scholarly journals The Late Jurassic–Palaeogene Carbonate Platforms in the Outer Western Carpathian Tethys—A Regional Overview

Minerals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 747
Author(s):  
Justyna Kowal-Kasprzyk ◽  
Anna Waśkowska ◽  
Jan Golonka ◽  
Michał Krobicki ◽  
Petr Skupien ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Shallow Water ◽  
Plate Tectonics ◽  
Late Jurassic ◽  
Clastic Material ◽  
Carbonate Platforms ◽  
Larger Benthic Foraminifera ◽  
Facies Associations ◽  
Carbonate Deposition ◽  
Tethys Platform ◽  
Water Facies

The present work focuses on palaeogeographic reconstruction of shallow-water carbonate deposition in the Outer Western Carpathian Tethys. Platform deposits are preserved only as a component of turbidites and olistostromes, and reconstructions of these platforms are based on clastic material redistributed into slopes and deep basins and occurring among the Outer Carpathian nappes. Similar platforms were also present on the Tethys margins. These reconstructions were performed using the global models of plate tectonics. Several ridges covered by carbonate platforms developed in that area during the latest Jurassic–Palaeogene times. Three main shallow-water facies associations—Štramberk, Urgonian, and Lithothamnion–bryozoan—could be distinguished. The Tithonian–lowermost Cretaceous Štramberk facies is related to early, synrift–postrift stage of the development of the Silesian Domain. Facies that are diversified, narrow, shallow-water platforms, rich in corals, sponges, green algae, echinoderms, foraminifera, microencrusters, and microbes are typical of this stage. The Urgonian facies developed mainly on the south margin of the Outer Carpathian basins and is characterised by organodetritic limestones built of bivalves (including rudists), larger benthic foraminifera, crinoids, echinoids, and corals. Since the Paleocene, in all the Western Outer Carpathian sedimentary areas, Lithothamnion–bryozoan facies developed and adapted to unstable conditions. Algae–bryozoan covers originating on the siliciclastic substrate are typical of these facies. This type of deposition was preserved practically until the final stage in the evolution of the Outer Carpathian basins.

Emersion generalisee intra-maastrichtienne de la plate-forme de Gavrovo-Tripolitza (Grece); effets sur les populations de foraminiferes Rhapydionininae

2001 ◽  
Vol 172 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philippe Landrein ◽  
Jean-Paul Loreau ◽  
Jean-Jacques Fleury
Keyword(s):  
Shallow Water ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Upper Cretaceous ◽  
Population Change ◽  
Carbonate Platform ◽  
Local Maximum ◽  
Benthic Fauna ◽  
Carbonate Platforms ◽  
Total Range ◽  
Facies Associations

Abstract The reliability of biostratigraphic correlations in neritic carbonate platforms is often questioned because the benthic fauna on which biozonation is based are particularly sensitive to environmental change. It is crucial to know whether a population change corresponds strictly to a facies change. Conversely, there arise the questions of determining how populations are renewed over time and how new species appear even if facies associations remain unchanged. This is the case with the Gavrovo-Tripolitza zone of Greece, an isolated shallow carbonate platform surrounded by two oceanic domains (Pindos-Olonos Zone and Ionian Zone). The absence or scarcity of faunas generally used in Upper Cretaceous biostratigraphy has led to the use of local biozonation instead, based on faunas endemic to Adriatico-Aegean platforms. The final two biozones based on Rhapydioninidae foraminifera are: - CsB6 (Upper Campanian-Lower Maastrichtian): the "Murciella biozone" is the total range zone of all Rhaphydionininae except for Rhapydionina liburnica; - CsB7 (Upper Maastrichtian): the total range zone of R. Liburnica. The purpose of this paper is to test the biostratigraphic value of the benthic foraminifera by comparing the distribution of the biostratigraphic limits with the distribution of time-surfaces. These time-surfaces are established from sedimentological analysis and sequences stratigraphy. The Upper Cretaceous of the Gavrovo platform is formed by stacked shallowing-upward parasequences which are usually capped by an exposure surface. Most of them were exposed in supratidal environments and dolomitized to a greater or lesser extent. Some underwent continental diagenesis as recorded by karsts, microkarsts and karstic fillings (fig. 5), root traces, alveolar-septal structures, microcodiums, pseudomicrocodiums, pedogenetic pseudomicrokarsts and continental stromatolithic laminations. Although outcrops are great distances apart and located on different structural blocks, they record a major discontinuity within the Maastrichtian. It is characterized by continental exposure, a change in the main type of parasequences, and disruption of the parasequence stacking pattern as evidenced on Fischer plots. In each outcrop, limestones exhibiting continental diagenesis are cut by an erosional surface. This surface is proposed as a local maximum of regression and a transgressive surface. On a peculiar outcrop, the surface marks the inflection point between thinning-upward and thickening-upward parasequence trends on the Fischer plot. In proximal platforms, such a point can be interpreted as corresponding to a local maximum of regression and this surface is also a transgressive surface. The same features occurred in many other outcrops and show that the entire platform was subaerially exposed. Similar episodes of exposure associated with continental diagenesis are reported for Maastrichtian deposits of other Adriatico-Aegean platforms. Continental exposure and associated erosion is currently interpreted as a result of a fall in relative sea level caused either by uplift or by eustatic sea level fall. Successive shallowing up parasequences showing final exposure and continental diagenesis would imply an impossible yo-yo type subsidence. Accordingly, the proposed maximum of regression is thought to be eustatically controlled. Moreover, the maximum of regression caps CsB6 parasequences controlled by allocyclic mechanisms as indicated by similar stacking patterns in different and remote outcrops. This strongly suggests CsB6 sedimentation was eustatically controlled and the relevant maximum of regression is proposed as a time-surface. The distribution of foraminifer populations in the outcrops studied here indicates that the Rhapydionininae of biozone CsB6 do not occur above the maximum of regression. The regressive maximum clearly coincides with the disappearance of foraminifer species whereas the subsequent transgressive episode is characterized by the emergence of just one species. And yet, population renewal is not related to a fundamental change in the platform environment: very shallow water facies association below and above the maximum regression surface are identical. This supports the hypothesis that sea level variations were the cause of faunal extinction and renewal. It is evidenced too that the boundary between the two populations can be used as a time marker. In this case study, the biostratigraphy based on the use of benthic and shallow-water dependent foraminifera is genuinely chronostratigraphic.

scholarly journals Ophiolite derived material as parent rocks for Late Jurassic bauxite: evidence for Tithonian unroofing in the Northern Calcareous Alps (Eastern Alps, Austria)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timotheus Martin Christoph Steiner ◽  
Hans-Jürgen Gawlick ◽  
Frank Melcher ◽  
Felix Schlagintweit
Keyword(s):  
Shallow Water ◽  
Late Jurassic ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
Eastern Alps ◽  
Major And Trace Elements ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
Northern Calcareous Alps ◽  
Carbonate Platforms ◽  
Northern Calcareous ◽  
Platform Margin

AbstractIn shallow-water limestones of the Plassen Formation in the Tirolic nappe of the Northern Calcareous Alps, bauxite was formed on karstified and tilted platform margin grainstones to boundstones around the ?Kimmeridgian/Tithonian boundary, or in the Early Tithonian as proven by Protopeneroplis striata Weynschenk, Labyrinthina mirabilis Weynschenk, and Salpingoporella pygmaea Gümbel. The platform established on top of the obducted ophiolite nappe stack. The onset of unroofing at the Kimmeridgian/Tithonian boundary exposed ophiolites to weathering, forming laterites, and bauxites. The weathered ophiolitic material was shed on the tilted, emerged, and karstified platform, where the bauxite accumulated. Continued subsidence led to flooding, and a Tithonian transgressive carbonate sequence sealed the bauxites. XRD analysis of the bauxite yields a composition of mainly boehmite with hematite and some berthierine, kaolinite, and chromite. SEM analysis verified magnetite, hematite, rutile, chromite, zircon, ferropseudobrookite, ilmenite, monazite, xenotime, and garnet distributed in pisoids and within the matrix. The pisoids reach a millimeter in size and partly show cores of older, larger pisoids. The composition of the chromites indicates an ophiolitic origin. Geochemical examination using major- and trace elements points to a mafic andesitic to basaltic parent material contaminated with highly fractionated rocks from an island arc. Formation of Early Tithonian bauxites in shallow-water limestones confirms Middle to Early Late Jurassic ophiolite obduction. This was followed by uplift and unroofing of the orogen from the Kimmeridgian/Tithonian boundary onwards after a period of relative tectonic quiescence with an onset of carbonate platforms during the Kimmeridgian on top of the nappe stack and the obducted Neo-Tethys ophiolites.

scholarly journals Triassic metasediments in the internal Dinarides (Kopaonik area, southern Serbia): stratigraphy, paleogeographic and tectonic significance

2010 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 89-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Senecio Schefer ◽  
Daniel Egli ◽  
Sigrid Missoni ◽  
Daniel Bernoulli ◽  
Bernhard Fügenschuh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Shallow Water ◽  
Lower Triassic ◽  
Turbidity Currents ◽  
Distal Margin ◽  
Carbonate Platforms ◽  
Carbonate Production ◽  
Tectonic Significance ◽  
Internal Dinarides ◽  
Water Carbonate ◽  
Shallow Water Carbonate

Triassic metasediments in the internal Dinarides (Kopaonik area, southern Serbia): stratigraphy, paleogeographic and tectonic significanceStrongly deformed and metamorphosed sediments in the Studenica Valley and Kopaonik area in southern Serbia expose the easternmost occurrences of Triassic sediments in the Dinarides. In these areas, Upper Paleozoic terrigenous sediments are overlain by Lower Triassic siliciclastics and limestones and by Anisian shallow-water carbonates. A pronounced facies change to hemipelagic and distal turbiditic, cherty metalimestones (Kopaonik Formation) testifies a Late Anisian drowning of the former shallow-water carbonate shelf. Sedimentation of the Kopaonik Formation was contemporaneous with shallow-water carbonate production on nearby carbonate platforms that were the source areas of diluted turbidity currents reaching the depositional area of this formation. The Kopaonik Formation was dated by conodont faunas as Late Anisian to Norian and possibly extends into the Early Jurassic. It is therefore considered an equivalent of the grey Hallstatt facies of the Eastern Alps, the Western Carpathians, and the Albanides-Hellenides. The coeval carbonate platforms were generally situated in more proximal areas of the Adriatic margin, whereas the distal margin was dominated by hemipelagic/pelagic and distal turbiditic sedimentation, facing the evolving Neotethys Ocean to the east. A similar arrangement of Triassic facies belts can be recognized all along the evolving Meliata-Maliac-Vardar branch of Neotethys, which is in line with a ‘one-ocean-hypothesis’ for the Dinarides: all the ophiolites presently located southwest of the Drina-Ivanjica and Kopaonik thrust sheets are derived from an area to the east, and the Drina-Ivanjica and Kopaonik units emerge in tectonic windows from below this ophiolite nappe. On the base of the Triassic facies distribution we see neither argument for an independent Dinaridic Ocean nor evidence for isolated terranes or blocks.

scholarly journals Toe-of-slope facies of the Eocene limestones in Aghioi Pantes sequence (Zakynthos island, Western Greece)

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 699
Author(s):  
Μ. ΚΑΤΗ
Keyword(s):  
Shallow Water ◽  
Debris Flows ◽  
Depositional Environment ◽  
Facies Analysis ◽  
Facies Association ◽  
Gravity Flows ◽  
Carbonate Sequence ◽  
Western Greece ◽  
Water Carbonate ◽  
Water Facies

The facies analysis of the Eocene limestones in the Aghioi Pantes section in central Zakynthos, part of the Preapulian carbonate sequence in the greater area, showed three megafacies types: a) graded beds, in which two main subtypes have been recognized, medium- to thin-bedded calcarenites-calcilutites and thick-bedded ruditic calcarenites, consisting mainly of redeposited shallow-water carbonate sands (mostly bioclasts of nummulites and echinoids); based on their sedimentary structures they have been interpreted as low density turbidite and high density turbidite (or sandy debris flows) deposits correspondingly, b) calcareous conglomerates consisting of shallow-water facies lithoclasts and abundant pelagic intraclasts all of which have been interpreted as debris flow deposits and c) folded strata of pelagic-hemipelagic composition that have been interpreted as slumps. Subsequently, the studied limestones constitute exclusively deep-water resedimented facies having been deposited mainly through sediment gravity flows, carrying significant amounts of shallow-water bio- lithoclastic material. The distribution and the organization of this facies association, with the dominance in particular of the base cut-out turbidites, suggest as depositional environment of the studied Eocene limestones a "low" in the outer slope connecting the Preapulian platform with the adjacent Ionian basin.

Shallow-water facies setting around the Kačák Event: a multidisciplinary approach

2015 ◽  
Vol 423 (1) ◽  
pp. 171-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Königshof ◽  
A. C. Da Silva ◽  
T. J. Suttner ◽  
E. Kido ◽  
J. Waters ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Shallow Water ◽  
Multidisciplinary Approach ◽  
Water Facies

West Africa Lacustrine Pre-Salt Carbonates: How Interaction of Tectonics and Diagenesis Produced Different Reservoir Facies

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paola Ronchi ◽  
Giovanni Gattolin ◽  
Alfredo Frixa ◽  
Chiara Margliulo
Keyword(s):  
Congo Basin ◽  
High Porosity ◽  
Carbonate Platforms ◽  
Pore System ◽  
Reservoir Properties ◽  
Deep Faults ◽  
Facies Associations ◽  
Porosity And Permeability ◽  
Hydrothermal Dolomite ◽  
Reservoir Facies

ABSTRACT During the Early Cretaceous South-Atlantic opening, in large lacustrine basins a series of shallow water carbonate platforms grew along lake margins and paleo-highs. These carbonates are giant reservoirs in the Brasil offshore, while in Angola are productive in Cabinda (Lower Congo Basin) and are being explored in the Kwanza Basin with minor success. These carbonates have peculiar facies associations represented mainly by microbialites and coquinas, and are affected by dolomitization which modified the original pore system in different ways. In presence of deep-seated extensional faults, bounding the paleo-highs, the hydrothermal dolomitization affected the reservoir carbonate improving its quality; in fact the hydrothermal dolomite produced the so-called zebra dolomite which is characterized by high porosity and permeability. On the other hand, when there is a limited influx of hydrothermal fluid, some dolomitization is observed, but it did not produce the zebra facies and the poro-perm system has lower quality. These two examples suggest that the understanding of the distribution of deep faults may help in the prediction of the diagenetic effects and resulting reservoir properties.

The Triassic-Jurassic boundary in Great Britain

1979 ◽  
Vol 116 (4) ◽  
pp. 303-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. G. Poole
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
Shallow Water ◽  
Geological Survey ◽  
Jurassic System ◽  
Water Facies

SummaryIt was recently proposed that the base of the Jurassic system be taken at the base of the Blue Lias in the Watchet area of Somerset thus including the underlying White Lias in the Triassic System. The mapped base of the Blue Lias however is a diachronous horizon ranging from pre-planorbis Beds age in Somerset to Schlotheimia angulata Zone age in Warwickshire. No certain chronological correlation is possible between the base of the Blue Lias in the Watchet area and any limestone or other horizon in the pre-planorbis Beds elsewhere nor is there even a palaeontological separation associated with this horizon. This paper reiterates established Geological Survey practice of taking the Triassic-Jurassic boundary in Great Britain at the top of the Cotham Beds and thus including the White Lias limestones in the Lower Lias. The White Lias limestones are regarded as a local shallow-water facies of the pre-planorbis Beds since they both contain similar non-ammonitiferous marine macrofossil assemblages;the Cotham Beds provide palaeontological separation since they divide theseassemblages from the different marine macrofossil assemblages found in the Lower Rhaetic Westbury Beds and also contain the boundary between the Rhaetipollis and Heliosporites miospore zones. The lacustrine or lagoonal Cotham Beds are similar in lithology to the Tea Green Marl and also include reddened beds of mudstone like those of the Keuper Marl; they are therefore better contained in the continental Triassic system rather than the marine Jurassic system.

Batocrinidae (Crinoidea) from the Lower Mississippian (lower Viséan) Fort Payne Formation of Kentucky, Tennessee, and Alabama: systematics, geographic occurrences, and facies distribution

2018 ◽  
Vol 92 (4) ◽  
pp. 681-712
Author(s):  
William I. Ausich ◽  
Elizabeth C. Rhenberg ◽  
David L. Meyer
Keyword(s):  
Shallow Water ◽  
Deep Water ◽  
Dominant Species ◽  
Carbonate Facies ◽  
Shallow Marine ◽  
First Time ◽  
Water Carbonate ◽  
Shallow Water Carbonate ◽  
Water Facies ◽  
Mixed Carbonate

AbstractThe Batocrinidae are characteristic faunal elements in Lower Mississippian shallow-marine settings in North America. Recent delineation of objectively defined genera allows a reexamination of batocrinid species and their distribution in the Fort Payne Formation (early Viséan, late Osagean), a well-studied array of carbonate and siliciclastic facies. The Fort Payne batocrinid fauna has 14 species assigned to six genera, plus hybrid specimens.Magnuscrinus spinosus(Miller and Gurley, 1895a) is reassigned to its original placement inEretmocrinus. Hybrid specimens (Ausich and Meyer, 1994) are regarded asEretmocrinus magnificus×Eretmocrinus spinosus.Macrocrinus casualisis the dominant species ofMacrocrinusin the Fort Payne, andM.mundulusandM.strotobasilarisare recognized in the Fort Payne Formation for the first time.Magnuscrinus cumberlandensisn. sp. is named, 13 species are designated as junior synonyms, the name for the hybrid specimens is changed toEretmocrinus magnificus×Eretmocrinus spinosus, and the previous occurrences of two species in the Fort Payne are rejected. The Eastern Interior Seaway was a mixed carbonate-siliciclastic setting with both shallow- and deep-water epicontinental sea facies ranging from relatively shallow autochthonous green shales to deep-water turbidite facies.Dizygocrinuswas restricted to shallow-water carbonate and siliciclastic facies,Eutrochocrinuswas restricted to shallow-water carbonate facies, andMagnuscrinuswas restricted to deep-water facies. Species distributions varied fromAbatocrinus steropes,Alloprosallocrinus conicus,Macrocrinus mundulus, andUperocrinus nashvillae, which occurred throughout the Eastern Interior Seaway, to species that were restricted to a single facies.Eretmocrinus magnificus,Alloprosallocrinus conicus, andUperocrinus robustuswere the dominant batocrinids in the Fort Payne Formation.UUID:http://zoobank.org/703aafd8-4c73-4edc-9870-e2356e2d28b8

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