scholarly journals Mineralogical Diversity of Ca2SiO4-Bearing Combustion Metamorphic Rocks in the Hatrurim Basin: Implications for Storage and Partitioning of Elements in Oil Shale Clinkering

Minerals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 465 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ella Sokol ◽  
Svetlana Kokh ◽  
Victor Sharygin ◽  
Victoria Danilovsky ◽  
Yurii Seryotkin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Trace Element ◽  
Mineral Chemistry ◽  
Low Pressure ◽  
Joint Effect ◽  
Cement Clinker ◽  
Element Partitioning ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
Oil Shales

This is the first attempt to provide a general mineralogical and geochemical survey of natural Ca2SiO4-bearing combustion metamorphic (CM) rocks produced by annealing and decarbonation of bioproductive Maastrichtian oil shales in the Hatrurim Basin (Negev Desert, Israel). We present a synthesis of data collected for fifteen years on thirty nine minerals existing as fairly large grains suitable for analytical examination. The Hatrurim Ca2SiO4-bearing CM rocks, which are natural analogs of industrial cement clinker, have been studied comprehensively, with a focus on several key issues: major- and trace-element compositions of the rocks and their sedimentary precursors; mineral chemistry of rock-forming phases; accessory mineralogy; incorporation of heavy metals and other trace elements into different phases of clinker-like natural assemblages; role of trace elements in stabilization/destabilization of Ca2SiO4 polymorphic modifications; mineralogical diversity of Ca2SiO4-bearing CM rocks and trace element partitioning during high-temperature–low-pressure anhydrous sintering. The reported results have implications for mineral formation and element partitioning during high-temperature–low-pressure combustion metamorphism of trace element-loaded bituminous marine chalky sediments (“oil shales”) as well as for the joint effect of multiple elements on the properties and hydration behavior of crystalline phases in industrial cement clinkers.

Halogens in the mantle beneath the North Atlantic

1980 ◽  
Vol 297 (1431) ◽  
pp. 147-178 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Trace Element ◽  
Partial Melting ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
Low Pressure ◽  
The North ◽  
Mid Atlantic Ridge ◽  
Ionic Size ◽  
The North Atlantic ◽  
Incompatible Trace Elements

F, Cl and Br contents of tholeiitic volcanic glasses dredged along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge from 53° to 28° N, including the transect over the Azores Plateau, are reported. The halogen variations parallel those of 87 Sr/ 86 Sr, La/Sm or other incompatible elements of varying volatility. The latitudinal halogen variation pattern is not obliterated if only Mg-rich lavas are considered. Variations in extent of low-pressure fractional crystallization or partial melting conditions do not appear to be the primary cause of the halogen variations. Instead, mantle-derived heterogeneities in halogens, with major enrichments in the mantle beneath the Azores, are suggested. The Azores platform is not only a ‘hotspot’ but also a ‘wetspot’, which may explain the unusually intense Azores volcanic activity. The magnitude of the halogen and incompatible element enrichments beneath the Azores appear strongly dependent on the size of these anions and cations, but independent of relative volatility at low pressure. The large anions Cl and Br behave similarly to large cations Rb, Cs and Ba, and the smaller anion F similarly to Sr and P. Processes involving crystal and liquid (fluid and/or melt), CO 2 rather than H 2 O dominated, seem to have produced these largescale mantle heterogeneities. Geochemical ‘anomalies’ beneath the Azores are no longer apparent for coherent element pair ratios of similar ionic size. Values of such ‘unfractionated’ coherent trace element ratios provide an indication of the mantle composition and its nature before fractionation event (s) which produced the inferred isotopic and trace element heterogeneities apparently present beneath the North Atlantic. The relative trace element composition of this precursor mantle does not resemble that of carbonaceous chondrites except for refractory trace element pairs of similar ionic size. It is strongly depleted in halogens, and to a lesser extent in large alkali ions Rb and Cs relative to refractory Ba. These relative depletions are comparable within a factor of 5 to Ganapathy & Anders’s estimates for the bulk Earth, with the exception of Cs. There is also evidence for removal of phosphorus into the iron core during its formation. With the exception of San Miguel, alkali basalts from the Azores Islands appear to have been derived from the same mantle source as tholeiitic basalts from the ridge transect over the Azores Platform but by half as much degree of partial melting. The Azores subaerial basalts seem to have been partly degassed in Cl, Br and F, in decreasing order of intensity. A working model involving metasomatism from release of fluids at phase transformation during convective mantle overturns is proposed to explain the formation of mantle plumes or diapirs enriched in larger relative to smaller halogen and other incompatible trace elements. The model is ad hoc and needs testing. However, any other dynamical model accounting for the 400 -1000 km long gradients in incompatible trace elements, halogens and radiogenic isotopes along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge should, at some stage, require either (1) some variable extent of mixing or (2) differential migration of liquid relative to crystals followed by re-equilibration (or both), as a diffusion controlled mechanism over such large distances is clearly ruled out, given the age of the Earth.

Minor- and trace-element composition of trioctahedral micas: a review

2001 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 249-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Tischendorf ◽  
H.-J. Förster ◽  
B. Gottesmann
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Trace Element ◽  
Analytical Data ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Trace Element Composition ◽  
Element Composition ◽  
Element Partitioning ◽  
Analytical Strategies ◽  
Variscan Granites ◽  
Host Rocks

AbstractMore than 19,000 analytical data mainly from the literature were used to study statistically the distribution patterns of F and the oxides of minor and trace elements (Ti, Sn, Sc, V, Cr, Ga, Mn, Co, Ni, Zn, Sr, Ba, Rb, Cs) in trioctahedral micas of the system phlogopite-annite/siderophyllite-polylithionite (PASP), which is divided here into seven varieties, whose compositional ranges are defined by the parametermgli(= octahedral Mg minus Li). Plots of trace-element contentsvs.mglireveal that the elements form distinct groups according to the configuration of their distribution patterns. Substitution of most of these elements was established as a function ofmgli. Micas incorporate the elements in different abundances of up to four orders of magnitude between the concentration highs and lows in micas of ‘normal’ composition. Only Zn, Sr and Sc are poorly correlated tomgli. In compositional extremes, some elements (Zn, Mn, Ba, Sr, Cs, Rb) may be enriched by up to 2–3 orders of magnitude relative to their mean abundance in the respective mica variety. Mica/melt partition coefficients calculated for Variscan granites of the German Erzgebirge demonstrate that trace-element partitioning is strongly dependent on the position of the mica in the PASP system, which has to be considered in petrogenetic modelling.This review indicates that for a number of trace elements, the concentration ranges are poorly known for some of the mica varieties, as they are for particular host rocks (i.e. igneous rocks of A-type affiliation). The study should help to develop optimal analytical strategies and to provide a tool to distinguish between micas of ‘normal’ and ‘abnormal’ trace-element composition.

Trace element partitioning during the retorting of Condor and Rundle oil shales

1988 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 532-537 ◽  
Author(s):  
John H. Patterson ◽  
Leslie S. Dale ◽  
James F. Chapman
Keyword(s):  
Trace Element ◽  
Trace Element Partitioning ◽  
Element Partitioning ◽  
Oil Shales

scholarly journals The Relation between Trace Element Composition of Cu-(Fe) Sulfides and Hydrothermal Alteration in a Porphyry Copper Deposit: Insights from the Chuquicamata Underground Mine, Chile

Minerals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 671
Author(s):  
Constanza Rivas-Romero ◽  
Martin Reich ◽  
Fernando Barra ◽  
Daniel Gregory ◽  
Sergio Pichott
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Trace Element ◽  
Hydrothermal Alteration ◽  
Trace Element Composition ◽  
Element Composition ◽  
Underground Mine ◽  
Potassic Alteration ◽  
Porphyry Cu ◽  
Lower Temperature

Porphyry Cu-Mo deposits are among the world’s largest source of Cu, Mo, and Re, and are also an important source of other trace elements, such as Au and Ag. Despite the fact that chalcopyrite, bornite, and pyrite are the most common sulfides in this deposit type, their trace element content remains poorly constrained. In particular, little is known about minor and trace elements partitioning into Cu-(Fe) sulfides as a function of temperature and pH of the hydrothermal fluid. In this study, we report a comprehensive geochemical database of chalcopyrite, bornite, and pyrite in the super-giant Chuquicamata porphyry Cu-Mo deposit in northern Chile. The aim of our study, focused on the new Chuquicamata Underground mine, was to evaluate the trace element composition of each sulfide from the different hydrothermal alteration assemblages in the deposit. Our approach combines the electron microprobe analysis (EMPA) and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) of sulfide minerals obtained from six representative drill cores that crosscut the chloritic (propylitic), background potassic, intense potassic, and quartz-sericite (phyllic) alteration zones. Microanalytical results show that chalcopyrite, bornite, and pyrite contain several trace elements, and the concentration varies significantly between hydrothermal alteration assemblages. Chalcopyrite, for example, is a host of Se (≤22,000 ppm), Pb (≤83.00 ppm), Sn (≤68.20 ppm), Ag (≤45.1 ppm), Bi (≤25.9 ppm), and In (≤22.8 ppm). Higher concentrations of Se, In, Pb, and Sn in chalcopyrite are related to the high temperature background potassic alteration, whereas lower concentrations of these elements are associated with the lower temperature alteration types: quartz-sericite and chloritic. Bornite, on the other hand, is only observed in the intense and background potassic alteration zones and is a significant host of Ag (≤752 ppm) and Bi (≤2960 ppm). Higher concentrations of Ag and Sn in bornite are associated with the intense potassic alteration, whereas lower concentrations of those two elements are observed in the background potassic alteration. Among all of the sulfide minerals analyzed, pyrite is the most significant host of trace elements, with significant concentrations of Co (≤1530 ppm), Ni (≤960 ppm), Cu (≤9700 ppm), and Ag (≤450 ppm). Co, Ni, Ag, and Cu concentration in pyrite vary with alteration: higher Ag and Cu concentrations are related to the high temperature background potassic alteration. The highest Co contents are associated with lower temperature alteration types (e.g., chloritic). These data indicate that the trace element concentration of chalcopyrite, bornite, and pyrite changed as a function of hydrothermal alteration is controlled by several factors, including temperature, pH, fO2, fS2, and the presence of co-crystallizing phases. Overall, our results provide new information on how trace element partitioning into sulfides relates to the main hydrothermal and mineralization events controlling the elemental budget at Chuquicamata. In particular, our data show that elemental ratios in chalcopyrite (e.g., Se/In) and, most importantly, pyrite (e.g., Ag/Co and Co/Cu) bear the potential for vectoring towards porphyry mineralization and higher Cu resources.

Element Partitioning (Mineral-Melt, Metal-/Sulfide-Silicate) in Planetary Sciences

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brandon Mahan
Keyword(s):  
Free Energy ◽  
Trace Elements ◽  
Partition Coefficient ◽  
Trace Element ◽  
Gibbs Free Energy ◽  
Major Element ◽  
Molar Fraction ◽  
Metal Sulfide ◽  
Trace Element Partitioning ◽  
Element Partitioning

Element partitioning—at its most basic—is the distribution of an element of interest between two constituent phases as a function of some process. Major constituent elements generally affect the thermodynamic environment (chemical equilibrium) and therefore trace element partitioning is often considered, as trace elements are present in minute quantities and their equilibrium exchange reactions do not impart significant changes to the larger system. Trace elements are responsive to thermodynamic conditions, and thus they act as passive tracers of chemical reactions without appreciably influencing the bulk reactions themselves. In planetary sciences, the phase pairs typically considered are mineral-melt, metal-silicate, and sulfide-silicate, owing largely to the ubiquity of their coexistence in planetary materials across scales and context, from the micrometer-sized components of meteorites up to the size of planets (thousands of kilometers). It is common to speak of trace elements in terms of their tendency toward forming metallic, sulfidic, or oxide phases, and the terms “siderophile,” “chalcophile,” and “lithophile” (respectively) are used to define these tendencies under what is known as the Goldschmidt Classification scheme. The metric of an element’s tendency to concentrate into one phase relative to another is expressed as the ratio of its concentration (as a weight or molar fraction) in one phase over another, where convention dictates the reference frame as solid over liquid, and metal or sulfide over silicate; this mathematical term is the element’s partition coefficient, or distribution coefficient, between the two respective phases,DMPhaseBPhaseA (where M is the element of interest, most often reported as molar fraction), or simply DM. In general, trace elements obey Henry’s Law, where the element’s activity and concentration are linearly proportional. Practically speaking, this means that the element is sufficiently dilute in the system such that its atoms interact negligibly with one another compared to their interactions with major element phases, and thus the trace element’s partition coefficient in most settings is not appreciably affected by its concentration. The radius and charge of an element’s ionized species (its ionic radius and valence state)—in relation to either the major element ion for which it is substituting or the lattice site vacancy or interstitial space it is filling—generally determine the likelihood of trace element substitution or vacancy/interstitial fill (along with the net charge of the lattice space). The key energy consideration that underlies an element’s partitioning is the Gibbs free energy of reaction between the phases involved. Gibbs free energy is the change in internal energy associated with a chemical reaction (at a given temperature and pressure) that can be used to do work, and is denoted as ΔGrxn. Reactions with negative ΔGrxn values are spontaneous, and the magnitude of this negative value for a given phase, for example, a metal oxide, denotes the relative affinity of the metal toward forming oxides. That is to say, an element with a highly negative ΔGrxn for its oxide species at relevant pressure-temperature conditions will tend to be found in oxide and silicate minerals, that is, it will be lithophile (and vice versa for siderophile elements). Trace element partitioning systematics in mineral-melt and metal-/sulfide-silicate systems have boundless applications in planetary science. A growing collective understanding of the partition coefficients of elements has been built on decades of physical chemistry, deterministic theory, petrology, experimental petrology, and natural observations. Leveraging this immense intellectual, technical, and methodological foundation, modern trace element partitioning research is particularly aimed at constraining the evolution of plate tectonics on Earth (conditions and timing of onset), understanding the formation history of planetary materials such as chondrite meteorites and their constituents (e.g., chondrules), and de-convolving the multiply operating processes at play during the accretion and differentiation of Earth and other terrestrial planets.

Energy Critical Element and Precious Metal Deportment in Cu-(Fe-) Sulphides from the Bingham Canyon Porphyry Cu-Mo-Au Deposit

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maurice Brodbeck ◽  
Sean McClenaghan ◽  
Balz Samuel Kamber ◽  
Patrick Redmond
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Trace Element ◽  
Porphyry Copper ◽  
Precious Metals ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Critical Element ◽  
Research Attention ◽  
Element Partitioning ◽  
Icp Ms ◽  
By Products

<p>Porphyry copper deposits are predominantly mined for the major commodities Cu, Mo and Au. From some of these deposits, minor (trace) elements are also recovered as by-products (e.g. Ag, Pd, Te, Se, Bi, Zn, Pb). This list will potentially expand with the increasing demand for critical raw materials in modern energy-related technologies. Key components for such technologies are energy-critical elements (ECEs), many of which are classified as credit elements (e.g. Co, Ga, Ge and In). However, even if currently recovered as by-products, their deportment in copper ores and their overall distribution at the deposit scale have received little research attention. This gap in knowledge is limiting more effective recovery of ECEs. The same applies to elements that might incur refining penalties (e.g. As, Cd, Sb and Sn). Characterizing the trace element inventory of host mineral phases contributes to an improved understanding of the distribution of trace metals. By informing geometallurgy, element deportment studies can thus potentially promote economic and ecologic benefits in the form of improving recovery, adding value to ore resources and helping to reduce the dispersion of deleterious metals into the environment.</p><p>This study focused on the deportment of ECEs and precious metals in the northwestern high-grade section of the Bingham Canyon Cu-Mo-Au porphyry deposit. Contained Cu-(Fe-) sulphides were characterised with scanning electron microscopy and analysed by laser ablation (LA) ICP-MS for their metal endowment and for their potential use as discriminators of magmatic-hydrothermal processes. The availability of copper (iron) sulfides was found to exert principal control over the chalcophile trace element budget. The abundance of bornite and digenite primarily controls the Bi and Ag- budgets of the overall system and significantly affects variations in Te and Se. Chalcopyrite predominantly controls the Co, Ga and In budgets. By contrast, Ge, As, Cd, Sn, Sb and Au are not significantly controlled by the major sulfides indicating their residence in accessory phases. The presence of electrum and Ag-(Au) tellurides governs the distribution of Au, and most likely also the Te budget.<br>At the small scale relevant to mineral processing, the Bingham ore shows a particularly interesting phenomenon. Digenite (Cu<sub>9</sub>S<sub>5</sub>) is invariably present within bornite likely as the exsolution product of a copper-rich bornite solid solution. LA-ICP-MS analyses revealed that the exsolution process has resulted in a redistribution of trace elements, including some ECEs. Trace element partitioning between bornite and digenite is evident in element maps of the complex intergrowths. Silver, Te and Au strongly partition into digenite, while Se seems to retain its primary homogenous distribution, unaffected by exsolution. Elements that are preferentially retained in bornite (Sn and Bi), or at similar levels between the two sulphide species (In) show more complex zoning patterns in bornite. Zones of lowest concentration in bornite, peripheral around exsolved digenite grains, indicate stress-induced diffusion due to accumulating lattice distortions in bornite during digenite growth. The findings from digenite exsolution in bornite at Bingham show that relatively late, solid-state processes can result in complex deportment of precious metals and ECEs within copper-iron sulphides.</p>

Partitioning of trace elements between garnet, clinopyroxene and diamond-forming carbonate-silicate melt at 7 GPa

2010 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 227-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. V. Kuzyura ◽  
F. Wall ◽  
T. Jeffries ◽  
Yu. A. Litvin
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Trace Element ◽  
Element Distribution ◽  
Silicate Melt ◽  
Trace Element Distribution ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Trace Element Partitioning ◽  
Element Partitioning ◽  
Icp Ms ◽  
Melt Composition

AbstractConcentrations of trace elements in coexisting garnet, clinopyroxene and completely miscible carbonate-silicate melt (formed at 7 GPa from the Chagatai silicocarbonatite rock known to be diamondiferous) were determined using LA-ICP-MS. The partition coefficients for Li, Rb, Cs, Ba, Th, U, Ta, Nb, La, Ce, Pb, Pr, Sr, Nd, Zr, Hf, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Y, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, Sc and Zn were determined. The new experimental data for trace-element partitioning between garnet, clinopyroxene and carbonate-silicate melt have been compared with published data for partitioning between garnet, clinopyroxene and carbonatite melt, and garnet, clinopyroxene and silicate melt. The results show that the trace-element partitioning is not significantly altered by changes in melt composition, with HREE always concentrated in the garnet. Carbonate-silicate melt, as a diamond-forming medium, and carbonatite or silicate melt equilibrated with mantle silicate minerals, behave similarly in respect of trace-element distribution.

Modelling clinopyroxene/melt partition coefficients for higher upper mantle pressures 

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Marleen Schmidt ◽  
Lena Noack
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Trace Element ◽  
Thermodynamic Model ◽  
Upper Mantle ◽  
Partition Coefficients ◽  
Trace Element Partitioning ◽  
Partial Melt ◽  
Element Partitioning ◽  
Incompatible Trace Elements ◽  
Free Element

<p>When partial melt occurs in the mantle, redistribution of trace elements between the solid mantle material and partial melt takes place. Partition coefficients play an important role when determining the amount of trace elements that get redistributed into the melt. Due to a lower density compared to surrounding solid rock, partial melt that was generated in the upper mantle will rise towards the surface, leaving the upper mantle depleted in incompatible trace elements and an enriched crust. Studies investigating trace element partitioning in the mantle typically rely on constant partition coefficients throughout the mantle, even though it is known that partition coefficients depend on pressure, temperature, and composition. Between the pressures of 0-15 GPa, partition coefficients vary by two orders of magnitude along both, solidus and liquidus. Since partition coefficients exhibit a parabolic relationship in an Onuma diagram, a similar variation is expected for all trace element partition coefficients that can be derived from the sodium partition coefficients.</p><p>In this study, we developed a thermodynamic model for sodium in clinopyroxene after Blundy et al. (1995). With the thermodynamic model results, we were able to deduce a P-T dependent equation for sodium partitioning that is applicable up to 12 GPa between the peridotite solidus and liquidus. Because sodium is an almost strain-free element in jadeite, it can be used as a reference to model partition coefficients for other elements, including heat producing elements like K, Th, and U. This gives us the opportunity to insert P-T dependent partition coefficient calculations of any trace element into mantle melting models, which will have a big impact on the accuracy of elemental redistribution calculations and therefore, if the partitioning of the heat producing elements is taken into account, also the evolution of the mantle and crust.</p><p>Blundy, J. et al. (1995): Sodium partitioning between clinopyroxene and silicate melts, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 15501-15515.</p><p>Schmidt, J.M. and Noack, L. (2021): Parameterizing a model of clinopyroxene/melt partition coefficients for sodium to higher upper mantle pressures (to be submitted)</p>

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