scholarly journals Critical Metals Ga, Ge and In: Experimental Evidence for Smelter Recovery Improvements

Minerals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 367 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katri Avarmaa ◽  
Lassi Klemettinen ◽  
Hugh O’Brien ◽  
Pekka Taskinen ◽  
Ari Jokilaakso
Keyword(s):  
Distribution Coefficient ◽  
Copper Slag ◽  
Distribution Coefficients ◽  
Copper Smelting ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Critical Metals ◽  
Analytical Technique ◽  
Icp Ms ◽  
Secondary Copper Smelting

High-tech metals, including Ga, Ge and In, are critical for the performance of electrical and electronic equipment (EEE). None of these three metals exist in mineable levels in natural minerals, and thus their availability and production are dependent on the primary and secondary base metals (including Zn, Al and Cu) production. To secure the supply of high-tech metals in the future, their behavior, including distribution coefficients (LCu/s = [wt% M]in copper/(wt% M)in slag), in primary and secondary processes need to be characterized. This study reports three series of copper-slag distribution experiments for Ga, Ge and In in simulated secondary copper smelting and refining process conditions (T = 1300 °C, pO2 = 10−9–10−5 atm) using a well-developed drop–quench technique followed by EPMA and LA-ICP-MS analyses. This study shows how an analytical technique more traditionally applied to the characterization of ores or minerals can also be applied to metallurgical process investigation. The LA-ICP-MS analysis was used for the first time for measuring the concentrations of these minor elements in metallurgical glasses, i.e., slags, and the results were compared to the geological literature. The distribution coefficient of indium increased as a function of decreasing oxygen partial pressure from 0.03 to 10, whereas the distribution coefficient of gallium was 0.1 at 10−9 atm and decreased as the pO2 increased. The concentrations of gallium in slags were between 0.4 and 0.6 wt% and germanium around 1 ppm. Germanium was vaporized almost entirely from the samples.

scholarly journals Behavior of Battery Metals Lithium, Cobalt, Manganese and Lanthanum in Black Copper Smelting

Batteries ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Dańczak ◽  
Lassi Klemettinen ◽  
Matti Kurhila ◽  
Pekka Taskinen ◽  
Daniel Lindberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Process Development ◽  
Copper Smelting ◽  
Smelting Process ◽  
Energy Storage Materials ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
Plasma Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Lithium Cobalt

Recycling of metals from different waste streams must be increased in the near future for securing the availability of metals that are critical for high-tech applications, such as batteries for e-mobility. Black copper smelting is a flexible recycling route for many different types of scrap, including Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) and some end-of-life energy storage materials. Fundamental thermodynamic data about the behavior of battery metals and the effect of slag additives is required for providing data necessary for process development, control, and optimization. The goal of our study is to investigate the suitability of black copper smelting process for recycling of battery metals lithium, cobalt, manganese, and lanthanum. The experiments were performed alumina crucibles at 1300 °C, in oxygen partial pressure range of 10−11–10−8 atm. The slags studied contained 0 to 6 wt% of MgO. Electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) and laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) techniques were utilized for phase composition quantifications. The results reveal that most cobalt can be recovered into the copper alloy in extremely reducing process conditions, whereas lithium, manganese, and lanthanum deport predominantly in the slag at all investigated oxygen partial pressures.

Consideration on modeling of Nb sorption onto clay minerals

2020 ◽  
Vol 108 (11) ◽  
pp. 873-877
Author(s):  
Tetsuji Yamaguchi ◽  
Saki Ohira ◽  
Ko Hemmi ◽  
Logan Barr ◽  
Asako Shimada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Distribution Coefficient ◽  
Clay Minerals ◽  
Safety Assessment ◽  
Distribution Coefficients ◽  
Surface Species ◽  
Complex Species ◽  
Intermediate Depth ◽  
Speciation Model ◽  
Surface Phases ◽  
High Distribution Coefficient

AbstractSorption distribution coefficient (Kd) of niobium-94 on minerals are an important parameter in safety assessment of intermediate-depth disposal of waste from core internals etc. The Kd of Nb on clay minerals in Ca(ClO4)2 solutions were, however, not successfully modeled in a previous study. The high distribution coefficients of Nb on illite in Ca(ClO4)2 solutions were successfully reproduced by taking Ca–Nb–OH surface species into account. Solubility of Nb was studied in Ca(ClO4)2 solutions and the results were reproduced by taking an aqueous Ca–Nb–OH complex species, CaNb(OH)6+, into account in addition to previously reported Nb(OH)6− and Nb(OH)72−. Based on this aqueous speciation model, the Ca–Nb–OH surface species responsible for the sorption of Nb on illite in Ca(ClO4)2 solutions was presumed to be X_OCaNb(OH)6. Although uncertainties exist in the speciation of aqueous Ca–Nb–OH species, the result of this study proposed a possible mechanism for high distribution coefficient of Nb on illite in Ca(ClO4)2 solutions. The mechanism includes Ca–Nb–OH complex formation in aqueous, solid and surface phases.

In situ Fe isotopic analyses of fourteen reference materials using a synthetic Cr standard for mass bias and isobaric interference corrections by femtosecond LA-MC-ICP-MS

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lei Xu ◽  
Wen Zhang ◽  
Tao Luo ◽  
Jin-Hui Yang ◽  
Zhaochu Hu
Keyword(s):  
Reference Materials ◽  
Isotope Ratios ◽  
Isobaric Interference ◽  
Analytical Technique ◽  
Mass Bias ◽  
Icp Ms ◽  
Isotopic Analyses

High precise and accurate measurements of Fe isotope ratios for fourteen reference materials from the USGS, MPI-DING and CGSG were successfully carried out using a developed analytical technique by fs...

Recycling Experimental Research of Thermosetting Phenolic Plastic Waste Based on Mechanical Effects

2011 ◽  
Vol 130-134 ◽  
pp. 1708-1711 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhong Wei Wu ◽  
Zhi Feng Liu ◽  
Jian Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Recovery Process ◽  
Process Research ◽  
Plastic Waste ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Test Device ◽  
Recycling Process ◽  
Analytical Technique ◽  
Testing Method ◽  
Regeneration Mechanism ◽  
Mechanochemical Model

Using adjustable speed crushing regeneration test device for the recovery experiment of thermosetting phenolic plastic waste, this paper analyses the principle of recovery process. Through particle size analytical technique, FTIR, XRD and SEM etc. various testing method is analyzed mechanochemical effects of crushing process. Research the speed, time, temperature process parameters of the influence of recycling process conditions. According to the experimental results, it established the mechanochemical model and analyzed the degradation and regeneration mechanism of thermosetting phenolic plastic waste.

scholarly journals Rare and Critical Metals in Pyrite, Chalcopyrite, Magnetite, and Titanite from the Vathi Porphyry Cu-Au±Mo Deposit, Northern Greece

Minerals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 630
Author(s):  
Christos L. Stergiou ◽  
Vasilios Melfos ◽  
Panagiotis Voudouris ◽  
Lambrini Papadopoulou ◽  
Paul G. Spry ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Mineral Chemistry ◽  
Critical Metals ◽  
Northern Greece ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
Porphyry Cu ◽  
Icp Ms ◽  
Quartz Monzonite ◽  
Ore Minerals ◽  
Plasma Mass Spectrometry

The Vathi porphyry Cu-Au±Mo deposit is located in the Kilkis ore district, northern Greece. Hydrothermally altered and mineralized samples of latite and quartz monzonite are enriched with numerous rare and critical metals. The present study focuses on the bulk geochemistry and the mineral chemistry of pyrite, chalcopyrite, magnetite, and titanite. Pyrite and chalcopyrite are the most abundant ore minerals at Vathi and are related to potassic, propylitic, and sericitic hydrothermal alterations (A- and D-veins), as well as to the late-stage epithermal overprint (E-veins). Magnetite and titanite are found mainly in M-type veins and as disseminations in the potassic-calcic alteration of quartz monzonite. Disseminated magnetite is also present in the potassic alteration in latite, which is overprinted by sericitic alteration. Scanning electron microscopy and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) analyses of pyrite and chalcopyrite reveal the presence of pyrrhotite, galena, and Bi-telluride inclusions in pyrite and enrichments of Ag, Co, Sb, Se, and Ti. Chalcopyrite hosts bornite, sphalerite, galena, and Bi-sulfosalt inclusions and is enriched with Ag, In, and Ti. Inclusions of wittichenite, tetradymite, and cuprobismutite reflect enrichments of Te and Bi in the mineralizing fluids. Native gold is related to A- and D-type veins and is found as nano-inclusions in pyrite. Titanite inclusions characterize magnetite, whereas titanite is a major host of Ce, Gd, La, Nd, Sm, Th, and W.

Inorganic mass spectrometry

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Josefina Pérez-Arantegui ◽  
Francisco Laborda
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
High Precision ◽  
Mass Spectrometric ◽  
Sample Introduction ◽  
Mass Separation ◽  
Analytical Technique ◽  
Good Spatial Resolution ◽  
Icp Ms ◽  
Analytical Properties ◽  
Mass Spectrometric Techniques

Abstract Inorganic mass spectrometry has been used as a well-known analytical technique to determine elemental/isotopic composition of very diverse materials, based on the different mass-to-charge ratios of the ions produced in a specific source. In this case, two mass spectrometric techniques are explained and their analytical properties discussed: inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and thermal ionisation mass spectrometry (TIMS), since they are the most used in art and archaeological material studies. Both techniques combine advantageous analytical properties, like low detection limits, low interferences and high precision. The use of laser ablation as sample introduction system in ICP-MS allows to avoid sample preparation and to perform good spatial-resolution analysis. The development of new instruments, improving the mass separation and the detection of the ions, specially multicollection detectors, results in high-precision isotopic analysis. A summary of the important applications of these mass spectrometric techniques to the analysis of art and archaeological materials is also highlighted.

scholarly journals Arsenic quantification techniques and ISO/IEC 17025 accreditation in Brazil

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (14) ◽  
pp. 803-817
Author(s):  
Jefferson Luiz Antunes Santos ◽  
Jader Galba Busato ◽  
Rodrigo de Almeida Heringer ◽  
Juscimar da Silva ◽  
Leonardo Barros Dobbss
Keyword(s):  
Atomic Absorption Spectrometry ◽  
Atomic Absorption ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Hydride Generation ◽  
Absorption Spectrometry ◽  
Emission Spectrometry ◽  
Icp Oes ◽  
Analytical Technique ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
Icp Ms

The importance of arsenic (As) quantification in environmental compartments is due to its risks to ecosystems and public health. There are reports of high concentrations of this metalloid in Brazil and technological differences between states are observed. The objective of this work was to present and discuss current scenarios of accreditation and compare the limit of quantification (LOQ) of As by analytical technique in Brazil. Data from accredited laboratories were collected on Inmetro website and in state metrological networks and then grouped and analyzed by state, matrix and analytical technique. There are large discrepancies between the number of laboratories per state and a good correlation with gross domestic product (GDP). Almost all laboratories have a LOQ less than the environmental limits. The observed list of techniques sorted from lowest to highest LOQ values is: for liquid samples ICP MS (inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry), ET AAS (electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry), HG AAS (hydride generation combined with atomic absorption spectrometry) or HG ICP OES (hydride generation combined with inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry) and UV VIS (visible ultraviolet spectroscopy); for solids samples HG ICP OES, ICP MS, HG AAS, ET AAS and FAAS (flame atomic absorption spectrometry); and for bioindicators ICP MS, HG ICP OES. Analysis of As species is accredited in only one laboratory, but does not include all species.

scholarly journals Cadmium distribution coefficeints and Cd transport in structured soils

2011 ◽  
Vol 48 (No. 3) ◽  
pp. 96-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ľ. Lichner ◽  
A. Čipáková
Keyword(s):  
Distribution Coefficient ◽  
Distribution Coefficients ◽  
Equilibrium Distribution Coefficient ◽  
Loamy Sand Soil ◽  
Structured Soils ◽  
Cadmium Transport ◽  
Batch Technique ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Cd Transport

In the case of cadmium transport via soil macropores, the short-term duration of an interaction between the reactive solute in aqueous phase and soil, as well as cadmium precipitation or adsorption on particles < 10–5 m should be taken into account. Two distribution coefficients are proposed for predicting the cadmium transport in a structured soil: the matrix distribution coefficient Kdm, equal to the equilibrium distribution coefficient Kdeq and estimated using the conventional batch technique, and the macropore distribution coefficient KdM, estimated using the modified batch technique. It was found that the conventional approach (using the coefficient Kdeq only) would underestimate a penetration of the part of Cd transported in the macropores about 255-times in the loamy-sand soil in Kalinkovo, 20-times in the loam soil in Macov, and 122-times in the clay soil in Jurová in comparison with the approach proposed in this study.

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