scholarly journals The Temperature of Halite Crystallization in the Badenian Saline Basins, in the Context of Paleoclimate Reconstruction of the Carpathian Area

Minerals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 831
Author(s):  
Anatoliy R. Galamay ◽  
Krzysztof Bukowski ◽  
Igor M. Zinczuk ◽  
Fanwei Meng
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Distribution ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Fluid Inclusions ◽  
Middle Miocene ◽  
Single Phase ◽  
Dead Sea ◽  
Paleoclimate Reconstruction ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Carpathian Region ◽  
Primary Fluid

Currently, fluid inclusions in halite have been frequently studied for the purpose of paleoclimate reconstruction. For example, to determine the air temperature in the Middle Miocene (Badenian), we examine single-phase primary fluid inclusions of the bottom halites (chevron and full-faceted) and near-surface (cumulate) halites collected from the salt-bearing deposits of the Carpathian region. Our analyses showed that the temperatures of near-bottom brines varied in ranges from 19.5 to 22.0 °C and 24.0 to 26.0 °C, while the temperatures of the surface brines ranged from 34.0 to 36.0 °C. Based on these data, such as an earlier study of lithology and sedimentary structures of the Badenian rock salts, the crystallization of bottom halite developed in the basin from concentrated and cooled near-surface brines of about 30 m depth. Our results comply with the data on the temperature distribution in the modern Dead Sea.

scholarly journals On the Temperature Distribution of Glaciers in China

1990 ◽  
Vol 36 (123) ◽  
pp. 210-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huang Maohuan
Keyword(s):  
Surface Layer ◽  
Temperature Distribution ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Minimum Temperature ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Characteristic Temperature ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Ablation Area ◽  
Polar Type ◽  
Mean Annual Air Temperature

AbstractTo date, the temperatures of 22 glaciers in China have been measured. It is suggested that the minimum temperature at the base of the active layer in the upper part of the ablation area (Tmin) be used as a characteristic temperature and compared with mean annual air temperature (Ta). The temperature distribution is discussed for various glaciers. Polar-type glaciers are characterized by low temperatures withTmin< −10°C,Tminclose toTvand a cold base in general; sub-polar-type glaciers with −10°C <Tmin< −1.0°C,Tminhigher thanTvand a melting base are usually located beneath the middle of the ablation area; and temperate-type glaciers withTmin< −1.0°C, certainly higher thanTaand a sub-freezing near-surface layer in the ablation area all the year round, because the snow cover is thinner in winter.

scholarly journals On the Temperature Distribution of Glaciers in China

1990 ◽  
Vol 36 (123) ◽  
pp. 210-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huang Maohuan
Keyword(s):  
Surface Layer ◽  
Temperature Distribution ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Minimum Temperature ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Characteristic Temperature ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Ablation Area ◽  
Polar Type ◽  
Mean Annual Air Temperature

AbstractTo date, the temperatures of 22 glaciers in China have been measured. It is suggested that the minimum temperature at the base of the active layer in the upper part of the ablation area (Tmin) be used as a characteristic temperature and compared with mean annual air temperature (Ta). The temperature distribution is discussed for various glaciers. Polar-type glaciers are characterized by low temperatures with Tmin < −10°C, Tmin close to Tv and a cold base in general; sub-polar-type glaciers with −10°C < Tmin < −1.0°C, Tmin higher than Tv and a melting base are usually located beneath the middle of the ablation area; and temperate-type glaciers with Tmin < −1.0°C, certainly higher than Ta and a sub-freezing near-surface layer in the ablation area all the year round, because the snow cover is thinner in winter.

Isotopic analyses of the Middle Miocene evaporite assemblage and its fluid inclusions (Praid, Transylvanian Basin, Romania)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Orsolya Gelencsér ◽  
László Palcsu ◽  
István Futó ◽  
Csaba Szabó
Keyword(s):  
Marine Environment ◽  
Fluid Inclusions ◽  
Middle Miocene ◽  
Homogenization Temperature ◽  
Salt Diapir ◽  
Salt Rock ◽  
Primary Fluid ◽  
Isotopic Analyses ◽  
Clay Matrix ◽  
Upper Level

&lt;p&gt;The objective of this study is to constrain the formation conditions of deposition of the Middle Miocene marine evaporite in the Transylvanian Basin (TB). &amp;#160;The salt rock, formed during the Badenian Salinity Crisis (BSC), consists principally of halite (&gt; 90%). &amp;#160;Representative samples were collected from Praid salt diapir.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Detailed petrographic study was carried out in order to distinguish primary features of the salt rock and to exclude secondary movements and their impacts. &amp;#160;Two types of salt rock can be distinguished: 1/ massive grey salt with large, elongated halite crystals, containing primary fluid inclusions (FIp), surrounded by submicrometer size halite grains and clay matrix, and 2/ layered salt building up greyish (clay rich) and white (clear halite) layers. &amp;#160;This type has quasi mosaic structure and contains very rarely FIps.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The primary fluid inclusions in halite, containing aqueous solutes, are expected to record compositions and isotopic characters of paleo-seawater during the BSC of the Paratethys. &amp;#160;Beside halite, authigenic anhydrite and dolomite are also present, which precipitated in marine environment and their compositions also reflect the geochemical conditions of the seawater.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Microthermometry of FIp in both types of halite shows low homogenization temperature (10-24 &amp;#176;C) which is typical for marine environment. &amp;#160;Isotopic characteristics of FIp are -15.55 &amp;#8211; -7.07 &amp;#8240; for &amp;#948;&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt;O and -87,9 &amp;#8211; -74.17 &amp;#8240; for &amp;#948;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;H. &amp;#160;Sulfate isotope values measured in anhydrite are ranging &amp;#948;&lt;sup&gt;34&lt;/sup&gt;S 20.4 &amp;#8211; 22.4 &amp;#8240; and &amp;#948;&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt;O 12.9 &amp;#8211; 14.5 &amp;#8240; that coincide with the Middle Miocene Outer Carpathians salt deposits (Halas &amp; Krouse, 1981) and support evaporated seawater origin.&amp;#160; The geochemical signatures (Fe-zonation) and isotopic characters (&amp;#948;&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt;O -7.07 &amp;#8211; -4.55 &amp;#8240; and &amp;#948;&lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt;C -9.03 &amp;#8211; -8.31 &amp;#8240;) of the rombohedral translucent dolomite suggest mainly meteoric origin. &amp;#160;They possibly precipitated from an upper level of the seawater. &amp;#160;All of these isotopic and geochemical characters of the evaporite reveal a complex restricted hydrogeologic evolution environment.&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals Calibrating a new attenuation curve for the Dead Sea region using surface wave dispersion surveys in sites damaged by the 1927 Jericho earthquake

Solid Earth ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 379-390 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yaniv Darvasi ◽  
Amotz Agnon
Keyword(s):  
Shear Wave ◽  
Wave Velocity ◽  
Shear Wave Velocity ◽  
Dead Sea ◽  
Attenuation Curve ◽  
Surface Wave Dispersion ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Moderate Seismicity ◽  
Local Point ◽  
The Dead

Abstract. Instrumental strong motion data are not common around the Dead Sea region. Therefore, calibrating a new attenuation equation is a considerable challenge. However, the Holy Land has a remarkable historical archive, attesting to numerous regional and local earthquakes. Combining the historical record with new seismic measurements will improve the regional equation. On 11 July 1927, a rupture, in the crust in proximity to the northern Dead Sea, generated a moderate 6.2 ML earthquake. Up to 500 people were killed, and extensive destruction was recorded, even as far as 150 km from the focus. We consider local near-surface properties, in particular, the shear-wave velocity, as an amplification factor. Where the shear-wave velocity is low, the seismic intensity far from the focus would likely be greater than expected from a standard attenuation curve. In this work, we used the multichannel analysis of surface waves (MASW) method to estimate seismic wave velocity at anomalous sites in Israel in order to calibrate a new attenuation equation for the Dead Sea region. Our new attenuation equation contains a term which quantifies only lithological effects, while factors such as building quality, foundation depth, topography, earthquake directivity, type of fault, etc. remain out of our scope. Nonetheless, about 60 % of the measured anomalous sites fit expectations; therefore, this new ground-motion prediction equation (GMPE) is statistically better than the old ones. From our local point of view, this is the first time that integration of the 1927 historical data and modern shear-wave velocity profile measurements improved the attenuation equation (sometimes referred to as the attenuation relation) for the Dead Sea region. In the wider context, regions of low-to-moderate seismicity should use macroseismic earthquake data, together with modern measurements, in order to better estimate the peak ground acceleration or the seismic intensities to be caused by future earthquakes. This integration will conceivably lead to a better mitigation of damage from future earthquakes and should improve maps of seismic hazard.

scholarly journals Evaluation and Comparison of Noah and Pleim–Xiu Land Surface Models in MM5 Using GÖTE2001 Data: Spatial and Temporal Variations in Near-Surface Air Temperature

2007 ◽  
Vol 46 (10) ◽  
pp. 1587-1605 ◽  
Author(s):  
J-F. Miao ◽  
D. Chen ◽  
K. Borne
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Model Performance ◽  
Surface Air Temperature ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Surface Models ◽  
Urban Heat ◽  
Soil Moisture Initialization ◽  
Evident Difference

Abstract In this study, the performance of two advanced land surface models (LSMs; Noah LSM and Pleim–Xiu LSM) coupled with the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model (MM5), version 3.7.2, in simulating the near-surface air temperature in the greater Göteborg area in Sweden is evaluated and compared using the GÖTE2001 field campaign data. Further, the effects of different planetary boundary layer schemes [Eta and Medium-Range Forecast (MRF) PBLs] for Noah LSM and soil moisture initialization approaches for Pleim–Xiu LSM are investigated. The investigation focuses on the evaluation and comparison of diurnal cycle intensity and maximum and minimum temperatures, as well as the urban heat island during the daytime and nighttime under the clear-sky and cloudy/rainy weather conditions for different experimental schemes. The results indicate that 1) there is an evident difference between Noah LSM and Pleim–Xiu LSM in simulating the near-surface air temperature, especially in the modeled urban heat island; 2) there is no evident difference in the model performance between the Eta PBL and MRF PBL coupled with the Noah LSM; and 3) soil moisture initialization is of crucial importance for model performance in the Pleim–Xiu LSM. In addition, owing to the recent release of MM5, version 3.7.3, some experiments done with version 3.7.2 were repeated to reveal the effects of the modifications in the Noah LSM and Pleim–Xiu LSM. The modification to longwave radiation parameterizations in Noah LSM significantly improves model performance while the adjustment of emissivity, one of the vegetation properties, affects Pleim–Xiu LSM performance to a larger extent. The study suggests that improvements both in Noah LSM physics and in Pleim–Xiu LSM initialization of soil moisture and parameterization of vegetation properties are important.

Oxygen fugacity during tin ore deposition from primary fluid inclusions in cassiterite

2021 ◽  
pp. 104451
Author(s):  
Christian Schmidt ◽  
Matthias Gottschalk ◽  
Rongqing Zhang ◽  
Jianjun Lu
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Fugacity ◽  
Fluid Inclusions ◽  
Primary Fluid ◽  
Ore Deposition

Microanalysis of primary fluid inclusions in halite: constraints for an evaporitic sedimentation modeling. Application to the Mulhouse Basin (France)

1993 ◽  
Vol 20 (8) ◽  
pp. 1139-1151 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Canals ◽  
B. Carpenter ◽  
A.Y. Huc ◽  
N. Guilhaumou ◽  
M.H. Ramsey
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Inclusions ◽  
Primary Fluid

scholarly journals Nature-based cooling potential: a multi-type green infrastructure evaluation in Toronto, Ontario, Canada

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vidya Anderson ◽  
William A. Gough
Keyword(s):  
Urban Agriculture ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Green Infrastructure ◽  
Urban Climate ◽  
Surface Air Temperature ◽  
Green Roofs ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Green Walls ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Agriculture Systems

AbstractThe application of green infrastructure presents an opportunity to mitigate rising temperatures using a multi-faceted ecosystems-based approach. A controlled field study in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, evaluates the impact of nature-based solutions on near surface air temperature regulation focusing on different applications of green infrastructure. A field campaign was undertaken over the course of two summers to measure the impact of green roofs, green walls, urban vegetation and forestry systems, and urban agriculture systems on near surface air temperature. This study demonstrates that multiple types of green infrastructure applications are beneficial in regulating near surface air temperature and are not limited to specific treatments. Widespread usage of green infrastructure could be a viable strategy to cool cities and improve urban climate.

Evaluating temperature extremes in CMIP6 simulations using statistically proper evaluation methods

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thordis Thorarinsdottir ◽  
Jana Sillmann ◽  
Marion Haugen ◽  
Nadine Gissibl ◽  
Marit Sandstad
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Model Evaluation ◽  
Climate Models ◽  
Climate Model ◽  
Mean Squared Error ◽  
Surface Air Temperature ◽  
Cmip5 Models ◽  
Model Output ◽  
Intergovernmental Panel ◽  
Near Surface

&lt;p&gt;Reliable projections of extremes in near-surface air temperature (SAT) by climate models become more and more important&amp;#160;as global warming is leading to significant increases in the hottest days and decreases in coldest nights around the world with considerable impacts on various sectors, such as agriculture, health and tourism.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Climate model evaluation has traditionally been performed by comparing summary statistics that are derived from simulated model output and corresponding observed quantities using, for instance, the root mean squared error (RMSE) or mean bias as also used in the model evaluation chapter of the fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC AR5). Both RMSE and mean bias compare averages over time and/or space, ignoring the variability, or the uncertainty, in the underlying values. Particularly when interested in the evaluation of climate extremes, climate models should be evaluated by comparing the probability distribution of model output to the corresponding distribution of observed data.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;To address this shortcoming, we use the integrated quadratic distance (IQD) to compare distributions of simulated indices to the corresponding distributions from a data product. The IQD is the proper divergence associated with the proper continuous ranked probability score (CRPS) as it fulfills essential decision-theoretic properties for ranking competing models and testing equality in performance, while also assessing the full distribution.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The IQD is applied to evaluate CMIP5 and CMIP6 simulations of monthly maximum (TXx) and minimum near-surface air temperature (TNn) over the data-dense regions Europe and North America against both observational and reanalysis datasets. There is not a notable difference between the model generations CMIP5 and CMIP6 when the model simulations are compared against the observational dataset HadEX2. However, the CMIP6 models show a better agreement with the reanalysis ERA5 than CMIP5 models, with a few exceptions. Overall, the climate models show higher skill when compared against ERA5 than when compared against HadEX2. While the model rankings vary with region, season and index, the model evaluation is robust against changes in the grid resolution considered in the analysis.&lt;/p&gt;

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