scholarly journals Worth from Waste: Utilizing a Graphite-Rich Fraction from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries as Alternative Reductant in Nickel Slag Cleaning

Minerals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 784
Author(s):  
Anna Dańczak ◽  
Ronja Ruismäki ◽  
Tommi Rinne ◽  
Lassi Klemettinen ◽  
Hugh O’Brien ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lithium Ion Batteries ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Froth Flotation ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Distribution Coefficients ◽  
Metal Recovery ◽  
Metal Alloy ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
Slag Cleaning ◽  
Starting Mixture

One possible way of recovering metals from spent lithium-ion batteries is to integrate the recycling with already existing metallurgical processes. This study continues our effort on integrating froth flotation and nickel-slag cleaning process for metal recovery from spent batteries (SBs), using anodic graphite as the main reductant. The SBs used in this study was a froth fraction from flotation of industrially prepared black mass. The effect of different ratios of Ni-slag to SBs on the time-dependent phase formation and metal behavior was investigated. The possible influence of graphite and sulfur contents in the system on the metal alloy/matte formation was described. The trace element (Co, Cu, Ni, and Mn) concentrations in the slag were analyzed using the laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) technique. The distribution coefficients of cobalt and nickel between the metallic or sulfidic phase (metal alloy/matte) and the coexisting slag increased with the increasing amount of SBs in the starting mixture. However, with the increasing concentrations of graphite in the starting mixture (from 0.99 wt.% to 3.97 wt.%), the Fe concentration in both metal alloy and matte also increased (from 29 wt.% to 68 wt.% and from 7 wt.% to 49 wt.%, respectively), which may be challenging if further hydrometallurgical treatment is expected. Therefore, the composition of metal alloy/matte must be adjusted depending on the further steps for metal recovery.

scholarly journals Phytoremediation of Soil Contaminated with Lithium Ion Battery Active Materials—A Proof-of-Concept Study

Recycling ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 26
Author(s):  
Jonas Henschel ◽  
Maximilian Mense ◽  
Patrick Harte ◽  
Marcel Diehl ◽  
Julius Buchmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lithium Ion Batteries ◽  
Lithium Ion Battery ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Electrode Materials ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Green Technology ◽  
Metal Species ◽  
Proof Of Concept ◽  
Inductively Coupled

The lithium-ion battery is the most powerful energy storage technology for portable and mobile devices. The enormous demand for lithium-ion batteries is accompanied by an incomplete recycling loop for used lithium-ion batteries and excessive mining of Li and transition metals. The hyperaccumulation of plants represents a low-cost and green technology to reduce environmental pollution of landfills and disused mining regions with low environmental regulations. To examine the capabilities of these approaches, the hyperaccumulation selectivity of Alyssum murale for metals in electrode materials (Ni, Co, Mn, and Li) was evaluated. Plants were cultivated in a conservatory for 46 days whilst soils were contaminated stepwise with dissolved transition metal species via the irrigation water. Up to 3 wt% of the metals was quantified in the dry matter of different plant tissues (leaf, stem, root) by means of inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy after 46 days of exposition time. The lateral distribution was monitored by means of micro X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy and laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, revealing different storage behaviors for low and high metal contamination, as well as varying sequestration mechanisms for the four investigated metals. The proof-of-concept regarding the phytoextraction of metals from LiNi0.33Co0.33Mn0.33O2 cathode particles in the soil was demonstrated.

scholarly journals Design Optimization of Selective Lithium Leaching of Cathodic Active Materials from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries Based on the Taguchi Method

Metals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 108
Author(s):  
Yeon Jae Jung ◽  
Bong Young Yoo ◽  
Sung Cheol Park ◽  
Seong Ho Son
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Taguchi Method ◽  
Lithium Ion Batteries ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
Carbon Powder ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Inductively Coupled

The use of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) has increased in recent years. Thus, efficient recycling is important. In this study, the Taguchi method was used to find the optimal selective lithium leaching parameters for spent LIB recycling. Orthogonal array, signal-to-noise ratio, and analysis of variance were employed to investigate the optimization of selective lithium leaching. The experimental parameters were heat treatment and leaching conditions. The lithium leaching ratio was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma (ICP). The reaction temperature was analyzed by thermogravimetry differential scanning calorimetry (TG-DSC) using lithium cobalt oxide (LCO) and carbon powder, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) was performed after heat treatment at different temperatures. From the XRD analysis, a Li2CO3 peak was observed at 700 °C. After heat treatment at 850 °C, a peak of Li2O was confirmed as Li2CO3 decomposed into Li2O and CO2 over 723 °C. The Li2O reacts with Co3O4 at a high temperature to form LCO. The phase of lithium in the LIB changes according to the conditional heat treatment, affecting the lithium leaching rates. As heat treatment conditions, N2 atmosphere combined with 700 °C heat treatment is suitable, and the solid–liquid ratio is important as a leaching factor for selective lithium leaching.

scholarly journals Czochralski growth and spectroscopic investigations of Yb3+, La3+:Na2SO4(I) and Nd3+:Na2SO4(I)

1999 ◽  
Vol 14 (10) ◽  
pp. 4093-4097 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patric Mikhail ◽  
Reto Basler ◽  
Jürg Hulliger
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Stimulated Raman Scattering ◽  
Optical Emission ◽  
Czochralski Method ◽  
Distribution Coefficients ◽  
Czochralski Growth ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
Spectroscopic Investigations ◽  
New Material

Ln3+-stabilized Na2SO4 (phase I) single crystals were grown by the Czochralski method. Differential thermal analysis revealed the influence of the ionic radius of Ln3+ on the stabilization of Na2SO4(I). Distribution coefficients (∼0.8–1.1) were measured by the inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy method and x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy. Spectroscopic investigations yielded absorption cross sections of 0.6 × 10−20 cm2 (π-polarized, 928.5 nm) and 1.5 × 10−20 cm2 (π-polarized, 797.3 nm) for Yb3+, La3+:Na2SO4 and Nd3+:Na2SO4, respectively. Crystal growth of Gd3+-stabilized Na2SO4(I) provides an interesting new material for stimulated Raman scattering experiments.

scholarly journals Hydrogenetic, Diagenetic and Hydrothermal Processes Forming Ferromanganese Crusts in the Canary Island Seamounts and Their Influence in the Metal Recovery Rate with Hydrometallurgical Methods

Minerals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 439 ◽  
Author(s):  
Egidio Marino ◽  
Francisco Javier González ◽  
Thomas Kuhn ◽  
Pedro Madureira ◽  
Anna V. Wegorzewski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Canary Islands ◽  
Recovery Rate ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Metal Recovery ◽  
Critical Metals ◽  
Total Recovery ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
Ferromanganese Crusts ◽  
Electron Probe Micro Analyzer ◽  
Hydrometallurgical Method

Four pure hydrogenetic, mixed hydrogenetic-diagenetic and hydrogenetic-hydrothermal Fe-Mn Crusts from the Canary Islands Seamount Province have been studied by Micro X-Ray Diffraction, Raman and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy together with high resolution Electron Probe Micro Analyzer and Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry in order to find the correlation of mineralogy and geochemistry with the three genetic processes and their influence in the metal recovery rate using an hydrometallurgical method. The main mineralogy and geochemistry affect the contents of the different critical metals, diagenetic influenced crusts show high Ni and Cu (up to 6 and 2 wt. %, respectively) (and less Co and REY) enriched in very bright laminae. Hydrogenetic crusts on the contrary show High Co and REY (up to 1 and 0.5 wt. %) with also high contents of Ni, Mo and V (average 2500, 600 and 1300 μg/g). Finally, the hydrothermal microlayers from crust 107-11H show their enrichment in Fe (up to 50 wt. %) and depletion in almost all the critical elements. One hydrometallurgical method has been used in Canary Islands Seamount Province crusts in order to quantify the recovery rate of valuable elements in all the studied crusts except the 107-11H, whose hydrothermal critical metals’ poor lamina were too thin to separate from the whole crust. Digestion treatment with hydrochloric acid and ethanol show a high recovery rate for Mn (between 75% and 81%) with respect to Fe (49% to 58%). The total recovery rate on valuable elements (Co, Ni, Cu, V, Mo and rare earth elements plus yttrium (REY)) for the studied crusts range between 67 and 92% with the best results for Co, Ni and V (up to 80%). The genetic process and the associated mineralogy seem to influence the recovery rate. Mixed diagenetic/hydrogenetic crust show the lower recovery rate for Mn (75%) and Ni (52.5%) both enriched in diagenetic minerals (respectively up to 40 wt. % and up to 6 wt. %). On the other hand, the presence of high contents of undigested Fe minerals (i.e., Mn-feroxyhyte) in hydrogenetic crusts give back low recovery rate for Co (63%) and Mo (42%). Finally, REY as by-product elements, are enriched in the hydrometallurgical solution with a recovery rate of 70–90% for all the studied crusts.

scholarly journals Gold Partitioning in a Model Multiphase Mineral-Hydrothermal Fluid System: Distribution Coefficients, Speciation and Segregation

Minerals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 890 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergey Lipko ◽  
Vladimir Tauson ◽  
Valeriy Bychinskii
Keyword(s):  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Fluid Phase ◽  
Distribution Coefficients ◽  
Crystal Defects ◽  
Geothermal Systems ◽  
Fluid System ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
Ms Analysis ◽  
Icp Ms

The characteristics of Au partitioning in a multiphase, multicomponent hydrothermal system at 450 °C and 1 kbar pressure were obtained using experimental and computational physicochemical modelling and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) analysis. Sphalerite and magnetite contained 0.1–0.16 ± 0.02 µg/g Au and coexisted with galena and bornite which contained up to 73 ± 5 and 42 ± 10 µg/g Au, respectively. Bornite and chalcopyrite were the most effective Au scavengers with cocrystallization coefficients Au/Fe and Au/Cu in mineral-fluid system n–n × 10−2. Sphalerite and magnetite were the weakest Au absorbers, although Fe impurity in sphalerite facilitated Au uptake. Using the phase composition correlation principle, Au solubility in minerals was estimated (µg/g Au): low-Fe sphalerite = 0.7, high-Fe sphalerite = 5, magnetite = 1, pyrite = 3, pyrite-Mn = 7, pyrite-Cu = 10, pyrrhotite = 21, chalcopyrite = 110, bornite = 140 and galena = 240. The sequence reflected increasing metallicity of chemical bonds. Gold segregation occurred at crystal defects, and on surfaces, and influenced Au distribution due to its segregation at crystal interblock boundaries enriched in Cu-containing submicron phases. The LA-ICP-MS analysis of bulk and surficial gold admixtures revealed elevated Au content in surficial crystal layers, especially for bornite and galena, indicating the presence of a superficial nonautonomous phase (NAP) and dualism in the distribution of gold. Thermodynamic calculations showed that changes in experimental conditions, primarily in sulfur regime, increased the content of the main gold species (AuCl2− and AuHS0) and decreased the content of FeCl20, the prevailing form of iron in the fluid phase. The elevation of S2 and H2S fugacity affected Au partitioning and cocrystallization coefficients. Using Au content in pyrite, chalcopyrite, magnetite and bornite from volcanic-sedimentary, skarn-hosted and magmatic-hydrothermal sulfide deposits, the ranges of metal ratios in fluids were estimated: Au/Fe = n × 10−4−n × 10−7 and Au/Cu = n × 10−4−n × 10−6. Pyrite and magnetite were crystallized from solutions enriched in Au compared to chalcopyrite and bornite. The presence of NAP, and associated dualism in distribution coefficients, strongly influenced Au partitioning, but this effect does not fully explain the high gold fractionation into mineral precipitates in low-temperature geothermal systems.

Effect of [Li]/[Nb] ratio on composition and defect structure of Zr:Yb:Tm:LiNbO3 crystals

2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (10) ◽  
pp. 1850119
Author(s):  
Chunrui Liu ◽  
Li Dai ◽  
Luping Wang ◽  
Yu Shao ◽  
Zhehua Yan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Defect Structure ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Atomic Emission ◽  
Distribution Coefficients ◽  
Czochralski Technique ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Plasma Atomic Emission ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
Ir Transmission

Zr:Yb:Tm:LiNbO3 crystals with various [Li]/[Nb] ratios (0.946, 1.05, 1.20 and 1.38) were grown by the Czochralski technique. Distribution coefficients of Zr[Formula: see text], Yb[Formula: see text] and Tm[Formula: see text] ions were analyzed by the inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometer (ICP-AES). The influence of [Li]/[Nb] ratio on the composition and defect structure of Zr:Yb:Tm:LiNbO3 crystals was investigated by X-ray diffraction and IR transmission spectrum. The results show that as the [Li]/[Nb] ratio increases in the melt, the distribution coefficients of Yb[Formula: see text] and Tm[Formula: see text] ions both increase while that of Zr[Formula: see text] ion deceases. When the [Li]/[Nb] ratio increases to 1.20 in the melt, Zr:Yb:Tm:LiNbO3 crystal is nearly stoichiometric. In addition, when the [Li]/[Nb] ratio reaches up to 1.38, Nb[Formula: see text] are completely replaced and Li[Formula: see text] starts to impel the Zr[Formula: see text], Yb[Formula: see text] and Tm[Formula: see text] into the normal Li sites.

scholarly journals Recovering Value from End-of-Life Batteries by Integrating Froth Flotation and Pyrometallurgical Copper-Slag Cleaning

Metals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 15
Author(s):  
Tommi Rinne ◽  
Anna Klemettinen ◽  
Lassi Klemettinen ◽  
Ronja Ruismäki ◽  
Hugh O’Brien ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Froth Flotation ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Copper Slag ◽  
Metallothermic Reduction ◽  
Flotation Process ◽  
Slag Cleaning ◽  
Active Elements ◽  
Hazardous Metals ◽  
Slag Reduction ◽  
Suitable Process

In this study, industrial lithium-ion battery (LIB) waste was treated by a froth flotation process, which allowed selective separation of electrode particles from metallic-rich fractions containing Cu and Al. In the flotation experiments, recovery rates of ~80 and 98.8% for the cathode active elements (Co, Ni, Mn) and graphite were achieved, respectively. The recovered metals from the flotation fraction were subsequently used in high-temperature Cu-slag reduction. In this manner, the possibility of using metallothermic reduction for Cu-slag reduction using Al-wires from LIB waste as the main reductant was studied. The behavior of valuable (Cu, Ni, Co, Li) and hazardous metals (Zn, As, Sb, Pb), as a function of time as well as the influence of Cu-slag-to-spent battery (SB) ratio, were investigated. The results showcase a suitable process to recover copper from spent batteries and industrial Cu-slag. Cu-concentration decreased to approximately 0.3 wt.% after 60 min reduction time in all samples where Cu/Al-rich LIB waste fraction was added. It was also showed that aluminothermic reduction is effective for removing hazardous metals from the slag. The proposed process is also capable of recovering Cu, Co, and Ni from both Cu-slag and LIB waste, resulting in a secondary Cu slag that can be used in various applications.

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