scholarly journals Chemical Composition and in Vitro Antimicrobial, Cytotoxic, and Central Nervous System Activities of the Essential Oils of Citrus medica L. cv. ‘Liscia’ and C. medica cv. ‘Rugosa’ Cultivated in Southern Italy

Molecules ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (9) ◽  
pp. 1244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luigi Aliberti ◽  
Lucia Caputo ◽  
Vincenzo De Feo ◽  
Laura De Martino ◽  
Filomena Nazzaro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Southern Italy ◽  
Citrus Medica

Neural Stem Cells to Glial Cells an Important Factor for Brain Injury

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prithiv K R Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neural Stem Cells ◽  
Glial Cells ◽  
Brain Injuries ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Near Future

Stem cells have the capacity to differentiate into any type of cell or organ. Stems cell originate from any part of the body, including the brain. Brain cells or rather neural stem cells have the capacitive advantage of differentiating into the central nervous system leading to the formation of neurons and glial cells. Neural stem cells should have a source by editing DNA, or by mixings chemical enzymes of iPSCs. By this method, a limitless number of neuron stem cells can be obtained. Increase in supply of NSCs help in repairing glial cells which in-turn heal the central nervous system. Generally, brain injuries cause motor and sensory deficits leading to stroke. With all trials from novel therapeutic methods to enhanced rehabilitation time, the economy and quality of life is suppressed. Only PSCs have proven effective for grafting cells into NSCs. Neurons derived from stem cells is the only challenge that limits in-vitro usage in the near future.

scholarly journals Beyond Oncological Hyperthermia: Physically Drivable Magnetic Nanobubbles as Novel Multipurpose Theranostic Carriers in the Central Nervous System

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 2104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eleonora Ficiarà ◽  
Shoeb Anwar Ansari ◽  
Monica Argenziano ◽  
Luigi Cangemi ◽  
Chiara Monge ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Brain Tumors ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide ◽  
Conventional Radiotherapy ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
The Brain

Magnetic Oxygen-Loaded Nanobubbles (MOLNBs), manufactured by adding Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (SPIONs) on the surface of polymeric nanobubbles, are investigated as theranostic carriers for delivering oxygen and chemotherapy to brain tumors. Physicochemical and cyto-toxicological properties and in vitro internalization by human brain microvascular endothelial cells as well as the motion of MOLNBs in a static magnetic field were investigated. MOLNBs are safe oxygen-loaded vectors able to overcome the brain membranes and drivable through the Central Nervous System (CNS) to deliver their cargoes to specific sites of interest. In addition, MOLNBs are monitorable either via Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) or Ultrasound (US) sonography. MOLNBs can find application in targeting brain tumors since they can enhance conventional radiotherapy and deliver chemotherapy being driven by ad hoc tailored magnetic fields under MRI and/or US monitoring.

scholarly journals Effects of Platelet-Rich Plasma on Cellular Populations of the Central Nervous System: The Influence of Donor Age

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 1725
Author(s):  
Diego Delgado ◽  
Ane Miren Bilbao ◽  
Maider Beitia ◽  
Ane Garate ◽  
Pello Sánchez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cellular Response ◽  
Platelet Rich Plasma ◽  
Biological Response ◽  
In Vitro Models ◽  
Molecular Composition ◽  
Cellular Models ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is a biologic therapy that promotes healing responses across multiple medical fields, including the central nervous system (CNS). The efficacy of this therapy depends on several factors such as the donor’s health status and age. This work aims to prove the effect of PRP on cellular models of the CNS, considering the differences between PRP from young and elderly donors. Two different PRP pools were prepared from donors 65–85 and 20–25 years old. The cellular and molecular composition of both PRPs were analyzed. Subsequently, the cellular response was evaluated in CNS in vitro models, studying proliferation, neurogenesis, synaptogenesis, and inflammation. While no differences in the cellular composition of PRPs were found, the molecular composition of the Young PRP showed lower levels of inflammatory molecules such as CCL-11, as well as the presence of other factors not found in Aged PRP (GDF-11). Although both PRPs had effects in terms of reducing neural progenitor cell apoptosis, stabilizing neuronal synapses, and decreasing inflammation in the microglia, the effect of the Young PRP was more pronounced. In conclusion, the molecular composition of the PRP, conditioned by the age of the donors, affects the magnitude of the biological response.

scholarly journals Design and In Vitro Study of a Dual Drug-Loaded Delivery System Produced by Electrospinning for the Treatment of Acute Injuries of the Central Nervous System

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 848
Author(s):  
Luisa Stella Dolci ◽  
Rosaria Carmela Perone ◽  
Roberto Di Gesù ◽  
Mallesh Kurakula ◽  
Chiara Gualandi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Delivery System ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
In Vitro Release ◽  
Health Priorities ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Vitro Release ◽  
Dual Drug

Vascular and traumatic injuries of the central nervous system are recognized as global health priorities. A polypharmacology approach that is able to simultaneously target several injury factors by the combination of agents having synergistic effects appears to be promising. Herein, we designed a polymeric delivery system loaded with two drugs, ibuprofen (Ibu) and thyroid hormone triiodothyronine (T3) to in vitro release the suitable amount of the anti-inflammation and the remyelination drug. As a production method, electrospinning technology was used. First, Ibu-loaded micro (diameter circa 0.95–1.20 µm) and nano (diameter circa 0.70 µm) fibers were produced using poly(l-lactide) PLLA and PLGA with different lactide/glycolide ratios (50:50, 75:25, and 85:15) to select the most suitable polymer and fiber diameter. Based on the in vitro release results and in-house knowledge, PLLA nanofibers (mean diameter = 580 ± 120 nm) loaded with both Ibu and T3 were then successfully produced by a co-axial electrospinning technique. The in vitro release studies demonstrated that the final Ibu/T3 PLLA system extended the release of both drugs for 14 days, providing the target sustained release. Finally, studies in cell cultures (RAW macrophages and neural stem cell-derived oligodendrocyte precursor cells—OPCs) demonstrated the anti-inflammatory and promyelinating efficacy of the dual drug-loaded delivery platform.

scholarly journals Absence of the αvβ3 Integrin Dictates the Time-Course of Angiogenesis in the Hypoxic Central Nervous System: Accelerated Endothelial Proliferation Correlates with Compensatory Increases in α5β1 Integrin Expression

2010 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 1031-1043 ◽  
Author(s):  
Longxuan Li ◽  
Jennifer V Welser ◽  
Richard Milner
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Αvβ3 Integrin ◽  
Integrin Expression ◽  
Brain Endothelial Cells ◽  
Endothelial Proliferation ◽  
Β3 Integrin ◽  
Α5β1 Integrin

Cerebral angiogenesis is an important adaptive response to hypoxia. As the αvβ3 integrin is induced on angiogenic vessels in the ischemic central nervous system (CNS), and the suggested angiogenic role for this integrin in other systems, it is important to determine whether the αvβ3 integrin is an important mediator of cerebral angiogenesis. αvβ3 integrin expression was examined in a model of cerebral hypoxia, in which mice were subject to hypoxia (8% O2) for 0, 4, 7, or 14 days. Immunofluorescence and western blot analysis revealed that in the hypoxic CNS, αvβ3 integrin was strongly induced on angiogenic brain endothelial cells (BEC), along with its ligand vitronectin. In the hypoxia model, β3 integrin-null mice showed no obvious defect in cerebral angiogenesis. However, early in the angiogenic process, BEC in these mice showed an increased mitotic index that correlated closely with increased α5 integrin expression. In vitro experiments confirmed α5 integrin upregulation on β3 integrin-null BEC, which also correlated with increased BEC proliferation on fibronectin. These studies confirm hypoxic induction of αvβ3 integrin on angiogenic vessels, but suggest distinct roles for the BEC integrins αvβ3 and α5β1 in cerebral angiogenesis, with αvβ3 having a nonessential role, and α5β1 promoting BEC proliferation.

scholarly journals INFLUENCE OF ANESTHESIA ON EXPERIMENTAL NEUROTROPIC VIRUS INFECTIONS

1946 ◽  
Vol 84 (4) ◽  
pp. 277-292 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Edward Sulkin ◽  
Christine Zarafonetis ◽  
Andres Goth
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Diethyl Ether ◽  
Cervical Region ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Ether Anesthesia ◽  
Neurotropic Virus ◽  
Experimental Infections

Anesthesia with diethyl ether significantly alters the course and outcome of experimental infections with the equine encephalomyelitis virus (Eastern or Western type) or with the St. Louis encephalitis virus. No comparable effect is observed in experimental infections produced with rabies or poliomyelitis (Lansing) viruses. The neurotropic virus infections altered by ether anesthesia are those caused by viruses which are destroyed in vitro by this anesthetic, and those infections not affected by ether anesthesia are caused by viruses which apparently are not destroyed by ether in vitro. Another striking difference between these two groups of viruses is their pathogenesis in the animal host; those which are inhibited in vivo by ether anesthesia tend to infect cells of the cortex, basal ganglia, and only occasionally the cervical region of the cord. On the other hand, those which are not inhibited in vivo by ether anesthesia tend to involve cells of the lower central nervous system and in the case of rabies, peripheral nerves. This difference is of considerable importance in view of the fact that anesthetics affect cells of the lower central nervous system only in very high concentrations. It is obvious from the complexity of the problem that no clear-cut statement can be made at this point as to the mechanism of the observed effect of ether anesthesia in reducing the mortality rate in certain of the experimental neurotropic virus infections. Important possibilities include a direct specific effect of diethyl ether upon the virus and a less direct effect of the anesthetic upon the virus through its alteration of the metabolism of the host cell.

scholarly journals Glioblastoma infiltration into central nervous system tissue in vitro: involvement of a metalloprotease.

1988 ◽  
Vol 107 (6) ◽  
pp. 2281-2291 ◽  
Author(s):  
P A Paganetti ◽  
P Caroni ◽  
M E Schwab
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
White Matter ◽  
Optic Nerve ◽  
Cell Attachment ◽  
Neurite Growth ◽  
Cell Spreading ◽  
C6 Cells ◽  
3T3 Fibroblasts

Differentiated oligodendrocytes and central nervous system (CNS) myelin are nonpermissive substrates for neurite growth and for cell attachment and spreading. This property is due to the presence of membrane-bound inhibitory proteins of 35 and 250 kD and is specifically neutralized by monoclonal antibody IN-1 (Caroni, P., and M. E. Schwab. 1988. Neuron. 1:85-96). Using rat optic nerve explants, CNS frozen sections, cultured oligodendrocytes or CNS myelin, we show here that highly invasive CNS tumor line (C6 glioblastoma) was not inhibited by these myelin-associated inhibitory components. Lack of inhibition was due to a specific mechanism as the metalloenzyme blocker 1,10-phenanthroline and two synthetic dipeptides containing metalloprotease-blocking sequences (gly-phe, tyr-tyr) specifically impaired C6 cell spreading on CNS myelin. In the presence of these inhibitors, C6 cells were affected by the IN-1-sensitive inhibitors in the same manner as control cells, e.g., 3T3 fibroblasts or B16 melanomas. Specific blockers of the serine, cysteine, and aspartyl protease classes had no effect. C6 cell spreading on inhibitor-free substrates such as CNS gray matter, peripheral nervous system myelin, glass, or poly-D-lysine was not sensitive to 1,10-phenanthroline. The nonpermissive substrate properties of CNS myelin were strongly reduced by incubation with a plasma membrane fraction prepared from C6 cells. This reduction was sensitive to the same inhibitors of metalloproteases. In our in vitro model for CNS white matter invasion, cell infiltration of optic nerve explants, which occurred with C6 cells but not with 3T3 fibroblasts or B16 melanomas, was impaired by the presence of the metalloprotease blockers. These results suggest that C6 cell infiltrative behavior in CNS white matter in vitro occurs by means of a metalloproteolytic activity, which probably acts on the myelin-associated inhibitory substrates.

scholarly journals Astrocyte-Derived CCL2 is Associated with M1 Activation and Recruitment of Cultured Microglial Cells

2016 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 859-870 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mingfeng He ◽  
Hongquan Dong ◽  
Yahui Huang ◽  
Shunmei Lu ◽  
Shu Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Microglial Activation ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Microglial Cells ◽  
Migration Ability ◽  
Migration Assay ◽  
Tnf Α

Background/Aims: Microglia are an essential player in central nervous system inflammation. Recent studies have demonstrated that the astrocytic chemokine, CCL2, is associated with microglial activation in vivo. However, CCL2-induced microglial activation has not yet been studied in vitro. The purpose of the current study was to understand the role of astrocyte-derived CCL2 in microglial activation and to elucidate the underlying mechanism(s). Methods: Primary astrocytes were pre-treated with CCL2 siRNA and stimulated with TNF-α. The culture medium (CM) was collected and added to cultures of microglia, which were incubated with and without CCR2 inhibitor. Microglial cells were analyzed by quantitative RT-PCR to determine whether they polarized to the M1 or M2 state. Microglial migratory ability was assessed by transwell migration assay. Results: TNF-α stimulated the release of CCL2 from astrocytes, even if the culture media containing TNF-α was replaced with fresh media after 3 h. CM from TNF-α-stimulated astrocytes successfully induced microglial activation, which was ascertained by increased activation of M1 and enhanced migration ability. In contrast, CM from astrocytes pretreated with CCL2 siRNA showed no effect on microglial activation, compared to controls. Additionally, microglia pre-treated with RS102895, a CCR2 inhibitor, were resistant to activation by CM from TNF-α-stimulated astrocytes. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that the CCL2/CCR2 pathway of astrocyte-induced microglial activation is associated with M1 polarization and enhanced migration ability, indicating that this pathway could be a useful target to ameliorate inflammation in the central nervous system.

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