scholarly journals Vanadium Mineralization in the Kola Region, Fennoscandian Shield

Minerals ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 474 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alena Kompanchenko ◽  
Anatoly Voloshin ◽  
Victor Balagansky
Keyword(s):  
Unique Feature ◽  
Shear Zones ◽  
Fennoscandian Shield ◽  
Contact Metamorphism ◽  
Sulfide Ores ◽  
Forming Process ◽  
The World ◽  
Additional Formation ◽  
Alkaline Massif ◽  
Khibiny Alkaline Massif

In the northern Fennoscandian Shield, vanadium mineralization occurs in the Paleoproterozoic Pechenga–Imandra-Varzuga (PIV) riftogenic structure. It is localized in sulfide ores hosted by sheared basic and ultrabasic metavolcanics in the Pyrrhotite Ravine and Bragino areas and was formed at the latest stages of the Lapland–Kola orogeny 1.90–1.86 Ga ago. An additional formation of vanadium minerals was derived from contact metamorphism and metasomatism produced by the Devonian Khibiny alkaline massif in the Pyrrhotite Ravine area. Vanadium forms its own rare minerals (karelianite, coulsonite, kyzylkumite, goldmanite, mukhinite, etc.), as well as occurring as an isomorphic admixture in rutile, ilmenite, crichtonite group, micas, chlorites, and other minerals. Vanadium is inferred to have originated from two sources: (1) basic and ultrabasic volcanics initially enriched in vanadium; and (2) metasomatizing fluids that circulated along shear zones. The crystallization of vanadium and vanadium-bearing minerals was accompanied by chromium and scandium mineralization. Vanadium mineralization in Paleoproterozoic formations throughout the world is briefly considered. The simultaneous development of vanadium, chromium and scandium mineralizations is a unique feature of the Kola sulfide ores. In other regions, sulfide ores contain only two of these three mineralizations produced by one ore-forming process.

scholarly journals Vanadium mineralization in the Kola region, Fennoscandian Shield

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alena Kompanchenko ◽  
Anatoly Voloshin ◽  
Victor Balagansky
Keyword(s):  
Unique Feature ◽  
Shear Zones ◽  
Fennoscandian Shield ◽  
Contact Metamorphism ◽  
Sulfide Ores ◽  
Forming Process ◽  
The World ◽  
Additional Formation ◽  
Alkaline Massif ◽  
Khibiny Alkaline Massif

In the northern Fennoscandian Shield, a vanadium mineralization occurs in the Paleoproterozoic Pechenga–Imandra-Varzuga (PIV) riftogenic structure. It is localized in sulfide ores hosted by sheared basic and ultrabasic metavolcanics in the Pyrrhotite Ravine and Bragino areas and was formed at the latest stages of the Lapland-Kola orogeny 1.90–1.86 Ga ago. An additional formation of vanadium minerals derived from contact metamorphism and metasomatism produced by the Devonian Khibiny alkaline massif in the Pyrrhotite Ravine area. Vanadium forms its own rare minerals (karelianite, coulsonite, kyzylkumite, goldmanite, mukhinite, etc.), as well as it can be an isomorphic admixture in rutile, ilmenite, crichtonite group, micas, chlorites, etc. Vanadium originated from two sources: (1) basic and ultrabasic volcanics initially enriched in vanadium and (2) metasomatizing fluids that circulated along shear zones. The crystallization of vanadium and vanadium-bearing minerals was accompanied by chromium and scandium mineralization. Vanadium mineralization in Paleoproterozoic formations throughout the world is briefly considered. The simultaneous development of vanadium, chromium and scandium mineralizations is a unique feature of the Kola sulfide ores. In other regions sulfide ores contain only two of these three mineralizations produced by one ore-forming process.

Labor Migration to the Persian Gulf Monarchies

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zahra R. Babar
Keyword(s):  
Persian Gulf ◽  
Labor Migration ◽  
Unique Feature ◽  
Migrant Populations ◽  
International Labor ◽  
The World ◽  
Permanent Settlement ◽  
Gulf States ◽  
Formal Integration ◽  
The Persian Gulf

The six oil monarchies of the Persian Gulf together form one of the most concentrated global sites of international labor migration, with some of the highest densities of non-citizens to citizens seen anywhere in the world. A somewhat unique feature of the region is that while it hosts millions of migrants, it allows almost no access to permanent settlement. Gulf States have hosted large cohorts of migrants for more than half a century but have done so without efforts toward formal integration through citizenship. Although labor migration as a phenomenon is both permanent and prominent, the Gulf States’ mechanism for governing migration systematically reinforces the temporariness and transience of their migrant populations.

scholarly journals Chirvinskyite, (Na,Ca)13(Fe,Mn,□)2(Ti,Nb)2(Zr,Ti)3-(Si2O7)4(OH,O,F)12, a New Mineral with a Modular Wallpaper Structure, from the Khibiny Alkaline Massif (Kola Peninsula, Russia)

Minerals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 219
Author(s):  
Victor Yakovenchuk ◽  
Yakov Pakhomovsky ◽  
Taras Panikorovskii ◽  
Andrey Zolotarev ◽  
Julia Mikhailova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Kola Peninsula ◽  
Empirical Formula ◽  
Inorganic Compounds ◽  
Structure Type ◽  
New Mineral ◽  
State University ◽  
Mohs Hardness ◽  
Alkaline Massif ◽  
Khibiny Alkaline Massif ◽  
White Streak

Chirvinskyite, (Na,Ca)13(Fe,Mn,□)2(Ti,Nb)2(Zr,Ti)3(Si2O7)4(OH,O,F)12, is a new wöhlerite–related zirconotitano–sorosilicate. It is triclinic, P1, a = 7.0477(5), b = 9.8725(5), c = 12.2204(9) Å, α = 77.995(5), β = 82.057(6), γ = 89.988(5)°, V = 823.35(9) Å3, Z = 1. The mineral was found in albitized alkaline pegmatites in a foyaite of the Mt. Takhtarvumchorr (Khibiny alkaline massif, Kola Peninsula, Russia, N 67°40’, E 33°33’). Chirvinskyite forms sheaf–like and radiated aggregates (up to 6 mm in diameter) of split fibrous crystals hosted by saccharoidal fluorapatite and albite. The mineral is pale cream in color, with a silky luster and a white streak. The cleavage is not recognized. Mohs hardness is 5. Chirvinskyite is biaxial (–), α 1.670(2), β 1.690(2), γ 1.705(2) (589 nm), 2Vcalc = 80.9°. The calculated and measured densities are 3.41 and 3.07(2) g·cm−3, respectively. The empirical formula based on Si = 8 apfu is (Na9.81Ca3.28K0.01)∑13.10(Fe0.72Mn0.69□0.54Mg0.05)∑2.00 (Ti1.81Nb0.19)∑2.00(Zr2.27Ti0.63)∑2.90(Si2O7)4{(OH)5.94O3.09F2.97}∑12.00. Chirvinskyite belongs to a new structure type of minerals and inorganic compounds and is related to the wöhlerite-group minerals. Its modular “wallpaper” structure consists of disilicate groups Si2O7 and three types of “octahedral walls”. The mineral is named in honor of Petr Nikolaevich Chirvinsky (1880–1955), Russian geologist and petrographer, head of the Petrography Department of the Perm’ State University (1943–1953), for his contributions to mineralogy and petrology, including studies of the Khibiny alkaline massif.

Kihlmanite-(Ce), Ce2TiO2[SiO4](HCO3)2(H2O), a new rare-earth mineral from the pegmatites of the Khibiny alkaline massif, Kola Peninsula, Russia

2014 ◽  
Vol 78 (3) ◽  
pp. 483-496 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. N. Yakovenchuk ◽  
S.V. Krivovichev ◽  
G. Y. Ivanyuk ◽  
Ya. A. Pakhomovsky ◽  
E.A. Selivanova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Structure ◽  
Rare Earth ◽  
Powder Diffraction ◽  
Diffraction Data ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Intimate Association ◽  
Mohs Hardness ◽  
Rare Earth Mineral ◽  
Alkaline Massif ◽  
Khibiny Alkaline Massif

AbstractKihlmanite-(Ce), Ce2TiO2[SiO4](HCO3)2(H2O), is a new rare-earth titanosilicate carbonate, closely related to tundrite-(Ce). It is triclinic, P, a = 4.994(2), b = 7.54(2), c = 15.48(4) Å, α = 103.5(4), β = 90.7(2), γ = 109.2(2)o , V = 533(1) Å3, Z = 2 (from powder diffraction data) or a = 5.009(5), b = 7.533(5), c = 15.407(5) Å, α = 103.061(5), β = 91.006(5), γ = 109.285(5)°, V = 531.8(7) Å3, Z = 2 (from single-crystal X-ray diffraction data). The mineral was found in the arfvedsonite-aegirine-microcline vein in fenitized metavolcanic rock at the foot of the Mt Kihlman (Chil’man), near the western contact of the Devonian Khibiny alkaline massif and the Proterozoic Imandra-Varzuga greenstone belt. It forms brown spherulites (up to 2 cm diameter) and sheaf-like aggregates of prismatic crystals, flattened on {010} and up to 0.5 mm diameter. Both spherulites and aggregates occur in interstices in arfvedsonite and microcline, in intimate association with golden-green tundrite-(Ce). Kihlmanite-(Ce) is brown, with a vitreous lustre and a pale yellowish-brown streak. The cleavage is perfect on {010}, parting is perpendicular to c and the fracture is stepped. Mohs hardness is ∼3. In transmitted light, the mineral is yellowish brown; pleochroism and dispersion were not observed. Kihlmanite-(Ce) is biaxial (+), α = 1.708(5), β = 1.76(1), γ = 1.82(1) (589 nm), 2Vcalc = 89°. The optical orientation is Y ^ c = 5°, other details are unclear. The calculated and measured densities are 3.694 and 3.66(2) g cm−3, respectively. The mean chemical composition, determined by electron microprobe, is: Na2O 0.13, Al2O3 0.24, SiO2 9.91, CaO 1.50, TiO2 11.04, MnO 0.26, Fe2O3 0.05, Nb2O5 2.79, La2O3 12.95, Ce2O3 27.33, Pr2O3 2.45, Nd2O3 8.12, Sm2O3 1.67, Gd2O3 0.49 wt.%, with CO2 15.0 and H2O 6.0 wt.% (determined by wet chemical and Penfield methods, respectively), giving a total of 99.93 wt.%. The empirical formula calculated on the basis of Si + Al = 1 atom per formula unit is (Ca0.16Na0.11Mn0.02)∑0.29[(Ce0.98La0.47Pr0.09Nd0.29Sm0.06Gd0.02)∑1.91(Ti0.82Nb0.12)∑0.94O2 (Si0.97Al0.03)∑1O4.02(HCO3)2.01](H2O)0.96. The simplified formula is Ce2TiO2(SiO4)(HCO3)2·H2O. The mineral reacts slowly in cold 10% HCl with weak effervescence and fragmentation into separate plates. The strongest X-ray powder-diffraction lines [listed as d in Å(I) (hkl)] are as follows: 15.11(100)(00), 7.508(20)(00), 6.912(12)(01), 4.993(14)(00), 3.563(15)(01), 2.896(15)(1). The crystal structure of kihlmanite-(Ce) was refined to R1 = 0.069 on the basis of 2441 unique observed reflections (MoKα, 293 K). It is closely related to the crystal structure of tundrite-(Ce) and is based upon [Ce2TiO2(SiO4)(HCO3)2] layers parallel to (001). Kihlmanite-(Ce) can be considered as a cationdeficient analogue of tundrite-(Ce). The mineral is named in honour of Alfred Oswald Kihlman (1858–1938), a remarkable Finnish geographer and botanist who participated in the Wilhelm Ramsay expeditions to the Khibiny Mountains in 1891–1892. The mineral name also reflects its occurrence at the Kihlman (Chil’man) Mountain.

Armbrusterite, K5Na6Mn3+Mn142+[Si9O22]4(OH)10{middle dot}4H2O, a new Mn hydrous heterophyllosilicate from the Khibiny alkaline massif, Kola Peninsula, Russia

2007 ◽  
Vol 92 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 416-423 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. N. Yakovenchuk ◽  
S. V. Krivovichev ◽  
Y. A. Pakhomovsky ◽  
G. Yu. Ivanyuk ◽  
E. A. Selivanova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Kola Peninsula ◽  
Alkaline Massif ◽  
Khibiny Alkaline Massif

Internalism and externalism in epistemology

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
William P. Alston
Keyword(s):  
External World ◽  
Great Distance ◽  
Reliability Test ◽  
Epistemic Status ◽  
Forming Process ◽  
Evil Demon ◽  
Positive View ◽  
Long Run ◽  
The World ◽  
The Subject

The internalism–externalism distinction is usually applied to the epistemic justification of belief. The most common form of internalism (accessibility internalism) holds that only what the subject can easily become aware of (by reflection, for example) can have a bearing on justification. We may think of externalism as simply the denial of this constraint. The strong intuitive appeal of internalism is due to the sense that we should be able to determine whether we are justified in believing something just by carefully considering the question, without the need for any further investigation. Then there is the idea that we can successfully reply to sceptical doubts about the possibility of knowledge or justified beliefs only if we can determine the epistemic status of our beliefs without presupposing anything about which sceptical doubts could be raised – the external world for example. The main objections to internalism are: (1) It assumes an unrealistic confidence in the efficacy of armchair reflection, which is often not up to surveying our entire repertoire of beliefs and other possible grounds of belief and determining the extent to which they support a given belief. (2) If we confine ourselves to what we can ascertain on reflection, there is no guarantee that the beliefs that are thus approved as justified are likely to be true. And the truth-promoting character of justification is the main source of its value. Externalism lifts this accessibility constraint, but in its most general sense it embodies no particular positive view. The most common way of further specifying externalism is reliabilism, the view that a belief is justified if and only if it was produced and/or sustained by a reliable process, one that would produce mostly true beliefs in the long run. This is a form of externalism because whether a particular belief-forming process is reliable is not something we can ascertain just on reflection. The main objections to externalism draw on internalist intuitions: (1) If the world were governed by an evil demon who sees to it that our beliefs are generally false, even though we have the kind of bases for them we do in fact have, then our beliefs would still be justified, even though formed unreliably. (2) If a reliable clairvoyant (ones who ‘sees’ things at a great distance) forms beliefs on this basis without having any reason for thinking that they are reliably formed, those beliefs would not be justified, even though they pass the reliability test.

scholarly journals An Icon in Motion: Rethinking the Iconography of Itinerant Monk Paintings from Dunhuang

Religions ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 479
Author(s):  
Haewon Kim
Keyword(s):  
Unique Feature ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Visual Language ◽  
The World ◽  
Sentient Beings

This essay reconsiders the iconography of the group of paintings from Dunhuang commonly referred to as “itinerant monk paintings.” In an effort to acknowledge the paintings as a tradition unto themselves and highlight their visual language, this study focuses on the issues surrounding Baosheng Buddha and the unique feature of depicting the main icon in motion. The first matter is discussed in relation to the religious and artistic contexts of the inscriptions preserved in some paintings, and possible changes in the main figure’s identity from a monk worshiping Baosheng Buddha to the incarnation itself. The main icon’s mobile nature is examined in terms of its walking posture and cloud vehicle. Considering the tradition of xingdao seng or xing seng (walking monks) in monastery murals, this paper illuminates a growing interest in the Tang (618–907) period in portraying walking monks that underscores their position and role in the world of sentient beings. Furthermore, it demonstrates that the cloud vehicle played a critical role in underlining the main icon’s extensive and rapid travel to facilitate his encounter with and saving of sentient beings.

Raising Money on Crowdfunding Platforms: The Components of Success

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-31
Author(s):  
Urszula Mrzyglod ◽  
Marcin Skurczynski ◽  
Joanna Adamska – Mieruszewska
Keyword(s):  
Unique Feature ◽  
Statistical Measures ◽  
Internet Users ◽  
The World ◽  
Logistic Regressions ◽  
Key Drivers ◽  
Active Communication ◽  
Unique Dataset

Crowdfunding differs significantly from standard business and personal financing since it allows those in need of funds to collect small contributions from the community of internet users. This unique feature makes crowdfinancing popular throughout the world and supports growth in terms of the number of financed projects and the volume of financing. Nonetheless, the percentage of projects fully financed on crowdfunding platforms is relatively low. This raises a question about the origins of successful financing. Based on a unique dataset of 1,543 projects, we investigated the attributes of projects on one of the largest crowdfunding platforms operating in Poland: PolakPotrafi.pl. This paper aims to determine the key drivers of successful crowdfinancing. Along with standard statistical measures, we conducted logistic regressions. We found that the longer a project’s duration and the higher funding goal per supporter are, the less likely the project is to be fully funded. In contrast, active communication by the project’s founder increases the chances of successful crowdfinancing. We also found that crowdfinancing is not geographically neutral: conducting a project in Poland’s capital is correlated with a higher probability of obtaining funds.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document