, quercetin, rutin, and puerarin. The mechanisms of action mainly included reducing blood pressure, improving lipid profile, ameliorating oxidative stress, mitigating inflammation, and regulating gut microbiota. Furthermore, clinical trials confirmed the cardiovascular-protective effect of some antioxidant natural products, such as soursop, beetroot, garlic, almond, and green tea. In this review, we summarized the effects of some antioxidant natural products and their bioactive compounds on CVDs based on the epidemiological, experimental, and clinical studies, with special attention paid to the relevant mechanisms and clinical trials.

Experimental Studies With the Agent of the Common Cold

Science ◽  
1947 ◽  
Vol 106 (2750) ◽  
pp. 243-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. POLLARD ◽  
C. D. CAPLOVITZ
Keyword(s):  
Common Cold ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
The Common

Exneriana – II – The Scientific Legacy of John E. Exner, Jr. 1Part of this paper was presented at the XIXth International Congress of Rorschach and Projective Methods, July 22–26, 2008, Louvain, Belgium.

2008 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Andronikof
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Studies ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Scientific Work ◽  
International Congress ◽  
Response Process ◽  
Scientific Legacy ◽  
Projective Test ◽  
Projective Methods ◽  
Comprehensive Picture ◽  
Complex Mechanisms

Based on an analysis of John Exner’s peer-reviewed published work from 1959 to 2007, plus a brief comment for an editorial in Rorschachiana, the author draws a comprehensive picture of the scientific work of this outstanding personality. The article is divided into three sections: (1) the experimental studies on the Rorschach, (2) the clinical studies using the Rorschach, and (3) Exner’s “testament,” which we draw from the last paper he saw published before his death (Exner, 2001/2002). The experimental studies were aimed at better understanding the nature of the test, in particular the respective roles of perception and projection in the response process. These fundamental studies led to a deeper understanding of the complex mechanisms involved in the Rorschach responses and introduced some hypotheses about the intentions of the author of the test. The latter were subsequently confirmed by the preparatory sketches and documents of Hermann Rorschach, which today can be seen at the H. Rorschach Archives and Museum in Bern (Switzerland). Exner’s research has evidenced the notion that the Rorschach is a perceptive-cognitive-projective test.

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