scholarly journals In Vitro Inhibition of Human UDP-Glucuronosyl-Transferase (UGT) Isoforms by Astaxanthin, β-Cryptoxanthin, Canthaxanthin, Lutein, and Zeaxanthin: Prediction of in Vivo Dietary Supplement-Drug Interactions

Molecules ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (8) ◽  
pp. 1052 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Zheng ◽  
Jee Min ◽  
Doyun Kim ◽  
Jung Park ◽  
Sung-Wook Choi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Interactions ◽  
Dietary Supplement ◽  
In Vitro Inhibition ◽  
Glucuronosyl Transferase

scholarly journals Application of Static Modeling ­­in the Prediction of In Vivo Drug–Drug Interactions between Rivaroxaban and Antiarrhythmic Agents Based on In Vitro Inhibition Studies

2017 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 260-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eleanor Jing Yi Cheong ◽  
Janice Jia Ni Goh ◽  
Yanjun Hong ◽  
Gopalakrishnan Venkatesan ◽  
Yuanjie Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Interactions ◽  
Antiarrhythmic Agents ◽  
Static Modeling ◽  
In Vitro Inhibition ◽  
Inhibition Studies

A NEW NON-PROTEIN NITROGEN SOURCE FOR RUMINANTS

1969 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. P. Milligan ◽  
A. R. Robblee ◽  
J. C. Wood ◽  
W. C. Kay ◽  
S. K. Chakrabartty
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Source ◽  
Dietary Supplement ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Feeding Trial ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Rumen Microorganisms ◽  
Production Of Ammonia

The preparation of a polymer of urea and furfural containing 23.2% nitrogen is described. This product was converted by rumen microorganisms in vitro to ammonia at a rate approximately one-seventh that of conversion of urea to ammonia. Use of the polymer as a dietary supplement in a feeding trial with lambs improved nitrogen retention over that of unsupplemented controls by 3.45 g of nitrogen retained per day, while an isonitrogenous quantity of supplemental urea improved nitrogen retention by 0.51 g of nitrogen retained per day. The blood urea pattern, throughout the day, of lambs adapted to control, urea-supplemented and urea–furfural polymer-supplemented rations indicated a slow, prolonged production of ammonia from the latter supplement and very rapid, short-term degradation of urea in vivo.

scholarly journals Hierarchy of evidence in interpretation of clinical significance of drug interactions

2012 ◽  
Vol 65 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 45-49
Author(s):  
Bozana Nikolic ◽  
Miroslav Savic
Keyword(s):  
Drug Metabolism ◽  
Drug Interactions ◽  
Clinical Significance ◽  
Health Professionals ◽  
Molecular Entity ◽  
Population Pharmacokinetic ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Studies ◽  
Potential Interactions

Introduction. Since drug interactions may result in serious adverse effects or failure of therapy, it is of huge importance that health professionals base their decisions about drug prescription, dispensing and administration on reliable research evidence, taking into account the hierarchy of data sources for evaluation. Clinical Significance of Potential Interactions - Information Sources. The sources of data regarding drug interactions are numerous, beginning with various drug reference books. However, they are far from uniformity in the way of choosing and presenting putative clinically relevant interactions. Clinical Significance of Potential Interactions - Interpretation of Information. The difficulties in interpretation of drug interactions are illustrated through the analysis of a published example involving assessment made by two different groups of health professionals. Systematic Evaluation of Drug-Drug Interaction. The potential for interactions is mainly investigated before marketing a drug. Generally, the in vitro, followed by in vivo studies are to be performed. The major metabolic pathways involved in the metabolism of a new molecular entity, as well as the potential of induction of human enzymes involved in drug metabolism are to be examined. In the field of interaction research it is possible to make use of the population pharmacokinetic studies as well as of the pharmacodynamic assessment, and also the postregistration monitoring of the reported adverse reactions and other literature data. Conclusion. In vitro and in vivo drug metabolism and transport studies should be conducted to elucidate the mechanisms and potential for drug-drug interactions. The assessment of their clinical significance should be based on well-defined and validated exposure-response data.

Oral Terbinafine: A New Antifungal Agent

1997 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 445-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan M Abdel-Rahman ◽  
Milap C Nahata
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Drug Interactions ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Current Standard ◽  
Open Label ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Pathogenic Yeast

Objective To review the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, adverse effects, drug interactions, and dosage guidelines of terbinafine. Available comparative data of terbinafine and other antimycotic agents are described for understanding the potential role of terbinafine in patient care. Data Sources A MEDLINE search restricted to English language during 1966–1996 and extensive review of journals was conducted to prepare this article. MeSH headings included allylamines, terbinafine, SF 86–327, dermatophytosis, dermatomycosis. Data Extraction The data on pharmacokinetics, adverse effects, and drug interactions were obtained from open-label and controlled studies and case reports. Controlled single- or double-blind studies were evaluated to describe the efficacy of terbinafine in the treatment of various fungal infections. Data Synthesis Terbinafine is the first oral antimycotic in the allylamines class: a fungicidal agent that inhibits ergosterol synthesis at the stage of squalene epoxidation. Terbinafine demonstrates excellent in vitro activity against the majority of dermatophyte species including Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, and Epidermophyton floccosum; less activity is seen against Dematiaceae and the filamentous fungi. It is least active against the pathogenic yeast and this correlates with the relatively poor efficacy against these organisms in vivo. High concentrations of terbinafine are achieved in keratinous tissues, the site of superficial infections, and these concentrations are maintained for up to 3 months. The clinical efficacy of terbinafine against a number of dermatophyte infections exceeds that of the current standard of therapy, griseofulvin. The efficacy of terbinafine may be as good or better than that of the azole antifungals. Additional studies are required to confirm these observations. Terbinafine demonstrates a good safety profile, and relatively few drug interactions have been identified. Conclusions Terbinafine is more effective than the gold standard, griseofulvin, in the treatment of tinea pedis and tinea unguinum, with considerably shorter treatment duration in the latter. It has been proven as effective as griseofulvin in the treatment of tinea capitis, tinea corporis, and tinea cruris. Terbinafine does not appear to offer any advantage in the treatment of nondermatophyte infections; its utility in the treatment of systemic infections has yet to be established. Depending on individual institutional costs, terbinafine may be a front-line drug for some superficial infections responding poorly to the current standard of therapy.

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