scholarly journals Review on Beneficiation Techniques and Reagents Used for Phosphate Ores

Minerals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruan ◽  
He ◽  
Chi
Keyword(s):  
Raw Material ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Recovery Ratio ◽  
Flotation Reagents ◽  
Flotation Process ◽  
Phosphate Ore ◽  
Feed Stock ◽  
Chemical Products ◽  
Phosphate Ores ◽  
Phosphate Concentrate

Phosphate ore is an important raw material for manufacturing fertilizers and phosphorous chemical products. While most of the phosphate resources cannot be directly treated as feed stock due to the low grade of P2O5 and high content of impurities. In order to obtain a qualified phosphate concentrate, the beneficiation of the low-grade phosphate ore is, hence, of great necessity. Many beneficiation techniques can be employed to upgrade the P2O5 grade of phosphate ores based on their characteristics in chemical composition and texture. The flotation process is most widely applied to balance the P2O5 recovery ratio and cost. In this review, the dominant techniques for the beneficiation of phosphate ores are introduced. Moreover, the factors that affect the flotation of phosphate ore, including the properties of mineralogy, flotation reagents (depressants and collectors) and flotation medium, were systematically analyzed.

scholarly journals LOW- GRADE STRUCTURES OF NOBLE AND NON- FERROUS METALS AND METHODS OF THEIR SELECTIVE SEPARATION

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-169
Author(s):  
Tatyana ALEXANDROVA ◽  
◽  
Anastasia AFANASOVA ◽  
Nadezhda NIKOLAEVA ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Development Strategy ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Close Association ◽  
Mining Industry ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Free Form ◽  
Mineral Matter ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Rare Metals ◽  
Flotation Process

There is a worldwide trend of increasing the share of extraction and processing of low-grade minerals, but their extraction and processing volumes are still low. There are several reasons for this: high mining and transportation costs, imperfect techniques and technological difficulties in enrichment and processing of refractory and low-quality minerals. Due to the depletion of reserves of easily beneficiated raw materials and to compensate for the growing shortage of high-quality minerals, the Russian mining industry development strategy provides for the involvement of new and unconventional types of deposits into production. Examples of such deposits are deposits of carbonaceous raw materials (black shale, refractory sulphide carbon-bearing ores, impactites, etc.) containing carbon of varying degrees of metamorphism. On the basis of the most modern mineralogical, physical, nuclear and chemical methods of research of composition, structure and properties of the carbonaceous raw materials at the micro- and nanolevel, the composition of the productive mineral matter, physical, chemical and thermodynamic laws of separation of valuable mineral components and the basic technological processes to obtain the finished product for valorization of the unconventional carbonaceous mineral raw materials were determined with maximum reliability. One of the possible reasons of difficulty of beneficiation of carbonaceous raw materials is the fine phenocrysts in graphite which can be solved by using the flotation process. Contrast of surface properties of minerals with similar technological properties can be increased by application of different energy effects (MEMI, MIO, microwave, electrochemical treatment etc.) at successive stages of raw material transformation, regulation of pulp conditioning conditions (duration and intensity of agitation, heat treatment of pulp) as well as by development and application of selective reagent regimes. The special feature of flotation as a method of extraction of noble and rare metals is the ability to extract valuable metals not only in their native free form, but also in close association with sulphides and carbon. Flotation with the use of intensifying influences made it possible to transfereven low-sized structures of noble and rare metals, which are not extracted by conventional methods of cyanidation, gravitation enrichment and amalgamation, into the concentrate. One of the ways to increase the efficiency of the flotation process is preliminary modification of the additive which is introduced in addition to the main reagents of the sinter - “carrier material”.

scholarly journals Recovering Cobalt and Sulfur in Low Grade Cobalt-Bearing V–Ti Magnetite Tailings Using Flotation Process

Processes ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
pp. 536 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao ◽  
Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Copper Sulfate ◽  
Metal Sulfide ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Sulfur Recovery ◽  
Butyl Xanthate ◽  
Flotation Process ◽  
Pine Oil ◽  
Cobalt Recovery ◽  
Flotation Concentration

There is 0.032% cobalt and 0.56% sulfur in the cobalt-bearing V–Ti tailings in the Panxi Region, with the metal sulfide minerals mainly including FeS2, Fe1−xS, Co3S4, and (Fe,Co)S2, and the gangue minerals mainly including aluminosilicate minerals. The flotation process was used to recover cobalt and sulfur in the cobalt-bearing V–Ti tailings. The results showed that an optimized cobalt–sulfur concentrate with a cobalt grade of 2.08%, sulfur content of 36.12%, sulfur recovery of 85.79%, and cobalt recovery and 84.77% were obtained by flotation process of one roughing, three sweeping, and three cleaning under roughing conditions, which employed pulp pH of 8, grinding fineness of < 0.074 mm occupying 80%, flotation concentration of 30%, and dosages of butyl xanthate, copper sulfate, and pine oil of 100 g/t, 30 g/t, and 20 g/t, respectively. Optimized one sweeping, two sweeping, and three sweeping conditions used a pulp pH of 9, and dosages of butyl xanthate, copper sulfate, and pine oil of 50 g/t, 15 g/t, 10 g/t; 25 g/t, 7.5 g/t, 5 g/t; 20 g/t, 5 g/t, 5 g/t, respectively. Optimized one cleaning, two cleaning, and three cleaning condition dosages of sodium silicate of 200 g/t, 100 g/t, 50 g/t, respectively. Study of analysis and characterization of cobalt–sulfur concentrate by X-ray diffraction (XRD), automatic mineral analyzer (MLA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) showed that the main minerals in cobalt–sulfur concentrate are FeS2, Co3S4 and (Fe,Co)S2, of which FeS2 and (Fe,Co)S2 accounted for 65.64% and Co3S4 for 22.64%. Gangue minerals accounted for 11.72%. The element Co in (Fe,Co)S2 is closely related to pyrite in the form of isomorphism, and the flotability difference between cobalt and pyrite is very small, which makes it difficult to separate cobalt and sulfur. Cobalt–sulfur concentrate can be used as raw material for further separation of cobalt and sulfur in smelting by pyrometallurgical or hydrometallurgical methods.

Contrast Testing Study on Different Flotation Processes for a Medium-and-Low Grade Collophanite

2015 ◽  
Vol 1089 ◽  
pp. 59-64
Author(s):  
Ren Ju Cheng ◽  
Cheng Xiu Li ◽  
Fei Yan Liu
Keyword(s):  
Low Grade ◽  
Reverse Flotation ◽  
Carbonate Minerals ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Flotation Process ◽  
Phosphate Concentrate

According to the properties of a medium-and-low grade collophanite, a contrast testing study was conducted on the basis of three kinds of flotation process. The result suggests that it is difficult to obtain high-quality phosphate concentrate from removing carbonate minerals only by the use of reverse flotation process. In contrast, with the use of direct-reverse flotation process and double reverse flotation process, the separation of phosphorus minerals and gangue minerals in the ore can be realized effectively, as the result, the P2O5 grades of phosphorus concentrate are 32.29% and 31.26%, respectively. Considering the above factors, we recommend direct-reverse flotation process as the method to deal with the medium-and-low grade refractory collophanite.

Study on Separation of a Low Magnesium Semi-Weathered Phosphate Ore from Yunnan

2014 ◽  
Vol 962-965 ◽  
pp. 852-855
Author(s):  
Yong Jie Guo ◽  
Ling Pan Du ◽  
Jin Zhong ◽  
Fu Yue Fang ◽  
Ci Yun Chen
Keyword(s):  
Loss Rate ◽  
Experimental Program ◽  
Dianchi Lake ◽  
Lake Area ◽  
Flotation Process ◽  
Phosphate Ore ◽  
Low Magnesium ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Phosphate Concentrate ◽  
Ore Grade

Weathered phosphate ore is an important part of phosphate ore resources, it contains a huge reserves of weathered phosphate ore resources in Yunnan regions. With the gradual consumption of the rich phosphate ore resources, recycling for weathering phosphate ore is receiving more and more people's attention. In this study, using a low magnesium semi-weathered phosphate ore which from Yunnan Dianchi Lake area as the research object, and based on its ore properties established a experimental program of pre- desliming with cyclone and then flotation. The loss rate of P2O5 under 20% on the desliming operation, then under the condition of ore grade of P2O5 is 21.23% using a positive-reverse flotation process, ultimately obtained a test indicators of phosphate concentrate of P2O5 grade of 28.41% and P2O5 recovery of 87.25%, which is a foundation of development and application of phosphate ore from Tian Ning semi-weathering ore.

scholarly journals Comment on: "Recent revisions of phosphate rock reserves and resources: a critique" by Edixhoven et al. (2014) – Phosphate reserves and resources: what conceptions and data do stakeholders need for sustainable action?

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. Scholz ◽  
F.-W. Wellmer
Keyword(s):  
Phosphate Rock ◽  
Drill Hole ◽  
Classification Systems ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
Environmental Threats ◽  
Phosphate Ore ◽  
Recoverable Resources ◽  
Phosphate Concentrate

Abstract. Several recent papers predict a scarcity of phosphate reserves in the near future. The paper by Edixhoven et al. (2014), for instance, expresses the doubts about whether the upward estimate of reserves by the IFDC (2010) and the USGS (2010) provide an accurate, reliable, and comparable picture, as they are based on reports that do not clearly differentiate between phosphate ore and phosphate products (i.e., marketable phosphate rock concentrate). Further the indistinct use of the terms reserves and resources is criticized. Edixhoven et al. ask for a differentiated inventory of world phosphate reserves including "guidelines which determine the appropriate drill hole distances." The claim that humanity is on the safe side with respect to future phosphate is supply is doubted as the validity of the IFDC's upgrading of the Moroccan data to 50 Gt phosphate is questioned. The present paper identifies and discusses basic conceptual errors of the paper by Edixhoven et al. and related papers that predict a short or mid-term phosphorus scarcity. These include the non-acknowledgment of the dynamic nature of reserves (which depends on price, technology, and innovation for exploiting low-grade deposits, etc.), the mixing of finiteness and staticness of the ultimate recoverable resources (i.e., phosphorus that may be mined economically in the long-term future), the improper use of the Hubbert analysis (which, e.g., simply uses the USGS estimates of reserves as a substitute of an estimate of ultimate recoverable resources) and the geostatistical naive/unprofessional demand for fixed drilling plans to assess reserves. We reconstruct the IFDC and USGS estimates and conclude that there is no evidence for considering the 50 Gt phosphate concentrate as an unreasonable estimate for Moroccan reserves. However, the partial mixing of different units (e.g., phosphate ore and phosphate concentrate or marketable product) in the USGS data may be avoided by improving the data base and using proper conversion factors. When applying these factors and assess all reserves in marketable Gt of phosphate rock (PR-M), which is a common scale for measuring annual consumption, the magnitude of the USGS estimates 2014 of 67 Gt PR reserves does not change essentially yet decrease to 64 (IFDC assessment) to 58.3 Gt PR-M (worst case calculation). We argue that, a better harmonization of the (national) classification systems is meaningful. The discussion suggests that the discrepant estimates of resource estimates that can be found in literature are due to different system understandings, different conceptions of sciences, and diverging worldviews. Finally, we discuss in what way an independent and scientifically sound assessment of the phosphate resources can be realized in the long-term. We suggest the establishment of a solidly funded, international standing committee that regularly analyzes global geopotential as the source of future resources and reserves. Such a committee may be hosted by international science associations of geoscientists, given that a comparative assessment with other environmental threats reveals that investments in this field are proportional and meaningful.

scholarly journals Comment on: "Recent revisions of phosphate rock reserves and resources: a critique" by Edixhoven et al. (2014) – clarifying comments and thoughts on key conceptions, conclusions and interpretation to allow for sustainable action

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. Scholz ◽  
F.-W. Wellmer
Keyword(s):  
Phosphate Rock ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Drill Hole ◽  
Scientific Paper ◽  
Classification Systems ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
Western Sahara ◽  
Phosphate Ore ◽  
Phosphate Concentrate

Abstract. Several recent papers deal with concerns about the longevity of the supply of the mineral phosphorus. The paper by Edixhoven et al. (2014), for instance, expresses doubts about whether the upward estimate of reserves by the IFDC (2006, 2010) and the USGS (2010) provides an accurate, reliable, and comparable picture, as it is based on reports that do not clearly differentiate between phosphate ore and phosphate products (i.e., marketable phosphate rock concentrate). Further, the indistinct use of the terms reserves and resources is criticized. Edixhoven et al. (2014) call for a differentiated inventory of world phosphate reserves including "guidelines which determine the appropriate drill hole distances and a detailed granularity". The claim that "humanity is on the safe side" with respect to future phosphate supply is doubted, as the validity of the IFDC's upgrading of the Moroccan data to 50 Gt phosphate is questioned. The main achievement of Edixhoven et al. (2014) is to elaborate that in the literature frequently used data on phosphate rock ore and phosphate concentrate are not properly distinguished, resulting in incorrect summary figures. In addition, it is commendable to raise the question how transparency concerning reserve and resources data and information on the geopotential of phosphate can be achieved because phosphorus is a special element. As fertilizer, it cannot be substituted and there are no unlimited resources as for the other main nutrients potassium in sea water and nitrogen in the air. However, the paper by Edixhoven et al. (2014) contains in the opinion of the authors some incorrect statements. Our comment elaborates first that several statements, such as that the upgrading of the Moroccan data is "solely based" on one scientific paper, are incorrect. Secondly, the paper comments on and illuminates a set of, in our opinion, misleading statements. These include the fact that the dynamic nature of reserves (which depend on price, technology, innovation for exploiting low-grade deposits, etc.) is acknowledged, but the right conclusions are not drawn, including the mixing of finiteness and staticness, and the way in which the critique of the USGS upgrading of the Moroccan reserves has been linked to Peak P. In particular, we clarify that reserves are primarily company data that serve mining companies for their strategic planning and may, by no means, be used as proxy data for providing global Peak P estimates. Likewise, we elaborate that drilling plans for assessing reserves have to be adjusted to site characteristics, in particular, in the case of four plateaus in Morocco and the Western Sahara comprising an area greater than 10 000 km2. We reconstruct the IFDC and USGS estimates and conclude that there is no evidence for considering the somewhat surprising increase to 50 Gt phosphate concentrate to be an unreasonable estimate for Moroccan reserves. However, the partial mixing of different units (e.g., phosphate ore and phosphate concentrate or marketable product) in the USGS data may be avoided by improving the database and using proper conversion factors. When applying these factors and assessing all reserves of marketable Gt of phosphate rock (PR-M), which is a common scale for measuring annual consumption, the magnitude of the 2014 USGS estimates of 67 Gt PR reserves does not change essentially but decreases from 64 (IFDC assessment) to 57.5 Gt PR-M (a worst-case calculation). We agree that a better harmonization of the (national) classification systems is meaningful. The discussion includes several ideas and thoughts that go beyond the paper by Edixhoven et al. (2014). We suggest that the discrepancies in the resource estimates are often caused by missing system understandings, different conceptions of sciences, and diverging world views. Finally, we suggest the establishment of a solidly funded, international standing committee that regularly analyzes global geopotential for assuring long-term supply security.

Study on Beneficiation of a Low Magnesium Phosphate Weathering Ore from Tian Ning

2014 ◽  
Vol 962-965 ◽  
pp. 833-836
Author(s):  
Yong Jie Guo ◽  
Ling Pan Du ◽  
Jin Zhong ◽  
Ci Yun Chen
Keyword(s):  
Magnesium Phosphate ◽  
Experimental Program ◽  
Dianchi Lake ◽  
Lake Area ◽  
Flotation Process ◽  
Phosphate Ore ◽  
Low Magnesium ◽  
Single Positive ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Phosphate Concentrate

Weathered phosphate ore is an important part of phosphate ore resources, it contains a huge reserves of this resources in Yunnan regions, and its reserves over 200 million tons. With the gradual consumption of the rich phosphate ore resources, recycling for weathering phosphate ore is receiving more and more people's attention. In this study, using Tian Ning weathered low magnesium phosphate ore which from Yunnan Dianchi Lake area as the study object, and based on its ore properties established a experimental program of pre-desliming with cyclone and then flotation. The P2O5 loss rate under 20% on the desliming operation, then using a single positive flotation process at room temperature, ultimately obtained a test indicators of phosphate concentrate of P2O5 grade of 29.98% and P2O5 recovery of 95.02%, which is a foundation of development and application for Tian Ning weathering phosphate ore.

Synthesis and Application of α-Chloro Oleic Acid Monoester Floating Collector

2011 ◽  
Vol 233-235 ◽  
pp. 596-599
Author(s):  
Qi Mao Huang ◽  
Jing Jing Huang ◽  
Hong Zhou ◽  
Zhi Quan Pan ◽  
Ru An Chi
Keyword(s):  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Tartaric Acid ◽  
Mineral Processing ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Phosphate Rocks ◽  
Phosphate Ore ◽  
Processing Cost ◽  
Common Fatty Acid

Novel floatation collector for phosphate ore, α-chloro oleic acid monoester of tartaric acid, was synthesized by steps of chlorination, acylation, esterification with oleic acid as raw material. The flotation properties for a low-grade collophanite in Hubei were evaluated. Result showed that novel collector had better performance than common fatty acid collector by less dosage. Its further application and promotion is significant for reducing the mineral processing cost of low-grade phosphate rocks.

Flotation after a Direct Contact of Flotation Reagents with Carbonate Particles – Part 2: Phosphate Ore

2014 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-159
Author(s):  
Hussin A. M. Ahmed ◽  
Mohamed S. Aljuhani ◽  
Jan Drzymala
Keyword(s):  
Direct Contact ◽  
Flotation Reagents ◽  
Phosphate Ore

Research status of microwave-assisted reduction technology of pyrolusite

2020 ◽  
Vol 07 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Qiannan ◽  
Ling Yeqing ◽  
Zheng Hewen ◽  
Yang Zhi
Keyword(s):  
Metallurgical Industry ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Utilization Efficiency ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Manganese Ore ◽  
Effective Utilization ◽  
Research Status ◽  
Strategic Position ◽  
Research Intensity ◽  
Stable Development

: Manganese ore is an important metallurgical raw material that holds an important strategic position in the national economy of China. However, the grade of manganese ore in the country is mostly low, and the utilization efficiency of lowgrade manganese ore resources is low, which seriously restrict the healthy and stable development of China’s metallurgical industry. As a new green heating method, microwave is expected to address the problems of conventional methods and realize the effective utilization of low-grade manganese ore. In this paper, the research status of the microwave composite reduction of pyrolusite in recent years is reviewed. Microwave plays an important role in metallurgy, and it is the current direction pursued to improve the research intensity of microwave heating and extend it to actual industrial processes.

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