scholarly journals Separation of Monazite from Placer Deposit by Magnetic Separation

Minerals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kwanho Kim ◽  
Soobok Jeong
Keyword(s):  
Rare Earth ◽  
Magnetic Separation ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Modern Technology ◽  
Placer Deposit ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Mineralogical Analysis ◽  
Separation Result ◽  
Magnetic Product

In this study, mineralogical analysis and beneficiation experiments were conducted using a placer deposit of North Korea, on which limited information was available, to confirm the feasibility of development. Rare earth elements (REEs) have vital applications in modern technology and are growing in importance in the fourth industrial revolution. However, the price of REEs is unstable due to the imbalance between supply and demand, and tremendous efforts are being made to produce REEs sustainably. One of them is the evaluation of new rare earth mines and the verification of their feasibility. As a result of a mineralogical analysis, in this placer deposit, monazite and some amount of xenotime were the main REE-bearing minerals. Besides these minerals, ilmenite and zircon were the target minerals to be concentrated. Using a magnetic separation method at various magnetic intensities, paramagnetic minerals, ilmenite (0.8 T magnetic product), and monazite/xenotime (1.0–1.4 T magnetic product) were recovered selectively. Using a magnetic separation result, the beneficiation process was conducted with additional gravity separation for zircon to produce a valuable mineral concentrate. The process resulted in three kinds of mineral concentrates (ilmenite, REE-bearing mineral, and zircon). The content of ilmenite increased from 32.5% to 90.9%, and the total rare earth oxide (TREO) (%) of the REE-bearing mineral concentrates reached 45.0%. The zircon concentrate, a by-product of this process, had a Zr grade of 42.8%. Consequently, it was possible to produce concentrates by combining relatively simple separation processes compared to the conventional process for rare earth placer deposit and confirmed the possibility of mine development.

scholarly journals A socio-psychological modal choice approach to modelling mobility and energy demand for electric vehicles

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (S1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Khoa Nguyen ◽  
René Schumann
Keyword(s):  
Energy Demand ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Stochastic Approach ◽  
Social Characteristics ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Demand Model ◽  
Modal Choice ◽  
Charging Infrastructure ◽  
Human Decision ◽  
Electro Mobility

Abstract The development of efficient electric vehicle (EV) charging infrastructure requires modelling of consumer demand at an appropriate level of detail. Since only limited information about real customers is available, most simulations employ a stochastic approach by combining known or estimated business features (e.g. arrival and departure time, requested amount of energy) with random variations. However, these models in many cases do not include factors that deal with the social characteristics of EV users, while others do not emphasise on the economic elements. In this work, we introduced a more detailed demand model employing a modal choice simulation framework based on Triandis’ Theory of Interpersonal Behaviour, which can be calibrated by empirical data and is capable of combining a diverse number of determinants in human decision-making. By applying this model on Switzerland mobility domain, an analysis on three of the most popular EV incentives from both supply and demand sides is provided, which aims for a better understanding of electro-mobility systems by relating its causes and effects.

scholarly journals Geochemical Assessment and Mobility of Undesired Elements in the Sludge of the Phosphate Industry of Gafsa-Metlaoui Basin, (Southern Tunisia)

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 1075
Author(s):  
Olfa Smida ◽  
Radhia Souissi ◽  
Marzougui Salem ◽  
Fouad Souissi
Keyword(s):  
Rare Earth ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Chemical Analysis ◽  
Leaching Tests ◽  
Mineralogical Analysis ◽  
P2o5 Content ◽  
Phosphate Industry ◽  
Carbonate Fluorapatite ◽  
Enrichment Process ◽  
Geochemical Assessment

The raw phosphates in the Gafsa-Metlaoui phosphate basin are valorized by wet processes that are performed in the laundries of the Gafsa Phosphates Company (CPG, Gafsa, Tunisia) to reach market grades (>28% P2O5). This enrichment process allows the increase of P2O5 content by the elimination of the coarse (>2 mm) and fine (<71 µm) fractions. Mineralogical analysis has shown that all the investigated materials (raw phosphate, marketable phosphate, coarse waste, and fine waste) from the laundries of M’Dhilla-Zone L and Redeyef are both composed of carbonate fluorapatite, carbonates, quartz, gypsum, clays, and clinoptilolite. Chemical analysis shows that Cr, Cd, Zn, Pb, and U are concentrated in the fine wastes and associated with the clay–phosphate fraction. The rare earth elements are more concentrated in both raw and marketable phosphates. Drilling and sludge-water analysis, along with leaching tests conducted on the fine wastes, showed that, due to phosphate industry, cadmium, fluorine, and sulfate contributing to the pollution of water resources in the region, pollution is more conspicuous at M’Dhilla.

What Is Living and What Is Dead in Classic European Philosophy of Technology?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl Mitcham
Keyword(s):  
Martin Heidegger ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Philosophy Of Technology ◽  
Modern Technology ◽  
Alan Turing ◽  
The World ◽  
European Philosophy ◽  
Jacques Ellul ◽  
Philosophical Project

Classic European philosophy of technology is the original effort to think critically rather than promotionally about the historically unique mutation that is anchored in the Industrial Revolution and has since progressively transformed the world and itself. Three representative contributions to this pivotal philosophical project can be found in texts by Alan Turing, Jacques Ellul, and Martin Heidegger. Despite having initiated analytic, sociological, and phenomenological approaches to philosophy of technology, respectively, all three are often treated today in a somewhat patronizing manner. The present chapter seeks to revisit and reconsider their contributions, arguing that, especially in the case of Ellul and Heidegger, what is commonly dismissed as their overgeneralizations about modern technology as a whole might reasonably be of continuing relevance to contemporary students in the philosophy of technology.

Reversing the Industrial Revolution

2021 ◽  
pp. 182-197
Author(s):  
Alf Hornborg
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Modern Technology ◽  
Social Strategies ◽  
Market Mechanisms ◽  
Technological Infrastructure ◽  
Energy Technologies ◽  
Time Space ◽  
Resource Transfers ◽  
Asymmetric Flows ◽  
Land Saving

This chapter argues that energy technologies should be understood in terms of asymmetric global resource transfers and environmental load displacements. The fossil fuel technologies inaugurated during the Industrial Revolution and the renewable energy technologies designed to replace them are similarly entangled with such societal asymmetries. Both represent social strategies of time-space appropriation within a highly unequal world-system generated by the polarizing logic of all-purpose money. The dependence of modern technology on asymmetric flows of embodied labour time, land, matter, and energy is effectively obscured in mainstream economics by the exclusive focus on prices and market mechanisms. Given the land-saving logic of the turn to fossil energy, it is pertinent to ask whether a turn to renewables would imply a return of land constraints. To perceive modern technologies simply as politically neutral instruments for harnessing natural forces, disregarding their demands on land and other resources beyond the technological infrastructure itself, is an example of fetishism.

Recovery of rare earth elements minerals from iron oxide–silicate rich tailings – Part 1: Magnetic separation

2019 ◽  
Vol 136 ◽  
pp. 50-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Blankson Abaka-Wood ◽  
Massimiliano Zanin ◽  
Jonas Addai-Mensah ◽  
William Skinner
Keyword(s):  
Rare Earth ◽  
Iron Oxide ◽  
Rare Earth Elements ◽  
Magnetic Separation

Research on the Reaction Behavior of Rare Earth Elements in Reduction

2012 ◽  
Vol 454 ◽  
pp. 268-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peng Gao ◽  
Yue Xin Han ◽  
Yong Sheng Sun ◽  
Chao Chen
Keyword(s):  
Rare Earth ◽  
Rare Earth Elements ◽  
Magnetic Separation ◽  
Sem Images ◽  
Reaction Behavior ◽  
Rare Earth Minerals ◽  
Iron Phase ◽  
Occurrence State ◽  
Bayan Obo ◽  
Depth Reduction

Occurrence state of rare earth elements in the different deoxidization stages and the behavior of rare earth elements in the process of depth reduction were studied by analyzing XRD and SEM images of Bayan Obo oxide ore in different deoxidization time. The results showed that deoxidization time had a great effect on the occurrence state of rare earth elements. With the increase of deoxidization time, rare earth minerals gradually translated from bastnaesite and urdite into (CaO•2Ce2O3•3SiO2).This phase was white with a small size. It was columnar or massive in most cases and could be easily separated from the iron phase. 97.18% of the rare earth elements, which could be recovered by flotation, gravity separation and magnetic separation, entered the iron tailings.

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